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GUIDE
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Guided effort leads to a bright futureUTUT
IX-XII
CBSE ICSE
State
Entrance
X - ICSE - BIOLOGY
Table of Contents
Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology
Table of Contents CHAPTER 01: CELL- THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE ....... 1
Introduction: ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Cells ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Structure of Cell ................................................................................................................................. 1
Gross structure of cell – the three essential parts ........................................................................ 2 Structure of cell: ................................................................................................................................ 2 Plant and animal cells: ...................................................................................................................... 5 The Nucleus – Key to the Life of a Cell ............................................................................................. 5
Review Exercise: .......................................................................................................................... 6 Solved Exercise: ........................................................................................................................... 7 Answers: ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Worksheet .................................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 02: STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES, CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION ............................................................................................ 10
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 10 A) Chromosomes ............................................................................................................................ 10
Discovery .................................................................................................................................... 10 Structure ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Composition ............................................................................................................................... 11 Function ...................................................................................................................................... 11
B) Structure of DNA ......................................................................................................................... 11 DNA Duplication ......................................................................................................................... 11 Genes ......................................................................................................................................... 11 DNA Fingerprinting ..................................................................................................................... 12 Housekeeping genes ................................................................................................................. 12
A) New Cells to be Produced .......................................................................................................... 12 B) Cell Division: ............................................................................................................................... 12
Types of cell division: ................................................................................................................. 12 Phases: ...................................................................................................................................... 13
C) Cell Cycle .................................................................................................................................... 14 Phases: ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Regulatory Mechanisms: ............................................................................................................ 15 Meiosis: ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Previous Board Question: .......................................................................................................... 16 Solved Exercises: ....................................................................................................................... 18 Review Questions: ..................................................................................................................... 22 Answers: ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Worksheet .................................................................................................................................. 26
CHAPTER 03: GENETICS - SOME BASIC FUNDAMENTALS ................................ 28 INTRODUCTION: ......................................................................................................................................... 28
Importance key terms: ................................................................................................................ 28 What is Genetics? ........................................................................................................................... 29 Variation in Population .................................................................................................................... 29 Chromosomes ................................................................................................................................. 29 Sex of Progeny ................................................................................................................................ 29 Genes and Alleles ........................................................................................................................... 30
Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology Volume
Sex–linked Inheritance: .............................................................................................................. 30 ‘X–linked’ Inheritance Traits: ...................................................................................................... 31 ‘Y–linked’ Inheritance Traits: ...................................................................................................... 31
Mendel’s Experiments on Inheritance: ............................................................................................ 31 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance: ......................................................................................................... 32
Law of Dominance: .................................................................................................................... 32 Mutation ........................................................................................................................................... 33
Previous Board Question: .......................................................................................................... 34 Solved Exercise: ......................................................................................................................... 35 Review Questions: ..................................................................................................................... 37 Answers ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Worksheet .................................................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER 04: ABSORPTION BY ROOTS-THE PROCESSES INVOLVED ............ 43 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 43 Need of Water And Minerals for plants ........................................................................................... 43 Characteristics of Roots for absorbing water: ................................................................................. 43 Absorption and conduction of water and minerals: ......................................................................... 44
Differences between Diffusion and Osmosis: ............................................................................ 44 Turgidity and Flaccidity: ............................................................................................................. 44 Differences between Turgidity and Flaccidity: ........................................................................... 45
Uses of turgidity to plants: ............................................................................................................... 46 Root Pressure: ................................................................................................................................ 46
Upward movement of water and minerals: ................................................................................ 47 Experiments on absorption and conduction of water in the plants: ........................................... 47 Factors contributing to ascent of sap: ........................................................................................ 48 Previous Board Question: .......................................................................................................... 48 Solved Exercise: ......................................................................................................................... 51 Review Questions: ..................................................................................................................... 56 Answers: ..................................................................................................................................... 59 Worksheet .................................................................................................................................. 59
CHAPTER 05: TRANSPIRATION ............................................................................. 62 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 62 Measurement of Transpiration ........................................................................................................ 62
Ganongs Potometer ................................................................................................................... 63 Limitations: ................................................................................................................................. 64
