TaxonomyTaxonomy

ClassificationClassification

ClassificationClassification - the grouping of objects or - the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.information based on similarities.

Used to better understand and study the Used to better understand and study the enormous variety of living things.enormous variety of living things.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

TaxonomyTaxonomy-The branch of -The branch of biology that groups and names biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.their different characteristics.

ClassificationClassification

Based on a system developed by Carolus Based on a system developed by Carolus LinnaeusLinnaeus..

He established a system of groups called He established a system of groups called TaxaTaxa (Taxons) (Taxons)

He ranked taxa from the He ranked taxa from the largestlargest, most , most general groups to the general groups to the smallestsmallest, most , most specific groups.specific groups.

Classifying Living OrganismsClassifying Living Organisms

Organisms are grouped into taxonOrganisms are grouped into taxon

King-King- KingdomKingdom Philip-Philip- PhylumPhylum Came- Came- ClassClass Over -Over - OrderOrder For -For - FamilyFamily Good-Good- GenusGenus Spaghetti- Spaghetti- SpeciesSpecies

Classifying Living OrganismsClassifying Living Organisms

At each level, organisms that share the At each level, organisms that share the most characteristics are grouped.most characteristics are grouped.

Species Species is the most is the most sspecific. (members pecific. (members of the same species can produce of the same species can produce offspring.)offspring.)

KingdomKingdom - is the most general. - is the most general.

NOTE: NOTE: THE PLANT KINGDOM IS DIVIDED INTO DIVISIONS THE PLANT KINGDOM IS DIVIDED INTO DIVISIONS INSTEAD OF PHYLA.INSTEAD OF PHYLA.

Linnaeus’s SystemLinnaeus’s System

Carolus Linnaeus’ classification system: Carolus Linnaeus’ classification system: in 18th centuryin 18th century

Divided organisms into 2 groups: Divided organisms into 2 groups: plantsplants & & animalsanimals

Placed plants & animals into groups Placed plants & animals into groups based onbased on similaritiessimilarities of form (shape, of form (shape, structure)structure)

Linnaeus’s SystemLinnaeus’s System

Has groups within larger groups within still Has groups within larger groups within still larger groupslarger groups

Uses Uses uniqueunique (one-of-a-kind), descriptive (one-of-a-kind), descriptive Latin names as scientific names for each Latin names as scientific names for each organismorganism

• Bats fly like birds, but have hair and Bats fly like birds, but have hair and produce milkproduce milk

Therefore bats are mammals and not birdsTherefore bats are mammals and not birds

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

Crawdad, Crayfish, Mudbug Crawdad, Crayfish, Mudbug What What is the difference?is the difference?

Scientists need a Scientists need a universaluniversal name for name for every organism.every organism.

He proposed a system of naming He proposed a system of naming using using 2 names2 names; this system is called ; this system is called

Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature

The 2 names for each organism are:The 2 names for each organism are: GenusGenus - always first and capitalized; can be - always first and capitalized; can be

abbreviated to 1 letter.abbreviated to 1 letter. speciesspecies - second and lowercase - second and lowercase

********Both are underlined or italicized***Both are underlined or italicized*** Humans- Humans- Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

Homo- Homo- Genus Genus sapiens-sapiens- “Wise” “Wise”

DomainDomain

1.1. ArchaeArchae

2.2. EubacteriaEubacteria

3.3. EukaryaEukarya

Six Kingdom Taxonomy SystemSix Kingdom Taxonomy System

How evolutionary relationships are determined: How evolutionary relationships are determined: Today the most generally accepted classification Today the most generally accepted classification system contains system contains sixsix kingdoms kingdoms: :

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria EubacteriaEubacteria ProtistsProtists FungiFungi Plants Plants AnimalsAnimals

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms

These kingdoms are then broken down into These kingdoms are then broken down into smallersmaller categories. categories.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics that scientists use to classify that scientists use to classify the relationships of organisms include:the relationships of organisms include: structural similaritiesstructural similarities breeding behaviorbreeding behavior geographical distribution geographical distribution chromosome comparison chromosome comparison biochemistrybiochemistry

Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key

Dichotomous Key:Dichotomous Key: made of sets of made of sets of numbered statements; each set deals numbered statements; each set deals with 1 trait of the organism; follow the with 1 trait of the organism; follow the numbered sets until the key reveals the numbered sets until the key reveals the name of the organism.name of the organism.

Classification ModelsClassification Models

Phylogeny-Phylogeny- The The evolutionaryevolutionary history of a history of a species. species. Also shows evolutionary relationships of Also shows evolutionary relationships of

speciesspecies

CladisticsCladistics

Cladistics:Cladistics: system of classification based system of classification based on on phylogenyphylogeny (evolutionary history of a (evolutionary history of a species)species)

CladogramCladogram

Cladogram:Cladogram: branching diagram that branching diagram that models the phylogeny of a species, models the phylogeny of a species, resembles a pedigree or family tree resembles a pedigree or family tree showing proposed ancestry of the species. showing proposed ancestry of the species.

Cladogram ExampleCladogram Example

1. What five probable ancestors of the 1. What five probable ancestors of the modern bird (robin) are shown on the modern bird (robin) are shown on the cladogram?cladogram?

Answer to #1•Archaeopteryx•Velociraptor•Sinornis•Allosaurus•Theropods

2. Which dinosaur is probably the most 2. Which dinosaur is probably the most recent common ancestor of recent common ancestor of VelociraptorVelociraptor and and ArchaeopteryxArchaeopteryx??

Answer to #2:Sinornis

3. Which traits shown on the cladogram 3. Which traits shown on the cladogram are shared by are shared by ArchaeopteryxArchaeopteryx and modern and modern birds?birds?

Answer to #3Light bones, 3-toed foot, Wishbone, down feathers, and feathers with shaft, veins, and barbs

Phylogenetic DiagramPhylogenetic Diagram

Fan-likeFan-like model can show time organism model can show time organism became extinct, or the relative number of became extinct, or the relative number of species in a group (evolutionary history)species in a group (evolutionary history)

1. How does the fanlike diagram differ 1. How does the fanlike diagram differ from a cladogram?from a cladogram?

Answer to #1Cladograms provide phylogenetic relationships among species.Fanlike diagrams communicate the time organisms became extinct or the relative number of species in a group.

2. To which group are sea stars more 2. To which group are sea stars more closely related, arthropods or jellyfishes? closely related, arthropods or jellyfishes?

Answer to #2arthropods

3. Which group of animals includes the 3. Which group of animals includes the fewest species? fewest species?

Answer to #3Sea Stars (Echinoderms)

QuestionQuestion

As scientists began to learn more about As scientists began to learn more about geologic time, they incorporated their geologic time, they incorporated their findings in their systems of classification. findings in their systems of classification. The new system that accounted for an The new system that accounted for an organism’s evolutionary history is called-organism’s evolutionary history is called-

A. Binomial nomenclatureA. Binomial nomenclature B. PhylogenyB. Phylogeny C. TaxonomyC. Taxonomy D. None of the aboveD. None of the above

B. phylogeny

QuestionQuestion

What does a fanlike diagram show that a What does a fanlike diagram show that a cladogram does not?cladogram does not? A. Phylogenetic relationshipsA. Phylogenetic relationships B. Relative number of species in each groupB. Relative number of species in each group C. Anatomical features of each speciesC. Anatomical features of each species D. Mode of extinctionD. Mode of extinction

B. Relative number of species in each group