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Page 1: Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than

Chapter 18

Page 2: Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than

The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships.

ARISTOTLE◦ First to classify organisms more than 2000

years ago.◦ Classified all organisms into TWO groups

Plants Further classified by stem differences.

Animals Further classified based on where animals

were found. (air, land, water)

Page 3: Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than

Everyday names given to organisms. Common names may NOT accurately

describe the organism.◦ Examples: jellyfish, mountain lion

Page 4: Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than

Mean:Two Names CAROLUS LINNAEUS – Swedish naturalist

(1707-1778)◦ He broke organisms into hierarchical categories

Page 5: Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than

Categories (smallest to largest)

Examples

SPECIESStructurally similar

organisms

sapiens

GENUSSimilar species grouped

Homo

FAMILYSimilar genera

Hominidae

ORDERSimilar families

Primates

CLASSSimilar orders

Mammalia

PHYLUM/DIVISIONSimilar classes

Chordata

KINGDOMSimilar phyla/divisions

Animalia

Page 6: Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than

Binomial name Includes Genus

& species names Examples:

◦ Rana pipiens- Leopard frog

◦ Homo sapiens – Human beings

Page 7: Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than

Subspecies: morphologically different & geographically separated.

Varieties: Morphologically different & often not geographically separated.

Strain: Biochemically dissimilar group within a species.◦ Example: bacteria

Page 8: Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than

Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of a species.

Taxonomic Identification:◦ Dichotomous Key – A written set of choices that

leads to the name of an organism.◦ Phylogenetic Tree – A visual model of the inferred

relationships among organisms.◦ Biosystematics – A form of taxonomy that

examines reproductive compatibility & gene flow. Studies speciation, or formation of a new species.

Page 9: Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than

KINGDOM CELL TYPE # OF CELLS NUTRITION

ArchaebacteriaMethanogens

Prokaryotic Unicellular Auto-heterotrophic

Eubacteria“true bacteria”

Prokaryotic Unicellular Auto-heterotrophic

ProtistaAmoebas

Eukaryotic Uni & multicellular

Auto-heterotrophic

FungiMushroom

Eukaryotic Uni & multicellular

Heterotrophic

PlantaeMosses, ferns

Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic (rarely hetero-)

AnimaliaMammals

Eukaryotic Multicellular heterotrophic


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