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Object Pronouns .................................................................................................. Pág. 7

Simple Present vs Present Continuous ................................................................ Pág. 10

Wh - Questions .................................................................................................... Pág. 12

How Many / How Much ........................................................................................ Pág. 15

Countable / Uncountable Nouns .......................................................................... Pág. 17

How Many / How Much / Quantifiers .................................................................... Pág. 20

Both / Either... or.../ Neither... Nor... ..................................................................... Pág. 22

Present Perfect .................................................................................................... Pág. 23

Present Perfect vs. Simple Past ........................................................................... Pág. 26

Present Perfect with How Log, Since and for ....................................................... Pág. 28

Wh - Questions .................................................................................................... Pág. 31

Superlatives + ever + present perfect .................................................................. Pág. 36

Gabarito ............................................................................................................... Pág. 38

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Unidade1: OBJECT PRONOUNS

Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun

I ME

YOU (singular) YOU

HE HIM

SHE HER

IT IT

WE US

YOU (plural) YOU

THEY THEM

Give me your hand. Sheila called you last night. John gave her a ring. Usamos os object pronouns para substituir o objeto de uma frase. Normalmente, estes pronomes aparecem após um verbo ou uma preposição. Observe: Brad Pitt is a good actor. I like Brad Pitt. Se já estamos falando de uma pessoa em específico (Brad Pitt), não há a necessidade de repetir o seu nome em uma segunda frase. Neste caso, usamos um object pronoun: Brad Pitt is a good actor. I like him. EXERCISE Answer the questions using I like, I don‟t like, I love or I hate, followed by an object pronoun. WHAT DO YOU THINK OF BRAD PITT? I like him. WHAT DO YOU THINK OF ANGELINA JOLIE? ___________________________________________ WHAT DO YOU THINK OF SPAGHETTI? ___________________________________________ WHAT DO YOU THINK OF RAW VEGETABLES? ___________________________________________ WHAT DO YOU THINK OF STUDYING ENGLISH? ___________________________________________

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WHAT DO YOU THINK OF WAKING UP EARLY ON WEEKENDS? ___________________________________________ WHAT DO YOU THINK OF THE BEATLES? ___________________________________________ EXERCISE Complete the sentences as in the example. Jackie wanted some new sunglasses. I bought these to her. John is my boyfriend. I love _______. These books are mine. Give them back to _________. We need to finish this project. Please, send _______ an e-mail tonight. The students didn‟t study a lot for the test. The teacher gave ______ a very poor grade. You are a very kind person. I really admire ______. 1.1 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Subject Pronoun Possessive Pronoun

I MINE

YOU (singular) YOURS

HE HIS

SHE HERS

IT ITS

WE OURS

YOU (plural) YOURS

THEY THEIRS

Hey, be careful with this car. It’s mine. Excuse me, is this bag yours? Whose computer is it? / It’s hers. No curso básico vimos os possessive adjectives, que indicam posse e ocupam o lugar de um adjetivo (antes do substantivo) na frase. It’s my house.

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Agora veremos os possessive pronouns, que aparecem no lugar de um de um adjetivo possessivo + substantivo. Observe: It’s my house. It’s mine. Os possessive pronouns não vêm seguido de um substantivo e não suportam o artigo the antes. Veja: It’s mine house. It’s mine. This is the yours.This is yours. EXERCISE Rephrase the following statements using a possessive pronoun. This is my car. This car is mine. These are your keys. _________________________ They are their kids. _________________________ That is our room. _________________________ This is his car. _________________________ EXERCISE Complete with a possessive pronoun. Are these your keys? / No, they are his. (he) Whose books are these? / They’re _________. (she) Is this _________? (you) / No, it isn’t. It’s _________. (they) Is our car Italian? / No, _________ (we) is German. If this is your cell phone, where is __________ (I)? How was your test? _________ (we) wasn’t very good. Which one is my pen? / This one is _________ (I). The black one is _________ (you).