Kinds of Transpiration ..................................................................................................................... 64 Stomatal Transpiration: .............................................................................................................. 64 More transpiration occurs from undersurface of a leaf: ............................................................. 65 Regulation of transpiration: ........................................................................................................ 65 Cuticular transpiration: ............................................................................................................... 65 Lenticular Transpiration .............................................................................................................. 65
Factors Affecting Transpiration ....................................................................................................... 66 Adaptations to reduce excessive transpiration .......................................................................... 66 Significance: ............................................................................................................................... 66 Guttation: .................................................................................................................................... 66 Bleeding: .................................................................................................................................... 66 Previous Board Questions: ........................................................................................................ 67 Solved Exercise: ......................................................................................................................... 68 Review Questions: ..................................................................................................................... 73 Answers ...................................................................................................................................... 76
Table of Contents
Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology
Worksheet .................................................................................................................................. 76
CHAPTER 06: PHOTOSYNTHESIS - PROVIDER OF FOOD FOR ALL .................. 79 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 79 Factors affecting photosynthesis: .................................................................................................... 82 Experiment of photosynthesis ......................................................................................................... 83
Experiment I: Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis ....................................................... 83 Experiment II: Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis: .......................................................... 83 Experiment III: Carbondioxide is necessary for photosynthesis: ............................................... 83 Experiment IV: Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis: ..................................................... 84 Importance of Photosynthesis: ................................................................................................... 84 Carbon Cycle: ............................................................................................................................. 84 Previous Board Question: .......................................................................................................... 85 Solved Exercise: ......................................................................................................................... 87 Review Questions: ..................................................................................................................... 90 Answers: ..................................................................................................................................... 94 Worksheet .................................................................................................................................. 95
CHAPTER 07: CHEMICAL COORDINATION ........................................................... 96 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 96 Chemical Co-ordination in plants .................................................................................................... 96
Auxins ......................................................................................................................................... 96 Giberrelins .................................................................................................................................. 97 Cytokinins ................................................................................................................................... 97 Ethylene ..................................................................................................................................... 97 Abscisic Acid .............................................................................................................................. 98
Tropic Movements in Plants ............................................................................................................ 98 Phototropism .............................................................................................................................. 99 Geotropism ................................................................................................................................. 99 Thigmotropism .......................................................................................................................... 100 Hydrotropism ............................................................................................................................ 100 Chemotropism .......................................................................................................................... 100 Solved Exercise: ....................................................................................................................... 101 Review Questions: ................................................................................................................... 102 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 103
CHAPTER 08: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ....................................................... 104 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 104 Need for Transport Inside the Body .............................................................................................. 104
Blood: ....................................................................................................................................... 105 Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (abo and rh systems) ........................................................ 108
The Circulatory System: ........................................................................................................... 108 Previous Board Question ......................................................................................................... 112 Solved Exercise: ....................................................................................................................... 115 Review Questions: ................................................................................................................... 117 Answers .................................................................................................................................... 120 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 120
CHAPTER 09: THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM .......................................................... 123 CHAPTER MAP: ....................................................................................................................................... 123
Introduction: ................................................................................................................................... 123
Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology Volume
Reabsorption: ........................................................................................................................... 125 Previous Board Question: ........................................................................................................ 126 Solved Exercise: ....................................................................................................................... 128 Review Questions: ................................................................................................................... 131 Answers: ................................................................................................................................... 134 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 134
CHAPTER 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM ....................................................................... 136 Introduction: ................................................................................................................................... 136 A) Functions of nervous system: ................................................................................................... 136 B) Unit of nervous system: ............................................................................................................ 137
Division of Nervous System: .................................................................................................... 139 Previous Board Questions: ...................................................................................................... 141 Solved Excercise: ..................................................................................................................... 143 Review Questions: ................................................................................................................... 147 Answers: ................................................................................................................................... 149 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 149
CHAPTER 11: SENSE ORGANS ............................................................................ 151 Introduction: ................................................................................................................................... 151
