science f2 - support and movement

7/29/2019 SCIENCE F2 - Support and Movement

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CHAPTER

8


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1. The SKELETAL and theMUSCULAR SYSTEMS aretwo parts of the support system


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Why do animals need a supportsystem?

With support system Without support system

2. Animals need a support system to supportthe body, to provide body shape and toprovide body movements.

8.1 Support Systems in Animals


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Support Systems in Invertebrates andVertebrates

1.the three basic types of skeletons?

A. Hydrostatic skeleton

B. Exoskeleton

C. Endoskeleton



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A. Hydrostatic Skeleton

Earthworm

Soft-bodied animals are supported by liquid,

which consists mainly of water in their cells andin spaces between their body organs. Thissupport system is called the hydrostatic skeleton.

Can you think of other animals with a hydrostatic skeleton?

Examples: Sea anemone, jellyfish

Muscular wall

GutFluid-filledcompartment


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1. The hydrostatic skeleton has the following

functions

a. provides supportb. maintains body shape

c. aids movement

2. The fluid in the cells presses against the soft surface

and causes the body to become compact, stiff

and strong


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B. Exoskeleton

Grasshopper

Insects and crustaceans are supported by a skeleton of

hard material which forms the outside of their bodies. Thisouter skeleton is called exoskeleton.

Can you think of other animals with an exoskeleton?

Examples:Insects Cockroach, dragonfly

Crustaceans prawn, crab

Exoskeleton

Muscle


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1. The exoskeleton has the following functions

a. maintaining their shape

b. supporting their bodiesc. protecting their organs

d. aiding movement

2. The exoskeleton consists of a hard substance

called chitin

3. The exoskeleton of invertebrate is also called cuticle


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C. Endoskeleton

Horse

In vertebrates, the skeleton is inside the body and muscles

are attached to it. This internal skeleton is calledendoskeleton.

Can you think of other animals with an endoskeleton?

Examples: Crocodile, bird

Muscle

Endoskeleton


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Support system in humans

1. Support system of humans and vertebratesconsists of the internal skeleton

2. Human are supported by an endoskeleton

3. The endoskeleton of humans consist of 206

bones


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4. The weight of a human is supported mainly by the

pelvic girdle.

5. The function of the skeleton includes

a. to support the weight of the body

b. to give the body its structure, strength and shapec. to produced blood cells

d. to protect soft organs of the body such as the

heart and the kidneys

e. to act as a base for attachment of muscles forexample, the biceps are attached to the humerus

through the tendon


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Comparison of the Endoskeleton betweenAquatic Vertebrates and Land Vertebrates

1. The similarities : have endoskeleton


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2. The differences support system between land

vertebrate and aquatic vertebrate

Land vertebrate Aquatic vertebrate

Support by

endoskeleton

Support by

buoyancy of water

have large size of

pectoral and pelvic

girdle

The size of the

pectoral and pelvic

girdle is very small

The strength of the

pectoral and pelvic

girdle is very strong

The strength of the

pectoral and pelvic

girdle is very weak


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Land invertebrate Aquatic invertebrate

Exoskeleton a body

support

Buoyancy of water as a

body support.

8 2 Support Systems in Plants


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Support Systems in Plants

Plants

Woody plants Non-woody plants

How do woody plants support themselves?

How do non-woody plants support themselves?

8.2 Support Systems in Plants

8 2 Support Systems in Plants


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Support Systems in Woody Plants

1. Woody plants are supported by woody tissue.

2. Woody tissue is hard and provides in plantshape and strength to hold itself.


(a) Mango tree (b) Hibiscus shrubs



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Support Systems in Non-woody Plants

Non-woody plants depend on the water

stored in the cells of the stem for support.

a. Adequate water in

plant

b. Inadequate water in

plant




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Various Support Systems in Plants

Various support systems in plants

1. Some plants such as the climbers and mangrove

trees develop structures for additional support.

2. What are climbers?

Climbers are plants with weak stems. They attach themselvesto other plants, fences and poles for support.

3. How do mangrove trees gain additional support?

Mangrove trees have stilt roots to support themselves.




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Various Support Systems in Plants

Various support systems inplants

Stilt roots Air sacs Prickles

ThornsButtress roots

Prop roots

Clasping rootsTendrils


8.3 Appreciating the Support Systems in Living Organisms


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Appreciating the Support System in

Living Organisms

1. What happens to whales that are washed ashore?

Whales that are washed ashore may die

because their weight will crush theirinternal organs.




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Appreciating the Support System in

Living Organisms

2.What does a crippled person use tosupport himself?

A crippled person may use a cane, crutchesor a walking frame for support.

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Chapter 8: Support and Movement


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Summary

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Soft-bodied animals supported by liquid are said to have a hydrostatic skeleton. An outer skeleton is known as an exoskeleton. For insects, it is made mostly ofchitin.

An internal skeleton is called an endoskeleton. It consists of bones and cartilage.

An aquatic vertebrate has a weaker and more flexible skeleton than a landvertebrate.


Some woody plants have buttress roots and stilt roots to provide additional support. Some non-woody plants climb with tendrils, thorns, prickles or clasping roots.

Some aquatic plants have air sacs to provide additional support.

science f2 - support and movement

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