Chapter 17, Chapter 17, Section 2Section 2

The Rise Of Dictatorial The Rise Of Dictatorial RegimesRegimes

The Rise of DictatorsThe Rise of Dictators By 1939By 1939

– France and Great Britain still France and Great Britain still DemocraticDemocratic

– Soviet Union, Germany, and many others Soviet Union, Germany, and many others have become dictatorships.have become dictatorships.

A Totalitarian StateA Totalitarian State– A government that aims to control the A government that aims to control the political, economic, social, political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of intellectual, and cultural lives of its people.its people. Used mass propaganda and new technologyUsed mass propaganda and new technology Led by a single leader and a single partyLed by a single leader and a single party

– Traded individual freedom for the collective Traded individual freedom for the collective will of the masses.will of the masses.

Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini

– Created the League of CombatCreated the League of Combat– Fascio di combattimentoFascio di combattimento

Fascism:Fascism:– Emphasizes a strong central Emphasizes a strong central government, lead by a dictatorial government, lead by a dictatorial ruler. People are controlled by ruler. People are controlled by the government and anyone who the government and anyone who disagrees is dealt with in force.disagrees is dealt with in force.

Fascism on the riseFascism on the rise– Mussolini grows out of Mussolini grows out of the hardships caused by the hardships caused by WWIWWI Creates a group called Creates a group called the Squadristithe Squadristi

– Italians feared that there Italians feared that there would be a Socialist would be a Socialist revolution or a Communist revolution or a Communist takeovertakeover

– The Squadristi use The Squadristi use violence to fight against violence to fight against socialist ideassocialist ideas

– They demand more land for They demand more land for Italy and this gains the Italy and this gains the support through patriotism support through patriotism and nationalismand nationalism

Takeover of Government and Takeover of Government and the Fascist Statethe Fascist State

““either we are allowed to govern either we are allowed to govern or we will seize power”or we will seize power”– King Victor Emmanuel III gives over King Victor Emmanuel III gives over powerpower

– Outlaw all other political parties Outlaw all other political parties and establish secret police OVRAand establish secret police OVRA

– Il DuceIl Duce Brainwashing the populationBrainwashing the population

– Media - “Mussolini is always right” Media - “Mussolini is always right”

– Youth GroupsYouth Groups– Portrayed families as Portrayed families as the center of societythe center of society Women were born to be Women were born to be homemakershomemakers

Failures of MussoliniFailures of Mussolini– Never gained total Never gained total controlcontrol Compromise with the Compromise with the Catholic churchCatholic church– Lanteran AccordsLanteran Accords

Established the Vatican Established the Vatican City as an independent City as an independent area for the churcharea for the church

The Church recognized The Church recognized and promoted the and promoted the catholic statecatholic state

A New Era for the A New Era for the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Communist under LeninCommunist under Lenin– After WWI peasants begin to sabotage the After WWI peasants begin to sabotage the Communist systemCommunist system

Lenin’s NEP (New Economic Policy)Lenin’s NEP (New Economic Policy)– Peasants and merchants could sell products Peasants and merchants could sell products openly, but industry, banking, and mining openly, but industry, banking, and mining were still controlled by the governmentwere still controlled by the government

1922, Russia becomes the U.S.S.R.1922, Russia becomes the U.S.S.R.– This combination of policies from Lenin This combination of policies from Lenin saved the Soviet Union from economic saved the Soviet Union from economic crisis.crisis.

Shift from Lenin to Shift from Lenin to StalinStalin

Lenin dies in 1922Lenin dies in 1922– Politburo – had been the policy Politburo – had been the policy making body of the Communist making body of the Communist party, becomes divided.party, becomes divided.