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Unidade 2: SIMPLE PRESENT vs. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Janet works from Monday to Friday. Today is Thursday, so she is working now. June studies a lot during the week. Today is Saturday, so she isn’t studying now. Neste capítulo veremos a diferença entre o simple presente o present continuous. Usamos o simple present para falarmos sobre rotinas, hábitos ou fatos no geral. Observe: Janet works from Monday to Friday. June studies a lot during the week. I love classical music. Nos exemplos acima todas as frases estão no simple present, pois se referem a rotinas (work, study) e um fato/preferência (love classical music). O present continuous é usado quando nos referimos a uma ação que acontece, ou não, no momento em que se fala. Observe: She is working now. She isn’t studying now. Is she going to school now? Nos exemplos acima, foi empregado o present continuous, pois as ações estão acontecendo no momento em que o seu autor fala.

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FORMULA – SIMPLE PRESENT SUBJECT + VERB IN THE BASE FORM W/OUT TO + COMPLEMENT I work on weekends. *lembrando que na terceira pessoa do singular (he, she, it) acrescenta-se um som de S ao verbo

FORMULA – PRESENT CONTINUOUS SUBJECT + BE + VERB + -ING + COMPLEMENT

I am working right now. EXERCISE Complete the sentences with the simple present or present continuous. Oh, I think the baby is crying. (cry) When I finish work, I usually ______ (go) jogging at the park. I can’t sleep at night, my brother and his girlfriend ________ (argue) all the time on the phone. My son is on vacation. I’m sure he ____________(have) a great time. Listen! They ______________(give) a party across the street. / Yes, it’s true. They ____________(give) parties at least once a week. Honey, you never _____________(go) to the supermarket. We need food, so I _______________ (go) there now, ok?

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Unidade3: WH-QUESTIONS

(auxiliaryand modal verbs)

Nesta seção trabalharemos com as principais question words usando o verbo verbos auxiliares e modais. Question words são palavras que usamos, na maioria das vezes, para fazer perguntas que não podem ser respondidas com yes or no. Observe: DO YOU WORK IN SÃO PAULO? YES, I DO. WHERE DO YOU WORK? I WORK IN SÃO PAULO. Veja que no segundo exemplo utilizamos a question word where, o que torna a pergunta impossível de ser respondida com um simples yes or no, nos obrigando a dar uma informação mais específica. Trabalharemos aqui com as 15 principais question words:

WHICH? QUAL? / QUAIS?

WHEN? QUANDO?

WHY? POR QUÊ?

WHERE? ONDE?

WHOSE? DE QUEM?

WHO? QUEM?

HOW MANY? QUANTOS? / QUANTAS?

HOW? COMO?

HOW OLD? QUANTOS ANOS?

HOW MUCH? QUANTO? / QUANTA?

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HOW LONG? QUANTO TEMPO?

HOW FAR? QUE DISTÂNCIA?

WHAT TIME? QUE HORAS?

HOW OFTEN? COM QUE FREQUÊNCIA?

WHAT? O QUE? / QUAL?

A maioria das question words apresentadas começam com wh-, por isso essas perguntas são chamadas de wh-questions. How, apesar de começar com h- apenas, entra no mesmo grupo por ter a mesma função que as outras palavras. Vamos aprender como formular perguntas usando essas palavras e alguns verbos auxiliares. Primeiro vamos relembrar como fazermos uma interrogativa comum. YOU WORK IN SÃO PAULO. DO YOU WORK IN SÃO PAULO? Agora pegaremos a pergunta e esconderemos uma informação. DO YOU WORK IN SÃO PAULO?DO YOU WORK_______? Essa informação que escondemos é a que vamos descobrir usando uma question word, que neste caso será „Where?’. DO YOU WORK IN SÃO PAULO?DO YOU WORK _______? WHERE DO YOU WORK? Observe que mantemos a estrutura da interrogativa e apenas acrescentamos uma question word antes do verbo auxiliar do. O mesmo processo se aplica na terceira pessoa (does) e nos outros tempos verbais (passado e futuro). HE WORKS IN SÃO PAULO. DOES HE WORK IN SÃO PAULO? DOES HE WORK ________? WHERE DO THEY WORK? Vejamos outros exemplos. JANE WORKED ON SATURDAY. DID JANE WORK ON SATURDAY? DID JANE WORK _______? WHEN DID JANE WORK?

