Chapter 18: Cold Chapter 18: Cold War ConflictsWar Conflicts

Section 4: Two Section 4: Two Nations Live on Nations Live on

the Edgethe Edge

California Academic Standards:California Academic Standards: 11.9.311.9.3

11.9 Students analyze U.S. 11.9 Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World foreign policy since World War II. War II.

.2 Understand the role of .2 Understand the role of military alliances, including military alliances, including NATO and SEATO, in deterring NATO and SEATO, in deterring communist aggression and communist aggression and maintaining security during the maintaining security during the Cold War. Cold War.

Objectives:Objectives:

Following lecture and reading of this Following lecture and reading of this section, section, students will be able to:students will be able to:

1.1. Explain the policy of brinkmanship. Explain the policy of brinkmanship.

2.2. Describe American and Soviet Describe American and Soviet actions that caused the Cold War actions that caused the Cold War to spread around the world. to spread around the world.

3.3. Summarize the impact of Sputnik Summarize the impact of Sputnik and the U-2 incident on the United and the U-2 incident on the United States. States.

Brinkmanship Rules Brinkmanship Rules U.S. PolicyU.S. Policy

Soviets explode their Soviets explode their own atom bomb in own atom bomb in 1949, their weaponry 1949, their weaponry is equal to oursis equal to ours

Race for the H-BombRace for the H-BombDifferences in Differences in bombsbombs

Atomic BombAtomic BombDropped on Dropped on Hiroshima and Hiroshima and NagasakiNagasaki

Destroyed entire Destroyed entire citiescities

Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb1 million tons of TNT 1 million tons of TNT 67 times more powerful 67 times more powerful than atom bomb.than atom bomb.

Race to see which Race to see which country could develop country could develop bomb first.bomb first.

November 1, 1952, November 1, 1952, U.S. wins, exploding U.S. wins, exploding the first H-bombthe first H-bomb

9 months later USSR 9 months later USSR explodes their first.explodes their first.

The Policy of The Policy of BrinkmanshipBrinkmanshipIn the process of In the process of development, development, Eisenhower becomes Eisenhower becomes President.President.

John Foster Dulles is John Foster Dulles is named as his Secretary named as his Secretary of War.of War.

Dulles proposes to use all Dulles proposes to use all force including nuclear force including nuclear weapons to contain the weapons to contain the spread of Communism.spread of Communism.

Brinkmanship- Brinkmanship- Willingness to go to war Willingness to go to war against any aggressor against any aggressor nation.nation.

Under this policy, more Under this policy, more focus on air force to fly focus on air force to fly and deliver bombs.and deliver bombs.

The Cold War Spreads The Cold War Spreads Around the WorldAround the World

Reliance on CIA, spies Reliance on CIA, spies to gather information to gather information from areas outside U.S.from areas outside U.S.

CIA: covert (secret) CIA: covert (secret) operations carried out operations carried out to weaken or overthrow to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly governments unfriendly to the U.S.to the U.S.

Covert Actions in the Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin Middle East and Latin AmericaAmerica1951, Iran’s Prime 1951, Iran’s Prime Minister Mossadegh Minister Mossadegh seized control of seized control of Iranian oil fields Iranian oil fields owned by Britain.owned by Britain.

Britain stopped Britain stopped buying Iranian oil.buying Iranian oil.

Iran’s economy failed.Iran’s economy failed.U.S. worried U.S. worried Mossadegh would seek Mossadegh would seek assistance from USSRassistance from USSR

1953, gave several 1953, gave several million $$$ to anti-million $$$ to anti-Mossadegh supporters Mossadegh supporters and wanted the Shah to and wanted the Shah to return to power.return to power.

Shah returned Shah returned to power and to power and turned over turned over control of control of Iranian oil to Iranian oil to western powers.western powers.

In Latin America, CIA In Latin America, CIA trained an Army in trained an Army in Guatemala, invaded Guatemala, invaded and took over, because and took over, because the president seemd to the president seemd to have communist have communist sympathies as he sympathies as he seized 200,000 acres of seized 200,000 acres of American-owned land American-owned land and gave it to the and gave it to the peasants.peasants.

The Warsaw PactThe Warsaw PactTensions seized Tensions seized between U.S. and USSR between U.S. and USSR in 1953 after death of in 1953 after death of StalinStalin

West Germany allowed West Germany allowed to rearm and join NATO to rearm and join NATO in 1955.in 1955.

USSR worried so they form USSR worried so they form Warsaw Pact, with 7 of the Warsaw Pact, with 7 of the 11 satellite nations.11 satellite nations.

The Geneva SummitThe Geneva SummitEisenhower proposes Eisenhower proposes “open skies” between “open skies” between U.S. and USSR to U.S. and USSR to guard against guard against surprise nuclear surprise nuclear attacks.attacks.

USSR rejected USSR rejected proposal but it was a proposal but it was a move toward peace.move toward peace.

The Suez WarThe Suez WarEgypt playing U.S. Egypt playing U.S. and USSR against and USSR against each other for aid in each other for aid in building a dam at building a dam at Aswan on the Nile.Aswan on the Nile.

We pulled our loan We pulled our loan offer and upset offer and upset Egypt’s leader, Egypt’s leader, Nasser.Nasser.

He nationalized the He nationalized the Suez Canal, that was Suez Canal, that was owned by France and owned by France and Britain and refuse to Britain and refuse to allow ships bound for allow ships bound for Israel to pass.Israel to pass.

The UN stepped in The UN stepped in and Egypt kept and Egypt kept control of the canal. control of the canal.

