Classification-grouping of objects or information based upon similarities

History :

Aristotle thought only two groups of organisms

Plants Animals

shrubs herbs trees landair

water

Problem!!!

Taxonomy

- Branch of biology concerned with grouping and naming organisms

Old System Polynomial System

Ex.

Apis pubescens,

Tharace subgriseo,Abdominae fusco,Pedibus posticis

globis,Untrinque margine ciliatus,

HOLY COWUS

Linnaeus (1707-1778)-founder of modern taxonomy

- Method was based upon physical characteristics of organism- Binomial nomenclature (scientific name)

- Two latin words used to name an organism

- First word is the genus, second word is the species- Are written in italics

-genus name is capitalized

Ex. Homo sapiens

Often times the latin terms point out a certain aspect of the organism

Carnegiea gigantica

Giant saguaro cactus

1. Is it poisonous

2. Does it produce useful substances- California yew

3. Are organisms related to one another. Some dinosaurs have hollow bones similar to birds many scientists feel that some dino’s were warm blooded because of this similarity.

Species

- A group of organisms that share many characteristics and can interbreed with each other but not members of other species

The current classification system goes from a very broad grouping to one that is very specific

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesAnimilia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenopter

aApidae Apis mellifera

Animilia

Chordata Mammila Primate Pongidae Gorilla gorilla

Modern Taxonomy uses many sources to classify organisms

1. Evolutionary evidence

- New species arise over time

- The old species changes into new ones because of changes in the environment

2. Structural evidence

Ex. Skeletal similarities or in plants leaf similarities

3. Cytological Evidence

- Compare the DNA of the organisms

-both giant and red panda were once thought to be related to raccoons based upon behavioral characteristics. Now it is known based upon DNA that the giant panda is more closely related to bears.

4. Embryological Evidence

- Look at embryo’s of different species and compare how each organism starts

5. Behavioral Evidence

- The animals may look exactly alike but have very different behaviors

Ex. Cricket chirps

6. Fossil Evidence

- Compare modern organism with fossils of past species

Five Kingdom System of Classification

I. Monera

- Very primitive organisms

- Mostly unicellular except some form chains or clusters of cells

- bacteria and blue green algae

-are very small when compared to other types of cells- Some can move

- Reproduce by binary fission

Streptococci chains

Staphylococci clusters

A. Bacteria

- Not necessarily bad!!!!- Are needed to decompose dead things and other organic wastes (poop)

Classified by a few characteristics

I. Shape

1. Coccus

2. Bacillus

3. Spirillium

II. Aerobic or Anaerobic

- Aerobic bacteria need oxygen to live- Anaerobic can survive without oxygen

Botulism = Very bad anaerobic bacteria

III. Type of Nutrition

Heterotrophic - Must obtain food from environment

Autotrophic -can make its own food

photosynthetic - Use sunlight to make food

chemosynthetic

- Use inorganic materials to make food

Importance of bacteria

1. Decompose dead matter

- Recycle important biological elements

2. Some live in organisms helping them to survive

- Decompose food waste

- Produce needed vitamins (vitamin K)

3. Used to make antibiotics

-streptomycin and erythromycin

4. Industrial

- yogurt , cheese

, vinegar

-butanol ,methane ,acetone

- pesticides

- Nitrogen cycle for farming

- insulin production

5. Pathogens – BAD STUFF

- Only 1 in 1000 bacteria causes disease

II. Protista - Include protozoa, algae and slime molds- All are heterotrophs

- All use aerobic respiration

- Found in freshwater, saltwater, on land and in other organisms

- Reproduce sexually and asexually

Ameba

Uses of Algae

Lecithin

III. Fungi - Include yeast, molds, mushrooms

- Are NOT plants

- Are heterotrophic- Most are decomposers

- Reproduce sexually and asexually

Important Fungi

Yeasts

Truffles

Lichens

-fungus and moss working together

- Important in making soil

IV. Plantae - Include mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

- multicellular, photosynthetic organisms

Bryophytes - Oldest type of plants

- Include mosses and liverworts

WWII

Peat Moss

Tracheophytes

-ferns, conifers, and flowering plants- Have vascular tissue (xylem, phloem)

2 Groups

Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

V. Animilia

- Multicellular organisms

- All are heterotrophs

- All eat

- All have muscles

1. Invertebrates - No backbone

Sponges - simplest

Coelenterates

Flatworms

Mollusks

squid

clams

Oysters

Octopus

Annelids -segmented worms- Includes leeches and earthworms- Have a closed circulatory system

Arthropods -insects, centipedes, spiders and crustaceans- Have an exoskeleton

Echinoderms

II. Chordates - Have a nerve cord

Vertebrates - Have a backbone- Have a brain

- Have a closed circulatory system

1. Cold blooded animals- Body temperature is same as

surroundings

-Internal reproduction

2. Warm-Blooded Animals

- Have constant internal temperature- Allows them to live and remain active in cold weather climates

Birds - feathers

- Internal reproduction

- May have evolved from reptiles- Eggs develop outside

Mammals - Norish young with milk- Hair covers bodies

1. Monotremes- Lay eggs

2. Marsupials

- embyro’s grow in a pouch

- Kangaroo, opossum, koala

3. Placental - Young develop in uterus