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Neste caso utilizamos a palavra ‘When?’ porque a informação que escondemos é quando Jane trabalhou. Vejamos um exemplo similar no futuro: JANE WILL WORK NEXT SATURDAY..WILL JANE WORK NEXT SATURDAY? WILL JANE WORK_______? WHEN WILLJANE WORK? O mesmo processo se aplica para formularmos perguntas com verbos modais. Observe: HE CAN DRIVE WELL. CAN HE DRIVE WELL? CAN HE DRIVE _____? HOW CAN HE DRIVE? I COULD RUN 10km. COULD I RUN 10km? COULD I RUN ______? HOW MUCH COULD I RUN? I SHOULD DO MORE EXERCISE. SHOULD I DO MORE EXERCISE? SHOULD I DO _______? WHAT SHOULD I DO?

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Unidade 4: HOW MANY / HOW MUCH

Quando usamos as question words acima (quantos e quanto respectivamente) devemos prestar atenção a um detalhe. Veja o exemplo:

THEY HAVE 5 KIDS. DO THEY HAVE 5 KIDS? DO THEY HAVE ____ KIDS? HOW MANY KIDS DO THEY HAVE? SHE DRINKS A LOT OF COFFEE IN THE MORNING. DOES SHE DRINK A LOT OF COFFEE IN THE MORNING? DOES SHE DRINK ________ COFFEE IN THE MORNING? HOW MUCH COFFEE DOES SHE DRINK IN THE MORNING?

Nestes casos, deve-se usar um substantivo entre a question word e o verbo auxiliar/modal para que a pergunta faça sentido

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EXERCISE Make wh-questions considering the underlined words as the information to be hidden. They live in New York. Where do they live? They lived in Tokyo for ten years. _______________________________________ Matthew woke up at 5 o‟clock. _______________________________________ They stayed in the park until 7PM. _______________________________________ She can speak six languages. _______________________________________ The class ends at 9 o‟clock. _______________________________________ She began to work in January. _______________________________________ Cabral discovered Brazil in 1500. _______________________________________ My brother usually plays football. _______________________________________

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Unidade 5: COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

I eat an apple every morning. I eat cheese every morning. Em ingles podemos dividir os substantivos em contáveis (anapple) e incontáveis (cheese). Substantivos contáveis são aqueles que podem ser contados e possuem uma forma singular (apple) e plural (apples). Já os incontáveis possuem apenas uma forma, geralmente singular (cheese). COUNTABLE NOUNS 1. Permitem o uso dos artigos a/an I bought a computer. She works in an airplane. 2. Permite o uso de some/any(algum/alguns) We bought some DVD’s. Did you eat any apples? 3. Permite o uso de many (muitos/muitas) e few (poucos/poucas) We didn’t eat many eggs. I have few things to do at work. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 1. não permite os artigos a/an I ate a bread this morning. 2. Permite o uso de some /any

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I listen to some music before sleeping. Did you get any milk? 3. Permite o uso de much (muito/muita) e little (pouco/pouca) We didn‟t do much exercise today. I have little homework to finish. Por não haver uma regra clara para diferenciar um substantivo contável de um incontável em inglês, segue uma pequena lista para guiá-los durante o curso:

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE

Banana Rice

Song Music

Beach Sand

Note / Bill Money

Battery Electricity

Student Blood

Umbrella Shopping

Photograph Work

Thing Bread

- liquids in general

Alguns substantivos podem ser usados como contáveis e incontáveis, com uma diferença no significado. noise barulho / a noise um barulho específico hair todo o cabelo / a hair um fio de cabelo paperpapel no geral / a paper um jornal (a newspaper) coffee a bebida enquanto líquido / a coffee, two coffees uma ou duas xícaras de café orange juice o suco enquanto líquido / an orange juice um copo de suco de laranja Se quisermos quantificar um substantivo incontável, podemos usar algumas expressões muito comuns. Observe: watera glass of water (um copo de água) coffeea cup of coffee (uma xícara de café) cheesea piece of cheese (um pedaço de queijo) breada slice of Bread (uma fatia de pão) cereala bowl of cereal (uma tigela de cereal) ricea grain of rice (um grão de arroz)

