Chapter 18 Chapter 18 Section 4 -Two Section 4 -Two Nations live Nations live on the Edgeon the Edge1953-19601953-1960

Essential Questions:Essential Questions: How did the Cold War continue How did the Cold War continue

around the world under around the world under EisenhowerEisenhower and what policies did he follow?and what policies did he follow?

What was the What was the Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine?? What type of policies were followed What type of policies were followed

by new Soviet leader by new Soviet leader Nikita Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev??

How did the launch of How did the launch of SputnikSputnik affect affect the United States?the United States?

What was the What was the military industrial military industrial complexcomplex and why did Eisenhower and why did Eisenhower warn Americans about it?warn Americans about it?

BrinksmanshipBrinksmanship On November 1On November 1stst, 1952 the US , 1952 the US

detonated a detonated a Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb it it was 1million tons of TNT ( 67x was 1million tons of TNT ( 67x that of Hiroshima)that of Hiroshima)

In August 1953 the USSR In August 1953 the USSR detonated its first H-bombdetonated its first H-bomb

Ike’s Sec. of State was Ike’s Sec. of State was John John Foster DullesFoster Dulles he was a staunch he was a staunch anti-communist, he felt the US anti-communist, he felt the US should go to the brink of nuclear should go to the brink of nuclear war to deter the USSR war to deter the USSR ((BrinksmanshipBrinksmanship))

Fall-out shelters/Duck and CoverFall-out shelters/Duck and Cover

Cold War Covert ActionsCold War Covert Actions In 1953 the CIA gave millions of In 1953 the CIA gave millions of

dollars to oust the leader of Iran and dollars to oust the leader of Iran and replace him with the Shah of Iran replace him with the Shah of Iran ( Oil-fields)( Oil-fields)

In 1953 the CIA intervened in an In 1953 the CIA intervened in an election in the Philippineselection in the Philippines

In 1954 the CIA helped overthrow In 1954 the CIA helped overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzman leader of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman leader of Guatemala and instituted a military Guatemala and instituted a military dictator Castillo Armasdictator Castillo Armas

IKE relied on the CIA to bolster US IKE relied on the CIA to bolster US Allies and interests yet weaken Allies and interests yet weaken opponentsopponents

Director of the CIA was Allen DullesDirector of the CIA was Allen Dulles

Summit in GenevaSummit in Geneva In 1955 the USSR formed the In 1955 the USSR formed the

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact to counter West to counter West Germany’s joining of NATOGermany’s joining of NATO

Cold War Thaw???Cold War Thaw??? After Stalin’s death in 1953 Cold After Stalin’s death in 1953 Cold

War Tensions relaxed somewhatWar Tensions relaxed somewhat In July 1955 In July 1955 IKEIKE met with met with

KhrushchevKhrushchev in Geneva, Switzerland in Geneva, Switzerland IKE’s open skies proposal was not IKE’s open skies proposal was not

excepted, but “the Spirit of excepted, but “the Spirit of Geneva” was a step toward peaceGeneva” was a step toward peace

The Suez WarThe Suez War In 1955 Egypt wanted to build the In 1955 Egypt wanted to build the

Aswan Dam, Aswan Dam, Gamal Abdel NasserGamal Abdel Nasser Egypt leader attempted to get $ from Egypt leader attempted to get $ from the US and USSR, the US pulled out of the US and USSR, the US pulled out of supporting Egyptsupporting Egypt

Nasser responded by nationalizing the Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez CanalSuez Canal which was owned by the which was owned by the British and the FrenchBritish and the French

Israel, Great Britain, and France Israel, Great Britain, and France attacked Egypt in 1956, and the USSR attacked Egypt in 1956, and the USSR threatened to help Egyptthreatened to help Egypt

IKE Used the UN to issue a cease fire IKE Used the UN to issue a cease fire and withdraw resolution, Egypt got and withdraw resolution, Egypt got the Suez Canalthe Suez Canal

The Eisenhower DoctrineThe Eisenhower Doctrine The USSR prestige in the Middle East The USSR prestige in the Middle East

rose because they supported Egypt in rose because they supported Egypt in the Suez Warthe Suez War

In January 1957, fearing Soviet In January 1957, fearing Soviet influence in the Middle-East IKE asked influence in the Middle-East IKE asked the Congress for $ for military and the Congress for $ for military and economic assistanceeconomic assistance