The Ear–Senses of Hearing and Balance: ............................................................................... 154 Previous Board Questions: ...................................................................................................... 155 Solved Excercise: ..................................................................................................................... 157 Review Questions: ................................................................................................................... 160 Answers: ................................................................................................................................... 161 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 161
CHAPTER 12: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ................................................................... 163 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 163
Control of Hormonal Secretion: (Feedback Mechanism) ......................................................... 164 Previous Board Questions: ...................................................................................................... 165 Solved Exercise: ....................................................................................................................... 167 Review Questions: ................................................................................................................... 170 Answers: ................................................................................................................................... 173 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 174
CHAPTER 13: THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM .................................................... 175 INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................................................................................... 175
A) Pattern of Reproduction ............................................................................................................ 175 B) Reproductive System in Human: .............................................................................................. 175
Male Reproductive system: ...................................................................................................... 176 Female Reproductive Organs: ................................................................................................. 177
C) Menstrual Cycle: ....................................................................................................................... 177 D) Fertilisation: .............................................................................................................................. 178 E) Implantation and Pregnancy: .................................................................................................... 179 F) Placenta: ................................................................................................................................... 179
Functions of Placenta: .............................................................................................................. 179 Previous Board Questions: ...................................................................................................... 180 Solved Exercise ........................................................................................................................ 182 Review Questions: ................................................................................................................... 186 Answers .................................................................................................................................... 189
Table of Contents
Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology
Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 189
CHAPTER 14: HUMAN EVOLUTION ..................................................................... 192 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 192
Lamarck’s theory of Inheritance of acquired characters ............................................................... 192 Darwin’s Theory of natural selection ............................................................................................. 193 Human Evolution ........................................................................................................................... 194
Human Ancestors: .................................................................................................................... 195 Solved Exercise ........................................................................................................................ 196 Review Questions .................................................................................................................... 197 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 198
CHAPTER 15: POPULATION ................................................................................. 199 INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................................................................................... 199
A) Population through Ages .......................................................................................................... 199 B) Rapid rise in population ............................................................................................................ 199
Industrial Revolution: ................................................................................................................ 199 New Discoveries in Medical Science: ...................................................................................... 200
C) Population Explosion ................................................................................................................ 200 Six main reasons for sharp rise in world human population: ................................................... 200 Factors responsible for population explosion in India .............................................................. 201 Population in India: ................................................................................................................... 201
D) Population Education and Population Control .......................................................................... 201 E) Methods of Contraception ......................................................................................................... 202 Pressure on Natural Resources .................................................................................................... 203
Previous Board Questions: ...................................................................................................... 204 Solved exercise ........................................................................................................................ 204 Review Questions: ................................................................................................................... 209 Answers .................................................................................................................................... 212 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 213
CHAPTER 16: POLLUTION – A RISING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM ............. 214 INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................................................................................... 214
A) Air Pollution: .............................................................................................................................. 214 B) Water Pollution: ........................................................................................................................ 215 C) Soil Pollution: ............................................................................................................................ 216 D) Noise Pollution: ......................................................................................................................... 217 E) Effects of various types of Pollution: ......................................................................................... 217 F) Abatement of Pollution: ............................................................................................................. 218 G) Vehicular Standards: ................................................................................................................ 219 H) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: .......................................................................................................... 219
Previous Board Questions: ...................................................................................................... 219 Solved Exercise: ....................................................................................................................... 220 Review Exercise: ...................................................................................................................... 221 Answers: ................................................................................................................................... 222 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 222
SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER ............................................................................. 224
Syllabus
Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology
Syllabus There will be one paper of two hours duration of 80 marks and internal Assessment of practical
work carrying 20 marks. The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I (40 marks) and Section II (40 marks). Section I (compulsory, will contain short answer questions on the entire syllabus. Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will be required to answer any four of these six
questions. 1) Basic Biology i) Cell Cycle and Cell Division. Cell cycle – Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Mitotic phase. Cell Division:
• Mitosis and its stages. • A basic understanding of Meiosis as a reduction division (stages not required). • A brief idea of homologous chromosomes and crossing over leading to variations. • Significance and major differences between mitotic and meiotic division.
ii) Structure of chromosome. Basic structure of chromosome with elementary understanding of terms such as
chromatin, chromatid, gene structure of DNA and centromere. iii) Genetics: Mendel’s laws of inheritance and sex linked inheritance of diseases.