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EXERCISE Correct the following sentences, if necessary. Write OK if you don‟t find any mistakes. Ticket to ride and Let it be are my two favorite musics. Ticket to ride and Let it be are my two favorite songs. I need a paper. _________________________________________ John bought a new computer two weeks ago. _________________________________________ Go to the supermarket and buy me four breads, please. _________________________________________ I‟d like a glass of water, please. _________________________________________ The baby needs some milk. _________________________________________ I had a cereal for breakfast this morning. _________________________________________ Excuse me, could give an information, please? _________________________________________ I forgot to put some cheese in your sandwich, Jim. _________________________________________ Do you eat many fruits every day? _________________________________________ There are some people in this room. _________________________________________ I ate a lot of rices for lunch today. _________________________________________

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Unidade 5: HOW MANY / HOW MUCH / QUANTIFIERS

(a lot, not much, all, every)

HOW MANY QUANTOS / QUANTAS HOW MUCH QUANTO / QUANTA ALL TODO / TODA / TODOS / TODAS EVERYTHING TUDO EVERYBODY / EVERYONE TODOS / TODAS AS PESSOAS / TODO MUNDO MOST How many people live in Brazil? Usamos how many com substantivos contáveis. How much money do you have? Usamos how much com substantivos incontáveis. All people should do exercise. All water in the sea is salty.

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Usamos all+ um substantivo plural ou incontável quando falamos de um grupo no geral. All the students in my class should study more. All of the workers in this company will have vacation. Usamos all the ou all of the quando nos referimos a um grupo mais específico.

The winners are all happy. Podemos usar all também depois do verbo to be nas mesmas condições acima. Everybody studies for this test. Everything is very interesting in this city. Usa-se sempre a terceira pessoa do verbo com everybody /everyone / everything. Most pets live in houses and apartments. Most of the people in my class are foreigners. Usa-se most para falar de algo mais geral, enquanto most of the refere-se a um grupo mais específico. Most of them play very well, but not all of them will be become professionals. Podemos também utilizar most of e all of seguidos de um pronome objeto. Every book that I have is about Science. I have to work every Friday night. Usamos every seguido de um substantivo singular para nos referirmos a todos os objetos dentro de um grupo específico. Every day todos os dias All day o dia todo

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Unidade 6: BOTH / EITHER… OR… / NEITHER… NOR…

Both Anna and Jimmy are students. Anna and Jimmy can study either English or Math. Neither Anna nor Jimmy work. BOTH ambos EITHER… OR…ou… ou… NEITHER… NOR… nem… nem… Podemos também usar as palavras acima com pronomes objetos. Veja:

Both Anna and Jimmy are students. Both of them are students. Anna and Jimmy can study either English or Math. Anna and Jimmy can study either of them. Neither Anna nor Jimmy work. Neither of themwork.

EXERCISE Complete the sentences with both… and… / either… or… /neither… nor… I like both chocolate and milk. On our vacation, we can go to _________ Europe ________ Australia. We have to choose one. I’m not sure, but his birthday is _________ in April __________ in May.

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My kids are very smart, they can _________ read _________ speak English very well. My parents are very healthy, they __________ smoke _________ drink alcohol. This class is very hard, we have to _________ paint _________ draw at the same time. Unidade 7: PRESENT PERFECT

1. I’ve never eaten Indian food. 2.Have you been to New York? / Yes, I have. It’s wonderful

2. You have read that book several times.

3. We have worked in the same company for 7 years. Usamos o present perfect para falarmos de uma ação passada que ainda não foi finalizada ou uma ação finalizada onde não é importante dizer quando ela aconteceu, e sim se aconteceu. 1. I’ve never eaten Indian food. O falante apenas expressa que nunca teve a experiência. 2.Have you been to New York? / Yes, I have. It’s wonderful. Na pergunta não é importante saber quando a pessoa esteve em Nova Iorque, e sim SE ela esteve ou não.

