Chapter 6Chapter 6 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

Phases, Tools, and TechniquesPhases, Tools, and Techniques

Chapter 6Chapter 6 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

Phases, Tools, and TechniquesPhases, Tools, and Techniques

STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES

SAVING LIVES THROUGH SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

• Centers for Disease Control (CDC) tracks a wealth of information

• Unfortunately, most of that information is stored in separate IT systems that do not communicate with each other

SAVING LIVES THROUGH SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

• The CDC is using a service-oriented architecture (SoA) to integrate all those systems and information

INTRODUCTION

• Information systems are the support structure for meeting the company’s strategies and goals

• Why new systems are created:

INTRODUCTION

• When developing a new system, you have 3 “who” choices…1. Insourcing

2. Selfsourcing

3. Outsourcing

CHAPTER ORGANIZATION

1. Insourcing and the SDLC

2. Component-Based Development

3. Selfsourcing

4. Prototyping

5. Outsourcing

INSOURCING AND THE SDLC

• Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

• Also called a waterfall methodology

SDLC Phases & Major Activities

SDLC as a Waterfall Methodology

Phase 1: Planning

• Planning phase

• Three primary planning activities:

1. Define the system to be developed

Phase 1: Planning

2. Set the project scope• Project scope

• Scope creep

• Feature creep

• Project scope document

Phase 1: Planning

3. Develop the project plan including tasks, resources, and timeframes• Project plan

• Project manager

• Project milestones

Phase 1: Planning

Sample Project Plan

Phase 2: Analysis

• Analysis phase

Phase 2: Analysis• Two primary analysis activities:

1. Gather the business requirements• Business requirements

• Joint application development (JAD)

Phase 2: Analysis

2. Prioritize the requirements• Requirements definition document

Phase 2: Analysis

Take time during analysis to get the business requirements correct. If you find errors, fix them immediately. The cost to fix an error in the early stages of the SDLC is relatively small. In later stages, the cost is huge.

Phase 3: Design

• Design phase

• Two primary design activities:

1. Design the technical architecture • Technical architecture

Phase 3: Design

2. Design system models

• Starting with design, you take on less of an active participation role and act more as a “quality control” function, ensuring that the IT people are designing a system to meet your needs

Phase 4: Development

• Development phase

• Two primary development activities:

Phase 5: Testing

• Testing phase

• Two primary testing activities:

1. Write the test conditions

Phase 5: Testing

2. Perform the testing of the system• Unit testing• System testing

• Integration testing

• User acceptance testing (UAT)

Phase 6: Implementation

• Implementation phase

• Two primary implementation activities1. Write detailed user documentation

Phase 6: Implementation

2. Provide training for the system users• Online training

• Workshop training

Phase 6: Implementation

• Choose the right implementation method– Parallel implementation

– Plunge implementation

– Pilot implementation

– Phased implementation

Phase 7: Maintenance

• Maintenance phase

• Two primary maintenance activities:

1. Build a help desk to support the system users

2. Provide an environment to support system changes

COMPONENT-BASED DEVELOPMENT

• The SDLC focuses only on the project at hand

• Component-based development (CBD)

• CBD focuses on

Component-Based Development Methodologies

• Rapid application development (RAD)• Extreme programming (XP)• Agile methodology

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

• Rapid application development (RAD) (also called rapid prototyping) –

Prototypes are models of the software components

• The development team continually designs, develops, and tests the component prototypes until they are finished

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

Build new software

components

Use already-existing software

components

Extreme Programming (XP)

• Extreme programming (XP)

Agile Methodology

• Agile methodology

SoA – An Architecture Perspective

• Service-oriented architecture (SoA)

• All CBD methodologies adhere to an SoA• Services are the same as components,

which are the same as small self-contained blocks of code

• More in Chapter 7

SELFSOURCING

• Selfsourcing (end-user development)

Selfsourcing Approach

Selfsourcing Approach

Selfsourcing Advantages

Selfsourcing Disadvantages

The Right Tool for the Job

• End users must have development tools that:

PROTOTYPING

• Prototype

• Prototyping

– Proof-of-concept prototype

– Selling prototype

The Prototyping Process

• The prototyping process involves four steps:

The Prototyping Process

Advantages of Prototyping

Disadvantages of Prototyping

OUTSOURCING

• Outsourcing

OUTSOURCING

• The main reasons behind the rapid growth of the outsourcing industry include the following:

Outsourcing Options

• IT outsourcing for software development can take one of four forms:

Outsourcing Options

Outsourcing Process

Outsourcing Process

When outsourcing, you’ll develop two vitally important documents – a request for proposal and a service level

agreement

Outsourcing – RFP

• Request for proposal (RFP)

Outsourcing – SLA

• Service level agreement (SLA)

Outsourcing Options

• There are three different forms of outsourcing:1. Onshore outsourcing

2. Nearshore outsourcing

3. Offshore outsourcing

Offshore Outsourcing

• Primary outsourcing countries are:– India– China– Eastern Europe (including Russia)– Ireland– Israel– Philippines

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing

• Advantages

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing

• Disadvantages