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Class 2, Jan 15 2015Explore Topics in Chapter 2, Solar System, using lecture tutorials, interactive polling, and cartooning1Organization of Chapter 2: Solar SystemSolar Nebula HypothesisSunTerrestrial PlanetsGas GiantsDwarfs, comets, and asteroidsEarly Earth historyDid you read the whole chapter?

What facts amazed you?

What concepts confused you?2

A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust made by an exploding star.Stars release energy and build elements through nuclear fusion.Nuclear fusion creates new elements.Stars burn hydrogen, becoming brighter.Eventually, stars become Red Giants and explode.Butterfly Nebula 3,800 light-years awayOur Sun will be a Nova when it goes! The Hubble Space Telescope took this image of hot gas fleeing a dying star 3,800 light-years away in the Scorpius constellation. This planetary nebula is known as the Butterfly Nebula. What resemble dainty butterfly wings are actually roiling cauldrons of gas heated to more than 20,000C. The star itself, once about five times as massive as the Sun, is over 200,000C. The ejected gas, enriched with oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon produced by the formerly massive star, will form the stuff of future stars.3Solar Nebula Hypothesis

The Sun and other objects originated from the collapse and condensation of a nebula.

Crab Nebula Notes: Bya is scientific shorthand for billions of years ago.

The solar nebula hypothesis proposes that the solar system originated from a cloud of interstellar gas and dust (the solar nebula). This is a photo of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant, all that remains of a tremendous stellar explosion. Observers in China and Japan recorded the supernova nearly 1,000 years ago, in 1054.4

The Solar Nebula HypothesisCopyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.The solar system began with the collapse and condensation of a planetary nebula. Copernican heliocentrism is the name given to Nicolaus Copernicuss theory (published in 1543) that the Sun was in the center of the Universe. Volatile gases are easily evaporated. The planetesimal hypothesis of Viktor Saranov states that planets form out of dust grains that collide and stick to form larger and larger bodies. 5Vid clipSteven Hawking created a video on the formation of the Solar systemhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhy1fucSRQI

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Kortz and Smay Lecture Tutorial p. 958Our Sun: A Massive Hydrogen Bomb Held Together by GravitySolar core is site of nuclear fusion. H is converted to He, which has less mass. Mass differential is expelled as energy (light and heat). The Sun is getting lighter through time.The Sun has enough fuel to last another 4 to 5 billion years.

Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Suggested tips to give students: Hydrogen is converted to Helium due to massive density and heat. Four Hydrogen atoms fused together make one Helium atom and release energy.9Terrestrial planets are small and rocky, with thin atmospheres.

MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS

10Participate in Poll Everywhere on your device:

phone: Send text JULIAHAMMER921 to 37607 to join

2. Tablet or laptop, navigate to: PollEv.com/juliahammer921

Geoscience Polls

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Geoscience is a combination of what sciences?

Test your knowledge

PollEv questions:12

13Mercury Extreme daytime heat, extreme nighttime coldVenus Even hotter than Mercury due to high percentage of CO2EARTHHot, energy-providing core with surface cool enough for liquid H2OMars Most Earth-like with dry river channels indicating water in the past

Terrestrial PlanetsSuggested tips to give students: Geologists worldwide are analyzing photographs taken by the Mars Rover to discern the characteristic features of sedimentary rockssee Chapter 8 and http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/home/index.html.14JUPITER Atmosphere: 89.8% H2, 10.2% He Third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus SATURN Atmosphere: 96.3% H2, 3.25% He Would float in a bathtubURANUS Atmosphere: 82.5% H2, 15.2% He, 2.3% CH4 The only planet that does not rotate perpendicular to the eclipticNEPTUNE Atmosphere: 80% H, 18.5% He, 1.5% CH4 Inner two-thirds likely composed of a mixture of molten rock, water, liquid ammonia, and methaneGas Giants15

Kortz and Smay Lecture Tutorialp. 125

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Kortz and Smay Lecture Tutorialp. 125

