coal chm applied geology

8/12/2019 Coal ChM Applied Geology

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Coal deposits casesstudies- CBM

Chrystian Mazur, AGH,Drilling, Oil and Gas Faculty


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What is coal?

Coal is a fossil fuel and is the altered remainsof prehistoric vegetation that originallyaccumulated in swamps and peat bogs. Coalis composed primarily of carbon along with

variable quantities of other elements,chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, andnitrogen.


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Uses of coal

Coal is the largest source of energy for thegeneration of electricity worldwide, as acoal or to make . It is used in many otherindustries, like: metallurgy, chemical and

petrochemical issues. Separatedingredients of coal (such as methanol andethylene) are used in making plastics, tar,synthetic fibers, fertilizers, and medicines.


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How coal was formed?

For millions of years, a layer of dead plants at

the bottom of the swamps was covered by

layers of water and dirt, trapping the energy ofthe dead plants. The heat and pressure from the

top layers helped the plant remains turn into

what we today call coal. This proces is known

as a coalification.


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Coalification, rank of coals

PEAT BROWN Subbituminous BituminousCOAL COAL COAL


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Rank of coals- comparison

Coal RankCarbonContent

VolatileMatter

CalorificValue

MoistureContent

Peat 60% >53% 16,8 MJ/kg >75%

Brown Coal 60-71%

53-49% 23 MJ/kg 35%

SubbituminousCoal

71-77%

49-42% 29,3 MJ/kg 25-10%

Bituminous

Coal

77-

87%

42-29% 36,25 MJ/kg 8%

Anthracite >87% 29-8% >36,25 MJ/kg


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Coal deposits- Poland

http://www.euracoal.org


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Coal deposits- USA


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CSG

Coal Seam Gas (CSG) is natural gas foundin coal deposits (mostly CH4). The coal andgas are formed from plant matter underpressure over many millions of years. Coal

seam gas is used in the same way as anyother form of natural gas for cooking andheating as well as in industrial processesand electricity generation.


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CBM/CMM/AMM

Coal Bed Methane (CBM)Methane recovered from un-mined coalseams.

Coal Mine Methane (CMM)Methane recovered during mining activitiesas the coal is in the process of beingextracted and thus emitting significantquantities of the gas.

Abandoned Mine Methane (AMM)Methane recovered from mines that havebeen abandoned following the completionof mining operations.


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Quantity of CBM production in USA


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CBM reservoirs around the World

CountryGas-in-place Recoverable resources

[1012scf] [1012Nm3] [1012scf] [1012Nm3]

Russia 450-2000 12,7-56,6 200 5,66

China 700-1270 19,8-35,9 100 2,83

USA 500-1500 14,2-42,5 140 3,96

Australia/NewZealand

500-1000 14,2-28,3 120 3,40

Canada 340-450 10,2-13,0 90 2,55

Poland 20-50 0,6-1,4 5 0,14

World-Total 3540-7630 100,2-215,8 830 23,5

Source: Kuuskraa & Stevens, 2009


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CBM- Extraction

CBM is extracted by

drilling a well into a

coal seam applying

similar techniquesused for other natural

gas wells. CBM flow

through into the well

bore and up the casingto the surface.


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Production Stimulation

In some locations, there are few naturalpathways for water and gas to flow withinthe coals. In this situation a fluid, made ofpredominantly water and sand with a small

number of chemical additives (USA coals)or some oil based gel (China coals), ispumped down the well bore and into anisolated section of the coal under pressure

to create additional pathways (fractures)to help release and extract the gas. Thesand holds the fracture open. This processis known as fracture stimulation orfracking.


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Production Stimulation

Other forms of production stimulation aredrilling horizontal, multilateral wells andthen fracking or CO2 sequestration calledECBM, which consist on pumping large

amount of CO2 to reservoir. It is adsorbedinto the coal subsurface matrix, displacingCH4 this method is one of the mostefficient, althought it is not cheap (1.project San Juan basin- Allison unit ).


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CBM- Poland

In the early 90s there was a huge boom forCBM technology in Poland due to Americancompanies: Amoco and Texaco, there havebeen done some resarches in Upper

Silesian Basin (GZW), but without positiveresults. Recently Australian company DartEnergy, after doing some wells usingmodern technolgies to estimate CBM

resources (2013). In 2012 ECBM was usedin Jureczka, without promising outcomes.


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References

Metan pokadw wgla: zasoby i eksploatacja- Jerzy Hazdro,Izabela Wjcik

Hydraulic Fracturing Technique for Low Permeability CoalbedMethane Gas Reservoirs- Jinzhou Zhao, SPE, Dali Guo,Yongquan Hu, Wenbin Chen, Jidong Tian and Lujun Ji-Southwest Petroleum Institute, China

Economics for Enchanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM) and CO2Sequestration with Horizontal Wells- Sinicha A. Jikich, Grant S.Bromhal, W. Neal Sams, F. Burcu Gorucu, Turgay Ertekin,Duane H. Smith

http://www.coalcrusher.org

http://www.euracoal.org

http://www.aplng.com.au

http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/

http://www.eia.gov/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal


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Thanks for your attention!

coal chm applied geology

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