• The three laws of Mendel. • Monohybrid cross – phenotype and genotype. • Dihybrid cross – only phenotype • The following terms to be covered: gene, allele, heterozvgous, homozygous,
dominant, recessive, mutation, variation, phenotype, genotype. • Sex determination in human beings. • Sex linked inheritance of diseases to include only X-linked like haemophilia and
colour blindness. 2) Plant Physiology i) Absorption by roots, imbibition, diffusion and osmosis; osmotic pressure, root pressure;
turgidity and flaccidity; plasmolysis and deplasmolysis; the absorption of water and minerals: active and passive transport (in brief); The rise of water tip to the xylem; Forces responsible for ascent of sap. • Understanding of the processes related to absorption of water by the roots. • Characteristics of roots, which make them suitable for absorbing water. • Structure of a single full-grown root hair. • A general idea of Cohesive, Adhesive forces and transpirational pull • Experiments to show the conduction of water through the xylem.
ii) Transpiration – process and significance, Ganong’s potometer and its limitations, The factors affecting rate of transpiration, Experiments on transpiration, A brief idea of guttation and bleeding. • Concept of transpiration and its importance to plants • Experiments related to transpiration:
a) Loss in weight of a potted plant or a leafy shoot in a test tube as a result of transpiration.
Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology Volume
b) Use of cobalt chloride paper to demonstrate unequal rate of transpiration in a dorsiventral leaf.
• Mechanism of stomatal transpiration on the basis of potassium ion exchange theory. • Adaptations in plants to reduce transpiration. • A brief idea of guttation and bleeding.
iii) Photosynthesis: the process and its importance to life in general; experiments to show the necessity of light, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, formation of starch and release of oxygen; carbon cycle. • The process and significance of Photosynthesis. • The internal structure of chloroplast to be explained to give an idea of the site of light
and dark reactions. • Opening and closing of stomata based on potassium ion exchange theory. • Overall balanced chemical equation to represent photosynthesis. • Introduction of the terms “photochemical” for light phase and “biosynthetic “for dark
phases. • Light reaction - activation of chlorophyll followed by photolysis of water, release of O2,
formation of ATP (photophosphorylation,) and NADPH. • Dark reaction - only combination of hydrogen released by NADP with CO2 to form
glucose (detailed equations are not required). • Adaptations in plants for photosynthesis. • Experiments with regard to the factors essential for photosynthesis; emphasis on
destarching and the steps involved in starch test. • A diagrammatic representation of “carbon cycle “.
iv) Chemical coordination in Plants: A general study of plant growth regulators; Tropic movements in plants. • A brief idea of the physiological effects of Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic
acid and Ethylene in regulating the growth of plants. • A basic understanding of the tropic movements in plants with reference to –
Phototropism, Geotropism, Hvdrotropisin, Thigrnotropisin and Chemotropism (supported with suitable examples).
3) Human Anatomy and Physiology i) Circulatory System: Blood and lymph, the structure and working of the heart, blood
vessels, circulation of blood (only names of the main blood vessels entering and leaving the heart, liver and kidney will be required), Lymphatic system. • Composition of blood (structure and functions of RBC, WBC and platelets). • Brief idea of tissue fluid and lymph • Increase in efficiency of mammalian red blood cells due to absence of certain organ
elks; reasons for the same. • A brief idea of blood coagulation. • Structure and working of the heart along with names of the main blood vessels
entering and leaving the heart, the liver and the kidney. • Concept of systole and diastole; concept of double circulation. • Brief idea of pulse and blood pressure. • Blood vessels: artery, vein and capillary to be explained with the help of diagrams to
bring out the relationship between their structure and function.