The The Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine state the US state the US would defend the Middle East against would defend the Middle East against attack by a communist countryattack by a communist country

Egypt and Syria stated it was attempt Egypt and Syria stated it was attempt by the US to dominate the Middle Eastby the US to dominate the Middle East

The US in IndochinaThe US in Indochina While the US was fighting in Korea, While the US was fighting in Korea,

the French were fighting against an the French were fighting against an independence movement led by independence movement led by Ho Ho Chi MinhChi Minh leader of the Indochina leader of the Indochina Communist PartyCommunist Party

Fearing Fearing “the Domino Theory”“the Domino Theory” from from 1950-1954 the US poured $2.6 billion 1950-1954 the US poured $2.6 billion into the French war in Vietnaminto the French war in Vietnam

Vietnam IIVietnam II The French lost at The French lost at Dien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu, ,

a cease- fire was negotiated and a cease- fire was negotiated and the 17the 17thth parallel was the division parallel was the division between Communist North between Communist North Vietnam ruled by Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh and and South Vietnam supported by the South Vietnam supported by the US ruled by US ruled by Ngo Dien DiemNgo Dien Diem

According to the agreement their According to the agreement their was supposed to be elections in was supposed to be elections in 1956 and reunification, but the 1956 and reunification, but the US refused to sign the accordUS refused to sign the accord

The Hungarian UprisingThe Hungarian Uprising Sec. of State Dulles wanted to “rollback Sec. of State Dulles wanted to “rollback

communism” where it existedcommunism” where it existed In 1953 East Germans rebelled, the In 1953 East Germans rebelled, the

Soviets crushed the uprisingSoviets crushed the uprising In 1956 Hungarians rose in revolt, In 1956 Hungarians rose in revolt, Imre Imre

NagyNagy formed a new government in formed a new government in which he promised free elections, which he promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact and denounced the Warsaw Pact and demanded Soviet troops leave Hungarydemanded Soviet troops leave Hungary

In Nov. 1956 Soviet tanks rolled in, In Nov. 1956 Soviet tanks rolled in, 30,000 Hungarians were killed, 200,000 30,000 Hungarians were killed, 200,000 fled to the West and Nagy was executedfled to the West and Nagy was executed

Hungarians were disappointed in the USHungarians were disappointed in the US

The Space RaceThe Space Race On October 4On October 4thth, 1957 the USSR , 1957 the USSR

launched the first artificial satellite launched the first artificial satellite SputnikSputnik “Traveling Companion” “Traveling Companion” (18,000 mph)(18,000 mph)

Americans feared Soviet rockets Americans feared Soviet rockets (ICBMs)(ICBMs) and possible attack from space and possible attack from space

Congress Passed the Congress Passed the National Defense National Defense Education Act of 1958Education Act of 1958 which provided which provided low cost loans for college and millions low cost loans for college and millions were given to state colleges for science were given to state colleges for science programsprograms

After many humiliating defeats the US After many humiliating defeats the US launched its first satellite Explorer in launched its first satellite Explorer in Jan. 1958Jan. 1958

The U-2 IncidentThe U-2 Incident In 1955 the CIA began making In 1955 the CIA began making

secret high altitude over Soviet secret high altitude over Soviet territoryterritory

They were to be stopped but on They were to be stopped but on May 1May 1stst, 1960 , 1960 Gary PowersGary Powers an an American Pilot was shot down over American Pilot was shot down over Soviet TerritorySoviet Territory

Ike denied that we were spying, but Ike denied that we were spying, but Khrushchev had proof and showed Khrushchev had proof and showed the world, Powers was sentenced to the world, Powers was sentenced to 10years in Russian prison10years in Russian prison

The Paris Summit was cancelledThe Paris Summit was cancelled

IKE’s WarningIKE’s Warning During his farewell address in Jan. 1961 During his farewell address in Jan. 1961

IKE warned of “IKE warned of “the Military Industrial the Military Industrial Complex”Complex”

He state it’s influence is everywhere and He state it’s influence is everywhere and he expressed fears over the he expressed fears over the large arms large arms industry( nuclear weapons and others) industry( nuclear weapons and others) and large military establishment and large military establishment togethertogether

According to IKE misplaced power will According to IKE misplaced power will exist and it could endanger our liberties, exist and it could endanger our liberties, economy and democratic processeconomy and democratic process

The US kept spending for larger The US kept spending for larger weapons systems and nukes, where weapons systems and nukes, where does it end?does it end?