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3. You have read that book several times. Não é importante dizer quando o livro foi lido, e sim que ele foi lido diversas vezes. 4. We have worked in the same company for 7 years. O falante usa o present perfect para dizer que ainda trabalha na empresa, onde temos uma ação que começou há 7 anos (work) e ainda acontece hoje em dia

FORMULAS

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (3rd column) +

RESTaff. +

I HAVE SEEN THAT MOVIE SEVERAL TIMES.

HE HAS SEEN THAT MOVIE SEVERAL TIMES.

SUBJECT + *HAVEN‟T / HASN‟T + PAST PARTICIPLE (3rd column) +

REST neg. –

I HAVEN’T SEEN THAT MOVIE SEVERAL TIMES.

HE HASN’T SEEN THAT MOVIE SEVERAL TIMES.

HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE (3rd column) + REST

int. +

HAVE YOU SEEN THAT MOVIE SEVERAL TIMES?

HAS HE SEEN THAT MOVIE SEVERAL TIMES?

*haven’t = have not / hasn’t = has not Lembrando que: - no Present Perfect conjugamos o verbo usando o seu past participle, ou seja, a terceira coluna da lista de verbos irregulares - para verbos regulares, acrescenta-se apenas a terminação –ed, assim como no Simple Past

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Nas frases afirmativas, podemos usar algumas contractions. Observe:

I have = I‟ve

You have = You‟ve

He has = He‟s

She has = She‟s

It has = It‟s You have = You‟ve

We have = We‟ve They have = They‟ve

EXERCISE Complete the sentences with the present perfect tense. Have you seen my bag? (see) I‟ve __________ a lot around the world to work. (travel) He‟s _________ many famous people because he works in the airport. (see) We‟ve ___________ this movie many times. (watch) I‟ve __________ so many articles for that newspaper. (write) Have you ___________ my mom? (meet) My brother‟s ____________ that fiction book 3 times already. (read) Have you ever ___________ off a tree or ladder? (fall) EXERCISE Using the sentences from the exercise above, rewrite all of them in the affirmative form using contractions. Have you seen my math book? You’ve seen my math book. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________.

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Unidade 8: PRESENT PERFECT vs. SIMPLE PAST

I’ve tried Indian food. I tried it last week. No primeiro exemplo, o falante apenas expressa que teve tal experiência. Enquanto no segundo, ele especifica quando a ação aconteceu (last week). Have you been to New York? / Yes, I have. It’s wonderful. I went to NY when I was a teenager. Na primeira pergunta e resposta não é importante saber quando a pessoa esteve em Nova Iorque, e sim SE ela esteve ou não. Enquanto no segundo exemplo, o falante especifica quando esteve em Nova Iorque (when I was a teenager). I have read that book several times. I read it for the last time last month. No primeiro exemplo não é importante dizer quando o livro foi lido, e sim que ele foi lido diversas vezes. Enquanto no segundo, o falante diz quando ele o leu pela última vez (last month). We have worked in the same company for 7 years. We started in 2005. O falante usa o present perfect, no primeiro exemplo,para dizer que ainda trabalha na empresa, onde temos uma ação que começou há 7 anos (work) e ainda acontece hoje em dia. Já no segundo exemplo, é especificado o ano em que a ação começou a acontecer (in 2005). I’ve worked here for 10 years. I worked here for 10 years.

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No primeiro exemplo é usado o present perfect para indicar que é uma ação iniciada no passado (há 10 anos) e que ainda acontece hoje em dia, ou seja, a pessoa ainda trabalha na empresa. Já no segundo, com o simple past temos uma ação iniciada e finalizada no passado, ou seja, o falante trabalhou na empresa por 10 anos, porém não trabalha mais. Resumindo, usamos o Present Perfect quando: - falamos de uma ação iniciada no passado, mas que ainda não foi finalizada - falamos de uma ação no passado, mas não dizemos quando ela aconteceu, e sim se ela aconteceu E usamos o Simple Past quando: - falamos de uma ação iniciada e finalizada no passado - falamos de uma ação no passado e dizemos quando ela aconteceu EXERCISE Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect or the Simple Past tenses. My brother‟s wife had twins last weekend. (have) My hometown __________ so much since I moved to NY. (change) We _______________ college last year. (finish) I ___________ in SP since 1990. (live) My parents work in a supermarket. They ___________ there all their life. (work) When _______ John Lennon _______? (die) And how long _______ The Beatles __________ together? (stay) _______ you _______ that new movie? (watch) I love my girlfriend. We ________________ living together for 5 years now. (be)

