Organizing Life’s Diversity

Classification

______________- system of grouping objects or information based on similarities.

____________- study that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.

Classification

Taxonomy

Classification of Plants and Animals According to Aristotle:

Plants:

(based on _______ and _______)

1. _________ - plants with soft stems

2. _________ - plants with several woody stems

3. ______ plants with a single woody stem

Animals

(based on __________)

1. ___________ - land

2. _________ - water

3. _________ - air

sizeshape

Herbs

Shrubs

Trees

Habitat

Terrestrial

Aquatic

Aerial

History of Classification

History of Taxonomy: ________________- 18th Century Swedish

Naturalist, developed the modern system of scientific classification.

Focus was on similarities alone

Carolus Linnaeous

____________________-a two word naming system of classification.

1st word = ______- identifies the genus of the organism; consists of a group of similar species. First word is ____________and _____________

2nd word = ________name – describes a characterisitic of the organism. It is often referred as the ____________. The first letter of this word is always ___________and ____________

Scientific name is Genus species name

Example: Humans =

Binomial Nomenclature

Homo sapiens

Genus

Capitalized underlined

Species

lower-cased underlinedSpecific epithet

__________

is the _________________________ it’s the language from which many words in science have been derivied; ______ language.

-__________ provides the framework in which to study the relationships among living and extinct species

Latin

“universal language of scholars”;

dead

Taxonomy

Levels of Scientific Classification:

1. __________: Largest taxon of similar Phyla or divisions

2. __________: taxon of several similar Classes. Plant taxonomists use the taxon _____________ instead of phylum

3. __________: taxon of similar Orders

4. __________: taxon of similar Families

5. __________: taxon of similar Genera

6. __________: taxon of similar species

7. __________: a group of closely related organisms which have the ability to breed fertile offspring.

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Divisions

Example of System of Classification: using Kingdom Animalia

Diagram from Strauss and Liswski’s Biology: the Web of life, 1998.

History of Taxonomy: ______________________ - based on

identifying evolutionary relationships using evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data.• ________- study of evolutionary history for a

group of species ; shown as branching trees called _________

Modern System of Classification

Phylogeny

cladogram

Methods of Determining Relationships between Organisms:

1. Comparative _________- study of form

2. ________ behavior

3. Comparative __________ based on ___________ evidence.

4. Comparative __________ - genetically based

5. __________ distribution

morphology

Breeding

development

embryological

biochemistry

Geographical

Modern Taxonomy:

__________- study of evolutionary history for a group of species ; shown as branching trees called phylogenetic tree

__________________- is a visual model of the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms.

_____________ - biological classification system based on phylogeny; assumes that as groups of organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral they retain derived traits.

____________ - a diagram or model that focuses on unique characteristics found in a particular group of species.

________________- a written set of choices that leads to the name of the organism.

Phylogeny

Dichotomous key

Phylogenetic tree

Cladistics

cladogram

Phylogeny: shows the evolutionary history of a species.

Diagram from Strauss and Liswski’s Biology: the Web of life, 1998.

Cladogram: a diagram that focuses on unique characteristics found in a particular group of species.

Diagram 1 obtain from Cambell’s Biology 3rd ed., 1993. Diagram 2 obtained from Holt’s Science TAKS Practice workbook, 2002.

Six - Kingdom System:

all __________________

some are ________________;others are ___________

some autotrophs are ______________;others ___________________

1. _____________: include the “ancient” bacteria.

- Live in extreme harsh environments

- ______________ - swamps

- ______________- deep-ocean vents

- ______________- extreme salty conditions

2. _____________: include the “true” bacteria.

- live in almost all habitats except those occupied by archeabacteria.

-some cause disease and some are helpful

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Kingdom Monera ( Archaebacteria and Eubacteria)

Methanogens

Thermophiles

Halophiles

heterotrophs

Prokaryotes

autotrophs

photosynthetic chemosynthetic

Classification of Eubacteria: Based on shape

• __________- round shape• __________- rod shape• __________- spiral shape And Arrangement ___________ - pairs ___________ - chains ___________ - clusters

coccus

bacillius

spirillum

Six - Kingdom System (cont.):

diplo-

strepto

staphylo

3. ______________: unicellular organisms, euglena, amoebas, diatoms, paramecium, and algae

4. ______________: includes yeast, lichens , and mushrooms

5. _______________: includes ferns, mosses, grass, flowering plants, cone-bearing plants, and trees

6. _______________: includes humans, insects, mollusks, reptiles, and amphibians

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Protista

Six - Kingdom System (cont.):

Characteristics of the All Kingdoms

Characteristic:

Monera(archaebacteria/eubacteria)

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell Type Prokaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Nucleus No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Cell Wall Yes Present in some

Yes Yes No

# of cells Unicellular Unicellular/multicellular

multicellular multicellular multicellular

AutotrophicHeterotropic Both Both Both Autotrophic Heterotrophic

Locomotion Some Some No No Yes