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Objects in the solar system include dwarf planets, comets, and asteroids.Dwarf planets

Comets

AsteroidsSuggested tips to give students: Comet Hale-Bopp is referred to as the Great Comet of 1997 and was visible to the naked eye for 18 monthstwice as long as the Great Comet of 1811. Members of the Heavens Gate cult committed mass suicide when Hale-Bopp was at its brightest because they believed that a space craft was following the comet that would take their souls to another level of existence. 18Participate in Poll Everywhere on your device:

phone: Send text JULIAHAMMER921 to 37607 to join

2. Tablet or laptop, navigate to: PollEv.com/juliahammer921

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Can you label this image?What features of the illustration are kept to scale? Which are not?20

The Five Dwarf PlanetsHAUMEA, MAKEMAKE, PLUTOLocated in the Kuiper beltPlutos atmosphere: 98% N2, < 1% H2O, < 1% CH4, < 1% COPluto and Charon considered a double-dwarf ERISLocated in the scattered disk regionSlightly larger than PlutoCERESLocated in the asteroid beltSuggested tips to give students: Geologists worldwide are analyzing photographs taken by the Mars Rover to discern the characteristic features of sedimentary rocks see Chapter 8 and http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/21ASTEROIDSRocky, metallic planetesimals

COMETSIcy (water ice and other frozen liquids or gases) planetesimals

Asteroids and CometsSuggested tips to give students: Planetesimals refers to any of innumerable small bodies thought to have orbited the Sun during the formation of the planets.22

Hadean Eon 4.5 Bya to 4.0 Bya Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Hadean derives from Hades, Greek for Underworld or Hell, referring to the conditions on Earth at the time. The geologist Preston Cloud coined the term in 1972, originally to label the period before the earliest-known rocks. Earth also accumulated heat by the impact of huge asteroids, each releasing a massive amount of energy, much of it stored in Earths solid rock as heat.23

Artists conception of most dramatic event in Earths earliest historyNow lets talk about the Early Earth24

Computer simulation of this eventSee Jeff Taylors summary of the Giant Impact Hypothesis at: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=446

These pictures (see inset) are snapshots of the formation of the Moon, as depicted by computer simulations done by Al Cameron. Blue areas are metallic iron, and red and orange areas are rocky mantles. The growing Earth is the larger of the two objects; the smaller object is the projectile whose impact led to the formation of the Moon. In this simulation, the impactor hits off-centered (frame 1), and heats and deforms both bodies (frame 2). As the event continues, some metallic core (colored blue) is transferred to the Earth, but most remains inside the impactor. The impactor is not completely engulfed by the Earth and pulls away somewhat, as if it bounced off (frames 3-8). All this would have taken only about half an hour. (Changes in apparent size are due to changing the scale of the pictures in order to keep both objects in the field of view.) he impactor now hits the Earth again (frame 9), but this time is incorporated into the Earth (frames 10-12). Its metallic core becomes part of Earth's core. Some rocky material is still left in orbit around the Earth (frames 13-16). The Moon forms from the debris left in orbit, most of which came from the impactor. The accretion of the material into the Moon is not shown in this simulation.25The words below are all related to the story of Earths earliest history. Organize them into a cartoon (a concept map).Radioactive decaymeltingDifferentiationkinetic energyMars-sized object23o inclinationEarth-Moon systemmagma oceancool and wetGiant impactU-Th-KPut the giant impact event into the context of Early Earth!26

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Hadean Eon 4.5 Bya to 4.0 Bya Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Which part of the Hadean is portrayed here? Early or late?28Test your understanding of what we just covered

PollEv questions:

What did Earth look like just after it formed?What is the source of Earths heat?When did the Earth acquire its second atmosphere?What elements were missing from Earths 2nd atmosphere?What are some ideas about the source of Earths surface water?Action Items for Friday, 16 January

1. Read Chapter 3 of Fletcher2. Answer questions in Laulima Tests&Quizzes3. Sign up for Big Island Field Trip!

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