U.S. History Jason Saba

CHAPTER 26: “Cold War Conflicts” ______________________________________________________Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge

One Americans Story: [no longer added] Brinkmanship Rules U.S. PolicyRussia’s atomic bomb U.S. need for stronger bombRace for the H-BombH-Bomb: hydrogen bomb; 67x more lethal than the atom bombU.S. developed the first H-Bomb Russia, 1 year later, developed an H-Bomb as wellThe Policy of BrinkmanshipDwight D. Eisenhower: president at the timeJohn Foster Dulles: anti-communist secretary of stateDulles wanted the U.S. to use all its power to destroy Communism (including the H-Bomb)Brinkmanship: the willingness of the United States, under President Eisenhower, to go to the edge of all-out war. The U.S. trimmed its army and navy and expanded its air force (which would deliver the bombs) and its buildup of nuclear weaponsAmerican public in fear (shelters and air-raid procedures)

The Cold War Spreads Around the WorldU.S. relied heavily on CIACentral Intelligence Agency (CIA): used spies to gather information abroad and began to carry out covert, or secret, operations to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S. Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin AmericaIran’s economy was faltered U.S. fear of Communism in Iran CIA gave $ to an Iranian group against the new leader U.S. fear of Communism in Guatemala CIA trains army invasion of Guatemala Dictator ruled GuatemalaThe Warsaw PactWestern Alliance = NATOSoviet and European Alliance = Warsaw PactA Summit in GenevaEisenhower & Soviets meet in Geneva, Switzerland to discuss allowing air flights over e/o countries Soviets reject proposalThe Suez WarU.S. & U.K. finance construction of a dam in Egypt U.S. found out that Egypt was also receiving aid from the Soviets angry Americans pulled back aid angry Egyptians Egypt took the Suez Canal from U.K. and France angry French & British

Notes taken from, The Americans, by McDougal Littel

Egypt refused to allow Israeli goods pass through the Suez Canal Great Britain + France + Israel sent troops and retrieved a part of the canal UN stopped the fighting Egypt winsThe Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine: the U.S. would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist countryThe Doctrine was implemented to counterbalance Communist developmentThe Hungarian UprisingSoviets controlled Hungary Hungary wanted a Democratic gov Imre Nagy demanded self-control of Hungary Soviets invaded Hungary and killed civilians The U.S. did nothing to help Hungary, regardless of the doctrine

The Cold War Takes to the SkiesNikita Khrushchev: a man in the Soviet Union who gained power but favored peaceful coexistence without warThe Space RaceSoviets launched Sputnik, a satellite which circled the globeU.S., years later, launched its first satellite as wellA U-2 is Shot DownU-2: U.S. plane which spied on Soviet’s nuclear armsFrancis Gary Powers: a U-2 pilot shot down by SovietsRenewed ConfrontationU-2 Incident: Soviets shot down a U-2 plane greater tensions between US and USSR

Notes taken from, The Americans, by McDougal Littel