chapter8-support & movement

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CHAPTER 8:SUPPORT AND

MOVEMENT


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Support system in

AnimalsThe support system in animalsare called skeletal system.

There are 3 types of skeletalsystems in animal;

1.Endoskeleton(Rangka dalam)2. Exoskeleton (Rangka luar)

3. Hydrostatic skeleton


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Support system in

VertebratesThe support system of avertebrates is calledEndoskeleton(Endomeans internal)

The endoskeleton of mostvertebrates consists of

bones (tulang).


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Endoskeleton of 2 vertebrates

Human skeleton

Frog skeleton


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Functions of an

endoskeletonSupportanimals body weight

Gives shapeto animals body

Protect internal organs

It work together with musclesto enable body movement


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Support systems in

Invertebrates

There are 2 types of

support systems inInvertebrates.

1. Exoskeleton

2. Hydrostatic skeleton


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1.ExoskeletonExo means external

An exoskeleton is ahard outer covering on

an vertebrate animals.


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Invertebrates that possessexoskeleton

Scorpion

Ant

Grasshopper

Ladybird


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The function of anExoskeleton

Maintains the shape of ananimals body

Protect the soft tissue

Protects an animals against

its predatorLimit water loss from ananimals body


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2.Hydrostatic skeleton

A hydrostatic skeletonconsists of fluid

Functions of hydrostaticskeleton;

-maintains and control thebody shape

- It enables movement


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Invertebrates that possesshydrostatic skeleton

Leech

Jellyfish

Earthworm


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Support system in animals

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Exoskeleton Hydrostaticskeleton

Endoskeleton

Bird

Frog

Snake

Dog

fish

grasshopper

CockroachScorpion

Ant

Caterpillar

LeechEarthworm

jellyfish


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Comparison Between theSupport Systems ofLand and Aquatic

Animal(perbandingan sistem sokongan di

antara haiwan di darat danhaiwan di air)


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Land animal (vertebrates)(Exp; Elephant)

The body weight

of an elephant issupported by alarge and strong

skeletonElephantskeleton


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Aquatic animal (vertebrates)(Exp; Whale)

Has small andlight skeletonfor its body

body weight of awhale is

supportedmainly by thebuoyancy

of water

Whale skeleton


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Land animal (Invertebrates)

(Exp; Grasshopper)

The body

weight of agrasshopper

is supported

by a rigidskeleton

( cuticle).


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Aquatic animal (Invertebrates)(Exp; squid)

The body weight

of a squid issupportedmainly by thebuoyancyof water


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Support Systems in plant

Plants are classified into woody andnon-woody plants.

Woody plant supported by a

strong tissue

in their stem.

Non-woodydo not have woody

tissue in their

stem.


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Cross section of stem of awoody plant

Bark

Pith

Woodytissue


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Various support systemsin plants

1. Buttress roots 7. Stilt roots

2. Prop roots 8. Air sacs

3. Clasping roots

4. Tendrils

5. Thorns6. Prickles


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1. Buttress roots(Exp; durian tree)

Common in large tropical trees.

Provide support to the stem.

Buttress roots


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2. Prop roots(exp; maize)

Provide additional support forthe plant.

Prop roots ofmaize

(akar jagung)


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3. Clasping roots(exp; money plant)

These rootsenable a plantto climb bygrowing aroundand clasping its

support.

Clasping roots


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4. Tendrils(exp; cucumber)

Tendrils


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5. Thorns(Exp;Bougainvilleas)

Used as

organ ofsupportfor climbing

Thorn


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6. Prickles(exp; Rose)

Rose have severalcurvedprickles forclimbing

prickles


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7. Stilt roots(Exp; mangrove tree)

To provideadditional support

Stilt roots


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8. Air sacs

Support system for aquatic plant.

Aquatic plant has air sacs forsupport because the air sacsprovide buoyancy.

Exp; Brown algae & water lily

Air Sacs


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Exercises

a) Name organisms X and Y in Diagram 1.b) (i) State the types of support system in the

organisms X and Y.

X: Y:..

(ii) Give another example of organism foreach type, according to the support systemmentioned in b (i).

X:Y:

X: .. Y: ..

Diagram 1

Diagram 2 shows the support system of plants P Q


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Diagram 2 shows the support system of plants P, Q,

R and S.

Based on the observations in Diagram 2, namethe support system of each plant.P: Q: R:

S:

SQ RP

Diagram 2

chapter8-support & movement

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