Chapter 24 section Chapter 24 section 2 Power Point2 Power Point

The Rise of Dictatorial RegimesThe Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

BIG IDEABIG IDEA

Democracy was under threat in Democracy was under threat in Europe. France and Great Britain Europe. France and Great Britain remained democratic, but new kinds remained democratic, but new kinds of dictatorships began to emerge in of dictatorships began to emerge in Italy, France, and Spain. Fascism in Italy, France, and Spain. Fascism in Italy, Totalitarianism in Russia, and Italy, Totalitarianism in Russia, and Authoritarian in Spain. Authoritarian in Spain.

Rise of DictatorsRise of Dictators

By 1939, only 2 democracy’s prevailed in By 1939, only 2 democracy’s prevailed in EuropeEurope

A Totalitarian regime was a new type of A Totalitarian regime was a new type of government with the goal of controlling government with the goal of controlling the following:the following:

Political, Social, Economic, Intellectual, and Political, Social, Economic, Intellectual, and Cultural aspects of the people’s mindsCultural aspects of the people’s minds

Totalitarian GoalsTotalitarian Goals

They wanted to conquer the minds and hearts They wanted to conquer the minds and hearts of their people. of their people.

Mass propaganda and high speed modern Mass propaganda and high speed modern communication was used to achieve this.communication was used to achieve this.

The masses (people) were expected to be The masses (people) were expected to be actively involved in achieving state goals.actively involved in achieving state goals.

This could include war, a socialist state, or a This could include war, a socialist state, or a thousand year empire. (This was Hitler’s goal) thousand year empire. (This was Hitler’s goal)

Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy Fascism grew out of unrest in ItalyFascism grew out of unrest in Italy Italy also suffered from the great Italy also suffered from the great

depression, and inflation soareddepression, and inflation soared Workers in agriculture and industry both Workers in agriculture and industry both

led massive strikes.led massive strikes. The middle class of Italy feared the unrest, The middle class of Italy feared the unrest,

and a communist takeover even more. and a communist takeover even more. What reasons would they be fearful of this? What reasons would they be fearful of this?

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini

In the early 1920’s he set up Europe's In the early 1920’s he set up Europe's first Fascist state.first Fascist state.

Fascism glorifies the state above the Fascism glorifies the state above the individual. individual.

Emphasizes the need for a strong central Emphasizes the need for a strong central government with a dictorial rulergovernment with a dictorial ruler

The government also stifles all oppositionThe government also stifles all opposition

How was Mussolini able to gain power?How was Mussolini able to gain power? The middle class was fearful of a The middle class was fearful of a

communist takeover like in Russiacommunist takeover like in Russia Also a fear of the general disorder in ItalyAlso a fear of the general disorder in Italy These factors made the fascists attractiveThese factors made the fascists attractive He used Nationalistic views. Many Italians He used Nationalistic views. Many Italians

were angry that they didn’t gain more were angry that they didn’t gain more territory after WWI. territory after WWI.

King Victor Emanuel made Mussolini the King Victor Emanuel made Mussolini the new prime ministernew prime minister

New rules under MussoliniNew rules under Mussolini Government could stop any publications Government could stop any publications

against the church or monarchyagainst the church or monarchy Mussolini could make any laws just by Mussolini could make any laws just by

decreedecree Police had unrestricted authorityPolice had unrestricted authority All political parties were outlawed!All political parties were outlawed! OVRA was the secret policeOVRA was the secret police By 1926 Mussolini was name Il Duce- The By 1926 Mussolini was name Il Duce- The

Leader. Leader.

Fascist State:Fascist State: How was How was power held? power held? OVRA watched citizen’s political OVRA watched citizen’s political

activity and enforced government activity and enforced government policypolicy

Controlled mass media and used Controlled mass media and used propaganda. propaganda.

Most was simple like this: “Mussolini Most was simple like this: “Mussolini is always right!” is always right!”

Goal was to create a new nation ofGoal was to create a new nation of ItaliansItalians

Young ItaliansYoung Italians Approximately 66% of all 8-18 year olds Approximately 66% of all 8-18 year olds

were members of Fascist youth groupswere members of Fascist youth groups These programs were designed to turn all These programs were designed to turn all

Italians into fascists. Italians into fascists. These programs were not very successfulThese programs were not very successful Many lifestyles of Italians stayed the sameMany lifestyles of Italians stayed the same The power structure in Italy also remained The power structure in Italy also remained

in place.in place. Vatican city was given to the Catholic Vatican city was given to the Catholic

churchchurch

A New Era in the U.S.S.R. A New Era in the U.S.S.R. War communism was the new economic policy War communism was the new economic policy

implemented by Lenin. implemented by Lenin. Government controlled most industriesGovernment controlled most industries Seized grain from peasants for the armySeized grain from peasants for the army Peasants responded by hoarding the foodPeasants responded by hoarding the food This, coupled with drought led to a famine This, coupled with drought led to a famine

between the years 1929 and 1923 where over 5 between the years 1929 and 1923 where over 5 million people died!million people died!

