Between 1000-1300 the population of Europe doubled.(38-74 million)

Food production increased because of inventions and a climate change.

Inventions: Carruca

New Harness Use of Iron

Three field sys.

Women worked the fields and had children

Their ability to manage the household could determine whether a family survived hard times

Often carried on trade of husband after his death

Cities developed as settlements outside castles

If settlement was successful than walls would be built around it connecting it to the castle

Merchants and artisans became known as bourgeoisie

Lord treated townspeople as serfs

By 1100 townspeople had right to buy and sell property

Laws guaranteed them freedom and no military obligations

Over time cities even developed their own government

Narrow streets and tight living quarters

Towns were dirty and smelled of human and animal waste

Rivers were polluted from chemicals

Hardly bathed

12th Century craftsman organized into guilds

Guilds - Set quality standards, methods of production, and fixed prices.

To learn craft, began as an apprentice to journeyman, and then master.

Church involved in the feudal system.Bishops care more about political duties

than spiritualChurch leaders need to be free from the

interference of the lords and politics.Pope Gregory VII fights lay investiture

Appointment of religious officials by kings and nobles

Pope’s authority secular (worldly) power in politics

Believed the pope was the supreme judge and ruler of European affairs.

Pope Gregory VII has conflict with King Henry IV.

Henry IV appointed high ranking church officials and made officials vassals to fight the power of the nobles.

Pope Gregory II issued a decree forbidding lay investiture.

Reached agreement - Church elected bishop, and later pays homage to the king.

Franciscans founded by Saint Francis of Assisi.

Rejected all property and lived by working and begging for food.

Became popular with the poor because they lived among them.

Franciscans

Founded by a Spanish Priest named Dominic de Guzman

Defend the church against the teaching of heresy.

Combat heresy - live in poverty with the people and preach

Deal with heretics through the Inquisition.

Did not confess were tortured until they confessed, did not confess - guilty and executed.

Sacraments of the Catholic Church important (baptism, communion, and marriage)

Saints held special positions in heaven and could ask favors before the throne of God.

Relics of saints were worshiped because offered connection b/w earth and god.

Theology - highly regarded subject Harmonize Christian with Greek

PhilosophyAristotle - reasoning and thought not faith

contradictions to the church teachings.Saint Thomas Aquinas attempted to

reconcile Aristotle with Christianity through his Summa Theologica.reason and experience could arrive at

truths of physical world, but faith was need to grasp spiritual truths.

Church initially built in Romanesque style.

Gothic cathedrals rose higherreaching the towards the

Gods.Gothic cathedrals - thin walls

and stained glass windows.natural light symbolized the divine

light of God.

ArchitectureArchitecture

Read The Hundred Years’ War on p. 359-361. Answer the following questions:What led to the Hundred Years War?What was the significance of the

important battles won by the English?Who was Joan of Arc? What impact

did she have on the Hundred Years War?

How did the war have an impact of England and France after the war ended?