Chapter 10

New Agriculture

Food production increased because of political stability, climate change, inventions, and innovation.

Inventions & innovations included the horseshoe, a horse collar, the Carruca, waterpower, wind power, and the three-field system.

A Carruca is a heavy iron plow.

Manorial System

A new agriculture system arose.The “Manor” was an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants.

Serfs, or peasants legally bound to the land provided rent and labor.

Peasants were required to pay their local village church a tithe, which was ten percent of their produce.

Malachi 3:10 Bring ye all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be meat in mine house, and prove me now herewith, saith the LORD of hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it.

Daily Life Each year’s cycle of harvesting began in October when they ground for winter planting.

OCTOBERFEST…

Peasants celebrated several feast days associated with Christianity. The three most important were Christmas, Easter and Pentecost.

Revival of Trade

In order to encourage trade between Flanders and Italy, the counts of Champagne initiated a series of trade fairs in the chief towns of the territory.

Slowly a money economy, or economic system based on currency rather than barter, emerged.

This led to commercial capitalism, an economic system in which people make a profit based on investments in trade and goods.

Growth of Cities

Merchants and artisans living in walled cities came to be called burghers or bourgeoisie, from the German word burg, meaning “a walled enclosure.”

The Patricians were the members of the wealthiest and most powerful “burghers”.

Elections for city council in medieval cities were often carefully rigged to make sure that only patricians were elected.

Daily Life in Medieval City

In cities the danger of fire was great and water pollution was rampant.

Typical Medieval Town…chimneys = fire

Industry and Guilds

Craftsmen began organizing guilds, or business associations, to set production standards and quality.

A person who wanted to learn a craft was called an apprentice.

After they learned it, they became a journeyman.

Once a journeyman created a masterpiece, they were considered a master and could join the guild.

Master

Papal Monarchy

The Pope at this time was a political force, as well as a religious force, which controlled a nation called the Papal States.

Lay investiture, a practice by which secular rulers chose nominees for church offices and gave them the symbols of their office was used during this time.

The struggle between Henry the IV and Gregory VII was known as the Investiture Controversy.

The question who should invest (appoint) whom was the subject of an epic conflict between the Catholic church (papacy) and state (Holy Roman Empire).

Gregory VII

Henry VI & Son

Finally, in 1122 each side reached an agreement called the Concordat of Worms.

Holy Roman Empire

Under Pope Innocent III the church reached its political height.

To achieve his political ends, Pope Innocent III often used an interdict.

Innocent III

King John of Englandcurrency

The interdict suspended Christian services and the administration of sacraments.

The dead were denied Christian burial.

Pope Innocent placed England under Interdict (1208).

Abuse?Religion should not be used for politics.

New Religious Orders

One of the most important and strict Christian orders was the Cistercians.

Hildegard of Bingen was a composer and important contributor to Gregorian chant, which is a religious song style used by monks.

Click for Gregorian Chant

Hildegard of Bingen’s work is especially remarkable because she succeeded in a man’s world.

                                                   

By starting the Franciscan order, St. Francis of Assisi abandoned all worldly goods and material pursuits to live and preach in poverty. Why Good?

Focus on God first.

Dominic de Guzman wanted to defend the Church from heresy. Therefore, he started the Inquisition court to find and try heretics.

Heretic being burned at The stake. From Vaticanmanuscripts

He believed the best way to attack heresy was the formation of a new religious order called the Dominicans, who lived in poverty and preached effectively.

Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages

The role of saints was closely tied to relics. Relics are bones or objects connected with saints that were considered worthy of worship.

Rise of Universities

Most early universities were based on law, medicine, or theology.

The chief task of scholasticism was to harmonize Christian teachings with the works of the Greek philosophers.

Saint Thomas Aquinas attempted scholasticism combining Aristotle with Christianity.

Vernacular Literature

Vernacular literature was literature written in the local language of everyday speech.

Another type of vernacular literature was the heroic epic, or chanson de geste.

Beowulf

Black Death

The Black Death killed nearly 38 million people, resulting in severe economic consequences.

Decline of Church Power

A Great Schism or split occurred in the Catholic Church due to a struggle between Pope Boniface and French King Phillip IV.

Phillip refused to accept the pope and engineered the election of his own pope, called Clement V.

A church council finally met in Switzerland in 1417 and ended the schism at the Council of Constance!

John Hus at the Conference

John Hus was accused of heresy by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake for his attempt at church reform due to the schism.

John Hus at the Stake

Hundred Years War

The war was initiated by England, but eventually won by the French.

New Weapon: Longbow

Englishman Henry V (fifth) defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt early in the war.

But, Joan of Arc brought the Hundred Years’ War to a decisive turning point by inspiring the French with her faith & creating French nationalism.

The French king saw her as a threat to his power and turned her over to the English. The English burned her at the stake for heresy.

After the Hundred Years’ War, England faced a civil war between the house of Lancaster & house of York for the English throne.

This created turmoil and resulted in series of civil wars collectively called the War of the Roses.

Lancaster

York

Curious who won?Henry Tudor won over Richard III. Henry’s mother was Margaret Beaufort from the House of Lancaster.Henry then married Elizabeth of York to bring all factions together.The Tudor Rose…

Political Recovery

A Taille is an annual direct permanent tax on land or property.

Robin Hood made surethe poor weren’t

taken advantage of, though.

Louis XI used the taille to create the foundations of a strong French monarchy.

Spain became a major power in Europe when Spain’s two strongest kingdoms, Castile and Aragon, were united when Isabella married Ferdinand.