By 1921, Russia’s industrial input was only 20% By 1921, Russia’s industrial input was only 20% of its 1913 level. Russia was in BIG trouble!of its 1913 level. Russia was in BIG trouble!

Lenin’s New Economic Lenin’s New Economic PolicyPolicy Starting in March of 1921, Lenin began pulling Starting in March of 1921, Lenin began pulling

Russia back out of the abyssRussia back out of the abyss He abandons war communism for the NEP, or He abandons war communism for the NEP, or

New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy Allowed more capitalist economic policyAllowed more capitalist economic policy Peasants could sell their products openlyPeasants could sell their products openly Businesses with 20 or fewer employees could be Businesses with 20 or fewer employees could be

owned privatelyowned privately Larger industries were still government owned.Larger industries were still government owned. Russia sees a much improved economy as a Russia sees a much improved economy as a

result of the NEPresult of the NEP

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union

In 1922, Russia officially becomes the In 1922, Russia officially becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or U.S.S.R. Also the Soviet Union for shortU.S.S.R. Also the Soviet Union for short

The NEP had saved the nation from The NEP had saved the nation from chaos, but was only a temporary solution. chaos, but was only a temporary solution.

The true goals of communism would soon The true goals of communism would soon return. return.

IndustrializationIndustrialization Lenin dies in 1924. What happens next? Lenin dies in 1924. What happens next? Power struggle in the politburo’s 7 membersPower struggle in the politburo’s 7 members One group led by Leon Trotsky wanted to end One group led by Leon Trotsky wanted to end

the NEP, industrialize the nation, and spread the NEP, industrialize the nation, and spread communism around the world. communism around the world.

Another group representing the people wanted Another group representing the people wanted to keep the NEP, did not want to spread to keep the NEP, did not want to spread communism. Instead they wanted to focus on communism. Instead they wanted to focus on building a socialist state. They believed building a socialist state. They believed industrialization would hurt the peasants. industrialization would hurt the peasants.

Rise of StalinRise of Stalin Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin were rivals Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin were rivals

within the same group.within the same group. Trotsky- War commissar ( he ran the army) Trotsky- War commissar ( he ran the army) Stalin- Party general secretary (he Stalin- Party general secretary (he

appointed regional, district, city and town appointed regional, district, city and town officials all over the Soviet Union) officials all over the Soviet Union)

Which of the two above positions do you Which of the two above positions do you think held more power? Why? think held more power? Why?

Trotsky/Lenin Trotsky/Lenin

Rise of StalinRise of Stalin

Stalin ends up gaining support around Stalin ends up gaining support around the country from the thousands of the country from the thousands of appointees he made from his positionappointees he made from his position

He takes power and establishes a He takes power and establishes a dictatorshipdictatorship

Trotsky escapes to Mexico where he is Trotsky escapes to Mexico where he is murdered. Many believe it was ordered murdered. Many believe it was ordered by Stalinby Stalin

Stalin’s Early Impact Stalin’s Early Impact

The beginning of Stalin’s reign was the The beginning of Stalin’s reign was the beginning of an economic, social, and beginning of an economic, social, and political revolution, that was larger than the political revolution, that was larger than the revolutions of 1917. Why? revolutions of 1917. Why?

1)1) He ended the NEPHe ended the NEP

2)2) Changed the country from agrarian to Changed the country from agrarian to industrial over nightindustrial over night

3)3) Eliminated all of those who opposed himEliminated all of those who opposed him

5 year plans5 year plans He instituted 5 year plansHe instituted 5 year plans These were economic goals for 5 year These were economic goals for 5 year

incrementsincrements The industrial change was focused on The industrial change was focused on

building military products and capital goods building military products and capital goods such as heavy machines for factories. such as heavy machines for factories.

During this first 5 year period production of During this first 5 year period production of heavy machinery increased 4 times, oil heavy machinery increased 4 times, oil production doubled, and steel production production doubled, and steel production grew from 4 to 18 million tons. grew from 4 to 18 million tons.

Cost of Stalin’s ProgramsCost of Stalin’s Programs The costs of Stalin’s programs were The costs of Stalin’s programs were

enormousenormous Between 1932 and 1940, the labor force Between 1932 and 1940, the labor force

increased by several million, yet increased by several million, yet investment in housing declinedinvestment in housing declined

Living conditions in cities were terribleLiving conditions in cities were terrible Wages actually decreased by 43 % !Wages actually decreased by 43 % ! Laws limited human movement. If you had Laws limited human movement. If you had

a job, the government told you where you a job, the government told you where you lived and if and when you could travel.lived and if and when you could travel.