– The two strongest groups were lead The two strongest groups were lead by Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalinby Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin Stalin had a position which allowed Stalin had a position which allowed him to appoint officialshim to appoint officials– Appoints thousands of supportersAppoints thousands of supporters– Trotsky is expelled from the party in Trotsky is expelled from the party in 19271927

http://www.dpcamps.org/stalin.jpghttp://www.dpcamps.org/stalin.jpg

Stalin’s 5-Year PlansStalin’s 5-Year Plans

1928 – Ends the NEP and implements 1928 – Ends the NEP and implements his first 5 Year Planhis first 5 Year Plan– Maximum production of capital goods Maximum production of capital goods and weaponsand weapons

– Huge increases in production were madeHuge increases in production were made Came at the cost of low wages and Came at the cost of low wages and extremely poor living conditions for extremely poor living conditions for workers. Laws even limited where workers workers. Laws even limited where workers could move.could move.

– Collectivization: Government owned all Collectivization: Government owned all of the land and peasants worked on it.of the land and peasants worked on it.

Costs of Stalin’s Costs of Stalin’s ProgramProgram

10 million peasants die in 1932 10 million peasants die in 1932 and 1933and 1933

Great Purge of the 1930’sGreat Purge of the 1930’s– In his desire for power, Stalin In his desire for power, Stalin arrested 8 million Russians and arrested 8 million Russians and sent many to labor camps in sent many to labor camps in SiberiaSiberia

Extreme restrictions on the Extreme restrictions on the lifestyles of the people.lifestyles of the people.

Authoritarian States in Authoritarian States in the Westthe West

Authoritarianism:Authoritarianism:– Adopt some features of Adopt some features of totalitarianism (police force), totalitarianism (police force), but focus on preserving society but focus on preserving society rather than reinventing itrather than reinventing it

Most countries established Most countries established democracies after WWIdemocracies after WWI– These systems are largely replacedThese systems are largely replaced

Reasons Democracy Reasons Democracy FailedFailed

No tradition of DemocracyNo tradition of Democracy Rural and Agrarian SocietiesRural and Agrarian Societies Uneducated peasantsUneducated peasants Ethnic and Religious conflictsEthnic and Religious conflicts

Fear of revolution made Fear of revolution made authoritarian systems logical authoritarian systems logical because they would maintain the because they would maintain the old systemold system

SpainSpain

Francisco Franco – Lead a military Francisco Franco – Lead a military attack on the Democratic attack on the Democratic government.government.– Caused a bloody Civil WarCaused a bloody Civil War

Italy and Germany aid FrancoItaly and Germany aid Franco The Soviet Union aids the governmentThe Soviet Union aids the government

– Franco wins the war by capturing Franco wins the war by capturing Madrid in 1939Madrid in 1939 He then established a dictatorshipHe then established a dictatorship

– Favored traditional groups like landowners, Favored traditional groups like landowners, businesspeople, and the Catholic church.businesspeople, and the Catholic church.

– Makes him authoritarian rather than totalitarianMakes him authoritarian rather than totalitarian

17.3: Hitler and Nazi 17.3: Hitler and Nazi GermanyGermany

Hitler’s Background and ViewsHitler’s Background and Views– Born in AustriaBorn in Austria– Performed poorly in school and Performed poorly in school and moved to Vienna to pursue artmoved to Vienna to pursue art

– 3 Beliefs3 Beliefs Racism (especially anti-Semitism)Racism (especially anti-Semitism) Extreme nationalism (political Extreme nationalism (political parties could effectively use parties could effectively use propaganda and fear)propaganda and fear)

Need for struggle Need for struggle

Joins the German Joins the German Workers’ PartyWorkers’ Party

Quickly takes control and Quickly takes control and renamed it the National renamed it the National Socialist German Workers PartySocialist German Workers Party

The Beer Hall PutschThe Beer Hall Putsch– Hitler tried to overtake the Hitler tried to overtake the government but was caughtgovernment but was caught

– Sentenced to jail time and wrote Sentenced to jail time and wrote Mein Kampf while in jailMein Kampf while in jail

Nazis on the RiseNazis on the Rise

Hitler released from prison, Hitler released from prison, increased the popularity of the increased the popularity of the Nazi partyNazi party

It became the largest party in It became the largest party in the Reichstag (German the Reichstag (German parliament)parliament)– Promised a New GermanyPromised a New Germany– Appealed to the masses, had large Appealed to the masses, had large numbers of followersnumbers of followers

