History of ClassificationHistory of Classification

• Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria

• Aristotle (394-322 B.C.)• Greek philosopher

• Classified organisms as either plants or animals

• Believed species were distinct, separate and unchanging (limited his method)

• Carolus Linnaeus (18th century)• Swedish naturalist – “father of

classification”

• Based on morphology (body type), behavior and habitat

• System of taxonomy – concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species based on natural relationships

• Modern classification• Includes evolutionary ideas as well as

Linnaeus’ system of classification

Dichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys

• A way to identify or categorize objects

• Each step involves a choice between two characteristics

• Leads to a final “choice” which will identify the object

• When making your own keep in mind to:

• Use characteristics that will not change (vary)

• Use measurements rather than terms like "large" and "small"

• Do not use seasonal or changeable characteristics

• Make the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not"

• If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word

Taxonomic CategoriesTaxonomic Categories

• Domain – broadest grouping (3 major groups)• Kingdom – (6 major groups)• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species – most specific grouping

• Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

• Genus – a group of species which are closely related and share a common ancestor

• Family – a group of similar related genera who share certain characteristics

• Order – contains related families

• Class – contains related orders

• Phylum – contains related classes

• Kingdom – contains related phyla

The Domains of LifeThe Domains of Life

• Domain Bacteria• Consists of kingdom

eubacteria

• Prokaryotes (cells

without a nucleus)

• Domain Archaea• Consists of kingdom archaeabacteria

• Prokaryotes which live in

extreme environments

• Domain Eukarya• Consists of cells with a

nucleus (eukaryotes)

• Kingdom protista, fungi,

plantea and animalia

Kingdoms of LifeKingdoms of Life• For homework:

• Using your foldable, use your textbook to fill in the following information for each:

• Characteristics of the kingdom• Examples of the kingdom• Which domain does it belong to• Cell type• Cell wall composition• Number of cells• Method of nutrition

• Use textbook pages 499-503 and the reference handbook in the back of the text

Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria)(Domain Bacteria)

• Characteristics: • Round, spiral or rod-shaped• Parasitic• Can form colonies

• Cell Type: Prokaryote

• Cell wall with peptidoglycan

• Unicellular

• Autotrophic (photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (through absorption)

• Example: Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Treponema, Prochloron, Nostoc

Kingdom ArcheabacteriaKingdom Archeabacteria(Domain Archea)(Domain Archea)

• Characteristics:• Found in extremely harsh environments like hot

springs, deep-sea thermal vents, swamps, and salt marshes

• Cell Type: Prokaryote

• Cell walls without peptidoglycan

• Unicellular

• Autotrophic (photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (through absorption)

• Example: Methanopyrus,Halobacterium, Methanobaccillus, Mycoplasia

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista(Domain Eukarya)(Domain Eukarya)

• Characteristics:• Free-living or parasitic• Use pseudopods (false-feet), cilia or flagella to move

• Cell Type: Eukaryote

• Cell walls with cellulose

• Unicellular or multicellular

• Autotrophs or heterotrophs

• Example: Paramecium,

Amoeba, Diatom, Algae,

Euglena

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya)(Domain Eukarya)

• Characteristics:• Have spores (used for reproduction)• Can be parasitic

• Cell Type: Eukaryote

• Cell walls with chitin

• Multicellular

• Heterotrophic (through absorption)

• Example: Mushroom, Bread Mold, Yeast

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya)(Domain Eukarya)

• Characteristics:• Have spores or seeds (for reproduction)• Live on land or in water

• Cell Type: Eukaryote

• Cell walls with cellulose

• Multicellular

• Autotrophs (photosynthetic)

• Example: Moss, Ferns, Palm Trees, Roses

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya)(Domain Eukarya)

• Characteristics:• Invertebrates and vertebrates• Live on land, in water and in the air• Simple to complex

• Cell Type: Eukaryote

• No cell walls

• Multicellular

• Heterotrophs

• Example: Earthworm,

Sponge, Hydra, Planaria, Leech, Butterfly, Sea Cucumber,

Panther

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature• Developed by Linnaeus

• Gives each species a scientific name consisting of two parts (genus & species)

• Latin

• Use of scientific name avoids the confusion created when using common names• Ex. Star fish• Ex. Sea cucumbers• Ex. Red bird versus cardinals

• Rules of naming:

• First letter of the genus name is CAPITALIZED

• Species name always LOWERCASE

• Should always be typed in ITALICS

• Should always be UNDERLINED when written by hand

• Genus name can be abbreviated to one

letter AFTER it has been written fully once

in the written work