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Unidade 9: PRESENT PERFECT with HOW LONG, SINCE and FOR

How long have you lived in São Paulo? I’ve lived in São Paulo since 1999. / I’ve lived in São Paulo for 3 years. How long have you worked here? I’ve worked here since2001. / I’ve worked here for 11 years. Podemos usar o Present Perfect com HOW LONG para perguntar sobre o período de duração de uma ação iniciada no passado e ainda não finalizada. Para responder a esta pergunta, podemos usar SINCE ou FOR para especificar esse período de duração. SINCE + starting point in the past (usamos since quando dizemos quando a ação começou) FOR + period of time (usamos for quando dizemos o tempo de duração desta ação) Observe: I ’ve studied English since 1995. (desde 1995) I’ve studied English for 17 years. (por 17 anos) Lembrando que apesar de português utilizarmos o presente simples nestes casos, não faremos o mesmo em inglês.

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Veja: Eu moro em São Paulo há 10 anos. I live in São Paulo for 10 years. e sim: Eu moro em São Paulo há 10 anos. I’ve lived in São Paulo for 10 years. EXERCISE Write questions in the present perfect with HOW LONG and then answer them. she / live in Brazil How long has she lived in Brazil? She has lived in Brazil since 2010. Jane / be a doctor _________________________________ She ___________________ 35 years. Brazil / be an independent country _________________________________ Brazil ____________________ 1822. Your neighbors / have their pets _________________________________ They _________________ 2 months only.

PRESENT PERFECT with EVER and NEVER

Have you ever been to Disney? No, I’ve never been there. Have you ever tried Indian food? No, I’ve never tried it. It’s not my type. Usa-se ever quando se quer saber se alguém já fez algo ou teve alguma experiência alguma vez na vida. Have you ever been to Disney? (Você já foi para Disney?) Have you ever tried Indian food? (Você já experimentou comida indiana?)

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A palavra ever com o sentido de já só pode ser usada em uma pergunta. Para afirmativas usa-se already, que será visto a seguir. Uma forma de se negar no Present Perfect é o uso do never em uma frase afirmativa. Usamos essa estratégia quando queremos enfatizar que nunca fizemos algo ou tivemos certa experiência. I’ve never been to Disney. I’ve never tried Indian food. Observe que nos exemplos acima utilizamos a forma afirmativa (I’ve) seguida de never.

PRESENT PERFECT with YET and ALREADY

I haven’t finished my homework yet. (Eu ainda não terminei meu dever de casa.) She hasn’t got married yet. (Ela ainda não se casou.) Usamos yet no fim de frases negativas quando queremos dizer que algo ainda não aconteceu, mas que provavelmente irá acontecer. I’ve already finished my homework. (Eu já terminei meu dever de casa.) She’s already gotten married. (Ela já se casou.) Usamos already entre o auxiliar have / has e o verbo principal em frases afirmativas quando queremos enfatizar que algo já aconteceu. EXERCISE Write affirmative or negative sentences using yet and already. Use the Present Perfect tense. he / wash the dishes (already) He has already washed the dishes. the game / start (already) ___________________________________________________

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we / not speak to John (yet) ___________________________________________________ I / not see that new film (yet) ___________________________________________________ The teacher / go home (already) ___________________________________________________ We / not meet Mary‟s husband (yet) ___________________________________________________ I / learn to sing that song (already) ___________________________________________________ Me and my family / not be to Europe (yet) ___________________________________________________ Unidade 10: WH-QUESTIONS

(aux. verbs) Nesta seção trabalharemos com as principais question words usando verbos auxiliares. Question words são palavras que usamos, na maioria das vezes, para fazer perguntas que não podem ser respondidas com Yes or no. Trabalharemos aqui com as 15 principais question words.