Nazism is SuccessfulNazism is Successful President Hindenburg gives control President Hindenburg gives control over to Hitler in order to prevent over to Hitler in order to prevent a Communist takeovera Communist takeover

Hitler completely controls GermanyHitler completely controls Germany– March 23, 1933: Enabling ActMarch 23, 1933: Enabling Act

Gave the government the power to ignore the Gave the government the power to ignore the Constitution for 4 yearsConstitution for 4 years

– Opposition placed in concentration Opposition placed in concentration camps and all other political parties camps and all other political parties dissolveddissolved Hindenburg dies and Hitler becomes the Hindenburg dies and Hitler becomes the FührerFührer

Nazi ControlNazi Control

Fought for complete control by Fought for complete control by the Aryan racethe Aryan race

Third ReichThird Reich– First: Holy Roman EmpireFirst: Holy Roman Empire– Second: German Empire 1871-1918Second: German Empire 1871-1918

Pursued this through Pursued this through totalitarianismtotalitarianism– Total control/powerTotal control/power

State of TerrorState of Terror SchutzstaffelnSchutzstaffeln

– (SS) (SS) – Originally Hitler’s bodyguardsOriginally Hitler’s bodyguards– Then used to maintain orderThen used to maintain order– Led by Heinrich Himmler, lead all police Led by Heinrich Himmler, lead all police forces in Germany and ensured Nazi Ruleforces in Germany and ensured Nazi Rule

– 2 Main Goals2 Main Goals Terror through repression and murder (secret Terror through repression and murder (secret police, criminal police, concentration police, criminal police, concentration camps, later execution squads and death camps, later execution squads and death camps)camps)

Ideology- further the Aryan raceIdeology- further the Aryan race

EconomicsEconomics

Public works projects, grants, Public works projects, grants, and re-armament pull Germany and re-armament pull Germany from the Great Depressionfrom the Great Depression

Unemployment in 1932: 6 millionUnemployment in 1932: 6 million In 1934: 2.6 millionIn 1934: 2.6 million In 1937: less than 500,000In 1937: less than 500,000

OrganizationsOrganizations

Nuremberg Party Rallies: every Nuremberg Party Rallies: every SeptemberSeptember– Evoked mass enthusiasm and excitementEvoked mass enthusiasm and excitement

Nazis controlled education and Nazis controlled education and churcheschurches– Professional organizations and leagues Professional organizations and leagues formed for civil servants, teachers, formed for civil servants, teachers, women, farmers, doctors, lawyerswomen, farmers, doctors, lawyers

– Also youth organizations to teach Nazi Also youth organizations to teach Nazi idealsideals

WomenWomen

Seen as the bearers of the Seen as the bearers of the children who would bring children who would bring triumph to the Aryan racetriumph to the Aryan race

Pushed to stay out of workPushed to stay out of work Those who did work went into Those who did work went into nursing or social worknursing or social work

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

Nuremberg laws: no citizenship, no Nuremberg laws: no citizenship, no intermarriage, and forced Jews to intermarriage, and forced Jews to wear the Star of Davidwear the Star of David

Kristallnacht: “night of shattered Kristallnacht: “night of shattered glass”glass”– Nazis burned synagogues and Nazis burned synagogues and businessesbusinesses

– Sent 30,000 Jews to concentration Sent 30,000 Jews to concentration campscamps

– Barred from public servicesBarred from public services

Led to More Drastic Led to More Drastic StepsSteps

Jews barred from all public Jews barred from all public transportation and all public transportation and all public buildings including hospitals and buildings including hospitals and schoolsschools

Prohibited from owning, managing, or Prohibited from owning, managing, or working in any retail storeworking in any retail store

Forced to clean up all debris and Forced to clean up all debris and damage due to Kristallnachtdamage due to Kristallnacht

Encouraged to “emigrate from Germany” Encouraged to “emigrate from Germany” under direction of the SSunder direction of the SS