The Eisenhower DoctrineThe Eisenhower DoctrineUSSR prestige in USSR prestige in Middle East rose Middle East rose because they supported because they supported Egypt.Egypt.

Eisenhower Doctrine: Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. to defend Middle U.S. to defend Middle East against an attack East against an attack by any communist by any communist nation.nation.

The Hungarian UprisingThe Hungarian Uprising1956 Hungarians revolt 1956 Hungarians revolt for democratic for democratic government from USSR.government from USSR.

Imre Nagy, popular Imre Nagy, popular communist leader, communist leader, promised free elections, promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw denounced the Warsaw Pact, and demanded Pact, and demanded USSR troops leave USSR troops leave Hungary.Hungary.

USSR crushes USSR crushes resistance, Truman resistance, Truman Doctrine not Doctrine not implemented, implemented, Hungarians disappointedHungarians disappointed

The Cold War Takes to The Cold War Takes to the Skiesthe Skies

Nikita Khruschev Nikita Khruschev eventually came to eventually came to power after Stalin’s power after Stalin’s death.death.

Khruschev favored a Khruschev favored a peaceful economical peaceful economical and scientific and scientific competition.competition.

The Space RaceThe Space Race10-4-57 USSR launches 10-4-57 USSR launches SputnikSputnik, first artificial , first artificial satellite.satellite.

1-31-58 U.S. launches 1-31-58 U.S. launches satellite after first attempt satellite after first attempt a complete failure.a complete failure.

U-2 Spy Plane Shot downU-2 Spy Plane Shot downEven though “Open Skies” Even though “Open Skies” was rejected by USSR, the was rejected by USSR, the CIA began making secret CIA began making secret high-altitude flights over high-altitude flights over soviet territory with the U-soviet territory with the U-2 spy plane equipped with 2 spy plane equipped with infrared cameras to photo infrared cameras to photo troop movement and troop movement and missile sites.missile sites.

Eisenhower wants to end Eisenhower wants to end flights, Dulles convinces one flights, Dulles convinces one more flight.more flight.

Last flight, piloted by Last flight, piloted by Francis Gary Powers was Francis Gary Powers was shot down.shot down.

Renewed ConfrontationRenewed ConfrontationThe U-2 incident angered The U-2 incident angered the USSR and tensions the USSR and tensions between the two super between the two super powers were heated up powers were heated up once again.once again.

Two Nations Live on the EdgeTwo Nations Live on the Edge

During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war.During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war.

Brinkmanship Rules U.S. PolicyBrinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy

Race for the H-BombRace for the H-Bomb ·H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon more powerful than atom bomb·H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon more powerful than atom bomb ·1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one·1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one

The Policy of BrinkmanshipThe Policy of Brinkmanship ·John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower·John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower ·Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: ·Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: ··willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism··willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism ·Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions can die; nation prepares·Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions can die; nation prepares

The Cold War Spreads Around the WorldThe Cold War Spreads Around the World

Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin AmericaCovert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America ·Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information·Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information ·CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister, reinstate Shah·CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister, reinstate Shah ·CIA helps depose Guatemala’s president; army leader becomes dictator·CIA helps depose Guatemala’s president; army leader becomes dictator

The Warsaw Pact [Visual]The Warsaw Pact [Visual] ·U.S.-Soviet relations thaw after Stalin’s death in 1953·U.S.-Soviet relations thaw after Stalin’s death in 1953 ·West Germany’s entry into NATO scares Soviets·West Germany’s entry into NATO scares Soviets ·Form Warsaw Pact—military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries·Form Warsaw Pact—military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries

A Summit in GenevaA Summit in Geneva ·Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes “open skies” policy·Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes “open skies” policy ·Soviets reject proposal; “spirit of Geneva” seen as step to peace·Soviets reject proposal; “spirit of Geneva” seen as step to peace

The Suez WarThe Suez War ·Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against Soviets over Aswan Dam·Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against Soviets over Aswan Dam ·Dulles withdraws loan offer; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal·Dulles withdraws loan offer; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal ·Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes·Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes ·Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw·Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw

The Eisenhower DoctrineThe Eisenhower Doctrine ·Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt·Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt ·Eisenhower Doctrine—U.S. will defend Middle East against communists·Eisenhower Doctrine—U.S. will defend Middle East against communists

The Hungarian Uprising [Visual]The Hungarian Uprising [Visual] ·1956, Hungarians revolt, call for democratic government·1956, Hungarians revolt, call for democratic government ·Imre Nagy, Communist leader, forms government, promises elections·Imre Nagy, Communist leader, forms government, promises elections ·Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow Nagy·Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow Nagy ·U.S. does not help Soviet satellite; Soviets veto action by UN·U.S. does not help Soviet satellite; Soviets veto action by UN

The Cold War Takes to the SkiesThe Cold War Takes to the Skies

A New Soviet LeaderA New Soviet Leader ·Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors:·Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors: ··peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition··peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition

The Space Race [Visual]The Space Race [Visual] ·October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite·October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite ·Shocked Americans pour money into own space program·Shocked Americans pour money into own space program

A U-2 Is Shot DownA U-2 Is Shot Down ·CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets·CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets ·Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit·Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit ·Francis Gary Powers shot down on last flight over Soviet territory·Francis Gary Powers shot down on last flight over Soviet territory

Renewed ConfrontationRenewed Confrontation ·Eisenhower first denies, then concedes U-2 was spying·Eisenhower first denies, then concedes U-2 was spying ·Agrees to stop flights, refuses to apologize as Khrushchev demands·Agrees to stop flights, refuses to apologize as Khrushchev demands ·U-2 incident renews tension between superpowers; summit cancelled·U-2 incident renews tension between superpowers; summit cancelled