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São elas: WHAT? O QUE? / QUAL? WHEN? QUANDO? WHICH? QUAL? / QUAIS? WHERE? ONDE? WHY? POR QUE? WHO? QUEM? WHOSE? DE QUEM? HOW? COMO? HOW MANY? QUANTOS? / QUANTAS? HOW MUCH? QUANTO? / QUANTA? HOW OLD? QUANTOS ANOS? HOW FAR? QUE DISTÂNCIA? HOW LONG? QUANTO TEMPO? HOW OFTEN? COM QUE FREQUÊNCIA? WHAT TIME? QUE HORAS? Vamos aprender como formular perguntas usando essas palavras e os verbos auxiliares (do / does / did / will / have / has). Primeiro vamos relembrar como fazer uma interrogativa comum. HE STUDIES IN THE MORNINGS. DOES HE STUDY IN THE MORNINGS? Agora pegaremos a pergunta e esconderemos uma informação. DOES HE STUDY IN THE MORNINGS?DOES HE STUDY _______? Essa informação que escondemos é a que vamos descobrir usando uma question word, que neste caso será „When?’. DOES HE STUDY IN THE MORNINGS?DOES HE STUDY _______? WHEN DOES HE STUDY? Observe que mantemos a estrutura da interrogativa e apenas acrescentamos uma question word antes do verbo auxiliar does. O mesmo processo se aplica nos outros tempos verbais (passado e futuro). THEY STUDY IN THE MORNINGS. DO THEY STUDY IN THE MORNINGS? DO THEY STUDY ________? WHEN DO THEY STUDY?

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Vejamos outros exemplos. JANE LIVED IN LONDON. DID JANE LIVE IN LONDON? DID JANE LIVE IN _______? WHERE DID JANE LIVE? Neste caso utilizamos a palavra ‘Where?’ porque a informação que escondemos é o lugar onde Jane vive. EXERCISE Make wh-questions considering the underlined words as the information to be hidden. (Faça wh-questions considerando as palavras sublinhadas como as informações a serem escondidas.) They live in Helskinki. Where do they live? The train arrived at 5 o‟clock. _______________________________________ Marcus went to Italy by plane. _______________________________________ That DVD cost me $20. _______________________________________ Janet and her husband lived in England for 12 years. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ We stayed in the park for 3 hours. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ She speaks five languages fluently. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ The class began at 7:45. _______________________________________ We will go on vacation in June. _______________________________________

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Cabral discovered Brazil in 1500. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ My brother and I usually wake up early. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 10.1 WH-QUESTIONS

(no subject) Who works here? What begins at 10 o’clock? Who lived next-door in the past? Ainda no assunto das wh-questions, podemos montar perguntas sem um sujeito. Para tal, costumamos usar as questions words who quando o sujeito a ser descoberto é uma pessoa ou what quando não. Quando fazemos uma pergunta sem sujeito utilizando uma wh-question, a conjugação, independente do tempo verbal, é feita sempre na terceira pessoa do singular, mesmo se a resposta estiver no plural. Veja: Who works here?simple present Who worked here?simple past Who will work here? simple future Who has worked here? present perfect Who is going to work here? future w/ going to

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Com isso entendemos que nos tempos verbais onde a terceira pessoa do singular (he /she / it) exige uma conjugação diferente (verb to be, simple present, present perfect...), devemos seguí-la. EXERCISE Write wh-questions with no subject for each of the sentences below. They live in Helskinki. Who lives in Helsinki? The train arrived at 5 o‟clock. _______________________________________ Marcus went to Italy by plane. _______________________________________ The shops were closed last Sunday. _______________________________________ That DVD cost me $20. _______________________________________ Janet and her husband lived in England for 12 years. _______________________________________ We stayed in the park for 3 hours. _______________________________________ Mary is an excellent dentist. _______________________________________ She speaks five languages fluently. _______________________________________ The class began at 7:45. _______________________________________ We will go on vacation in June. _______________________________________ Cabral discovered Brazil in 1500. _______________________________________ My brother and I usually wake up early. _______________________________________

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The children are in the classroom. _______________________________________ My son is 15 years old. _______________________________________ Unidade 11: SUPERLATIVES + ever + present perfect