CollectivizationCollectivization Collectivization was a system where the Collectivization was a system where the

government eliminated all private farms. government eliminated all private farms. Instead the government owned them and Instead the government owned them and the peasants worked on them. Over 10 the peasants worked on them. Over 10 million peasant households were million peasant households were collectivized collectivized

Peasants began hoarding food and killing Peasants began hoarding food and killing livestock. livestock.

The resulting famine killed 10 million The resulting famine killed 10 million people between 1932 and 1933.people between 1932 and 1933.

Result of famine in the Result of famine in the Ukraine.Ukraine.

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

Anyone who opposed Stalin’s plans were Anyone who opposed Stalin’s plans were sent to prison camps in Siberia, or just sent to prison camps in Siberia, or just simply killed. simply killed.

This period was known as the reign of This period was known as the reign of terror. terror.

Bolsheviks, Army officers, Diplomats, Bolsheviks, Army officers, Diplomats, Union officials, and intellectuals were Union officials, and intellectuals were sought out. 8 million individuals were sought out. 8 million individuals were arrested and send to Siberian labor arrested and send to Siberian labor camps. None of them ever returned. camps. None of them ever returned.

Authoritarian States Authoritarian States (difference with totalitarian) (difference with totalitarian)

Totalitarian- Government controls ALL Totalitarian- Government controls ALL aspects of its citizens lives.aspects of its citizens lives.

Authoritarian- Adopted some aspects of Authoritarian- Adopted some aspects of the totalitarian regimes, such as police the totalitarian regimes, such as police powers, yet they did not want to create a powers, yet they did not want to create a new kind of mass society. Instead they new kind of mass society. Instead they wanted to preserve the existing social wanted to preserve the existing social order.order.

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe After World War I, Austria, Hungary, After World War I, Austria, Hungary,

Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia all formed democracies.Yugoslavia all formed democracies.

Soon thereafter they were all replaced with Soon thereafter they were all replaced with authoritative regimes. authoritative regimes.

Why did this happen? Why did this happen?

Reasons for Democracy’s Reasons for Democracy’s Failure in the EastFailure in the East

Mostly a rural and agrarian regionMostly a rural and agrarian region Most people were illiterate Most people were illiterate No history of democracy in this regionNo history of democracy in this region Large land owners dominated most of the land and Large land owners dominated most of the land and

they feared peasantsthey feared peasants Ethnic conflict was also a problem in this region. Ethnic conflict was also a problem in this region. Because of these reasons, landowners, churches, Because of these reasons, landowners, churches,

and some middle class citizens looked to and some middle class citizens looked to authoritative regimes for protection and stability. authoritative regimes for protection and stability.

Spain Spain

After 1931, the second republic began After 1931, the second republic began falling apart. falling apart.

Rivalries between political parties and Rivalries between political parties and personal rivalries between their leaders personal rivalries between their leaders tore the nation apart.tore the nation apart.

Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco

This man rose to power This man rose to power in the military in the military

Became the youngest Became the youngest General in EuropeGeneral in Europe

When chaos erupted in When chaos erupted in the country, his army the country, his army clashed with the clashed with the republic’s government republic’s government (democratic) (democratic)

This led to a long and This led to a long and brutal civil war brutal civil war

Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War

Foreign intervention complicated this war Foreign intervention complicated this war Italy and Germany helped FrancoItaly and Germany helped Franco Sent weapons, money, and soldiersSent weapons, money, and soldiers Hitler used the Spanish civil war as a Hitler used the Spanish civil war as a

testing ground for his new Air Forcetesting ground for his new Air Force The city of Guernica was destroyed The city of Guernica was destroyed Pablo Picasso portrayed the devastation Pablo Picasso portrayed the devastation

in his famous painting, “In Guernica” in his famous painting, “In Guernica”

In Guernica In Guernica

Spanish Republican Gov.Spanish Republican Gov.

The Spanish government who was fighting The Spanish government who was fighting Franco, received aid from over 40,000 foreign Franco, received aid from over 40,000 foreign volunteers.volunteers.

The Soviet Union sent trucks, planes, tanks, The Soviet Union sent trucks, planes, tanks, and military advisers. and military advisers.

This was not enough to help them defeat This was not enough to help them defeat Franco.Franco.

Franco captured Madrid in 1939, ending the Franco captured Madrid in 1939, ending the war. war.

Franco as Leader of Franco as Leader of Spain Spain

He establishes a dictatorshipHe establishes a dictatorship His government favored large landowners, His government favored large landowners,

business people, and the Catholic clergy.business people, and the Catholic clergy. His government did not try to control every His government did not try to control every

aspect of his people’s lives however. aspect of his people’s lives however. So……this was not a totalitarian regime, but a So……this was not a totalitarian regime, but a

________________. What’s the answer? ________________. What’s the answer?