She is the most beautiful girl I’ve ever seen. (Ela é a garota mais bonita que eu já vi.) Germany is the coldest country I’ve been to. (A Alemanha é o país mais frio que eu já estive.) Costumamos usar os superlativos (-est ou the most) com ever e o Present Perfect (have / has + past participle) para dizer que algo é o “mais adjetivo” que “já verbo”. Relembrando, veja as regras para a criação de um superlativo a partir de um adjetivo comum. Cold the coldest Hot the hottest Pretty the prettiest Beautiful the most beautiful Dangerous the most dangerous Good the best Bad the worst EXERCISE Write sentence with a superlative + ever + present perfect. it / beautiful city / I / be to

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It’s the most beautiful city I’ve ever been to. These / expensive clothes / I / buy ______________________________________________ It / long movie / I / watch ______________________________________________ She / good singer / I / listen to ______________________________________________ It / bad pasta / I / try ______________________________________________ It / good book / I / read ______________________________________________ Jack / friendly salesman / I / see ______________________________________________

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Gabarito Unidade1: OBJECT PRONOUNS I don't like her. I like it. I don't like them. I like it. I hate it. I love them. him. me. us. them. you. 1.1 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS These keys are yours. The kids are theirs. That room is ours. This car is his. hers. yours / theirs. ours. mine. Ours. mine / yours. Unidade 2: SIMPLE PRESENT vs. PRESENT CONTINUOUS go. argue. having. giving. give. go / going.

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Unidade 4: HOW MANY / HOW MUCH Where did they live for ten years? What time did Matthew wake up? Where did they stay? How many languages can she speak? What time does the class end? When did she begin to work? What did Cabral discover? How often does your brother play football? Unidade 5: COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS I need paper. Ok. Some breads. Ok. Ok. Some cereal. Any information. I forgot to put cheese in your sandwich, Jim. Ok. Ok. I ate a lot of rice for lunch today.

Unidade 6: BOTH / EITHER… OR… / NEITHER… NOR…

either... or... either... or... both... and.... neither... nor.... both... and...

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Unidade 7: PRESENT PERFECT

traveled seen watched written met read fallen I've traveled a lot around the world to work. He's seen many famous people because he works in the airport. We've watched this movie many times. I've written so many articles for that newspaper. You've met my mom. My brother's read that fiction book 3 times already. You've fallen of a tree or ladder. Unidade 8: PRESENT PERFECT vs. SIMPLE PAST

has changed finished I've lived worked did / die have / stayed have / watched We've been Unidade 9: PRESENT PERFECT with HOW LONG, SINCE and FOR

How long has Jane been a doctor? She's been a doctor for 35 years. How long has Brazil been an independent country? Brazil has been an independent country since 1822.

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How long have your neighbors had their pets? They've had their pets for 2 months only. PRESENT PERFECT with YET and ALREADY

The game has already started. We haven't spoken to John yet. I haven't seen that new film yet. The teacher has already gone home. We haven't met Mary's husband yet. I've already learned to sing that song. Me and my family haven't been to Europe yet. Unidade 10: WH-QUESTIONS

What time did the train arrive? How did Marcus go to Italy? How much does that DVD cost? Where did Janet and her husband live? Where did you stay? How many languages does she speak? What time did the class begin? When will you go on vacation? What did Cabral discovered? When do your brother and you wake up? 10.1 WH-QUESTIONS

What arrived at 5 o'clock?

Who went to Italy by plane?

What was closed last Sunday?

What costs me $20?

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Who lived in England for 12 years?

Who stayed in the park for 3 hours?

Who is an excellent dentist?

Who speaks five languages fluently?

What began at 7:45?

Who will go on vacation in June?

Who discovered Brazil in 1500?

Who wakes up early?

Who is in the classroom?

Who is 15 years old?

Unidade 11: SUPERLATIVES + ever + present perfect

These are the most expensive clothes I've ever bought.

It's the longest movie I've ever watched.

She's the best singer I've ever listened to.

It's the worst pasta I've ever tried.

It's the best book I've ever read.

Jack is the most friendly salesman I've ever seen.