Syllabus
Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology
• Brief idea of the lymphatic organs: spleen and tonsils. • ABO blood group system, Rh factor. • Significance of the hepatic portal system.
ii) Excretory System: A brief introduction to the excretory organs; parts of the urinary system; structure and function of the kidneys; blood vessels associated with kidneys; structure and function of nephron. • A brief idea of different excretory organs in the human body. • External and internal structure of the kidney; • Parts of the urinary system along with the blood vessels entering and leaving the
kidney, functions of various parts of the urinary system (emphasis on diagram with correct labelling). A general idea of the structure of a kidney tubule/ nephron.
• A brief idea of ultra-filtration (emphasis on the diagram of malpighian capsule), selective reabsorption and tubular secretion in relation to the composition of blood plasma and urine formed.
iii) Nervous system: Structure of Neuron; central, autonomous and peripheral nervous system (in brief); brain and spinal cord; reflex action and how it differs from voluntary action.
Sense organs – Eye: Structure, functions, defects and corrective measures: Ear: Parts and functions of the ear. • Parts of a neuron. • Various parts of the external structure of the brain and its primary parts: Medulla
Oblongata, Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Pons; their functions.
• Reference to the distribution of white and gray matter in Brain and Spinal cord. • Voluntary and involuntary actions – meaning with examples. • Diagrammatic explanation of the reflex arc, showing the pathway from receptor to
effector. • A brief idea of the peripheral and autonomic nervous system in regulating body
activities. • Differences between natural and acquired reflex. • External and Internal structure and functions of the Eye and Ear and their various
parts. • A brief idea of stereoscopic vision, adaptation and accommodation of eye. • Defects of the eye (myopia, hyperopia hypermetropia, presbiopia, astigmatism and
cataract) and corrective measures (diagrams included for myopia and hyperopia only)
• The course of perception of sound in human ear. • Role of ear in maintaining balance of the body.
iv) Endocrine System: General study of the following glands: Adrenal, Pancreas, Thyroid and Pituitary. Endocrine arid Exocrine glands. • Differences between Endocrine and Exocrine glands. • Exact location and shape of the endocrine glands in the human body. • Hormones secreted b. the following glands: Pancreas: insulin and glucagon; Thyroid:
only thyroxin; Adrenal gland: Cortical hormones and adrenaline; Pituitary: growth hormone, tropic hormones, ADH and oxytocin.
• Effects of hypo secretion and hyper secretion of hormones.
Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology Volume
• A brief idea of Feedback mechanism with reference to TSH. v) The Reproductive System: Organs, fertilisation functions of placenta in the growth of the
embryo Menstrual cycle. • Functions of Male and Female reproductive organs and male accessory glands. An
idea of secondary sexual characters. • Structure and functions of the various parts of the sperm and egg. • Explanation of the terms: Fertilization, implantation, placenta, gestation and
parturition. • A brief idea of the role of placenta in nutrition, respiration and excretion of the
embryo; its endocrinal function. • Functions of Foetal membranes and amniotic fluid. • Menstrual cycle, outline of menstrual cycle. • Role of Sex hormones: Testosterone, Oestrogen and Progesterone in reproduction. • Identical and fraternal twins: meaning and differences only.
4) Population Population explosion in India; need for adopting control measures – population control.
• Main reasons for the sharp rise in human population in India and in the world. • A brief explanation of the terms: demography, population density, birth rate, death
rate and growth rate of population. • Problems faced due to population explosion: unemployment, over exploitation of
natural resources, low per capita income, price rise, pollution, unequal distribution of wealth.
• Methods of population control: Surgical methods – Tubectomy and vasectomy. 5) Human Evolution Basic introduction to Human evolution and Theories of evolution: Lamarck’s theory of
inheritance; Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. • A brief idea of human ancestors – Australopithecus, Homo ha bills, Homo erectus,
Neanderthals, Cro-Magnon and Homo sapiens sapiens (Modern Man) with reference to the following characteristics: Bipedalism Increasing Cranial capacity Reduction of size of canine teeth Forehead and brow ridges Development of chin Reduction in body hair Height and Posture
• Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics – with reference to use of organs (e.g: neck and forelimbs of’ giraffe) and disuse of organs (e.g: vestigial organs in humans like wisdom teeth, vermiform appendix, pinnae).
• Darwin’s theory of Natural selection: Survival of the fittest e.g. adaptation of peppered moth
6) Pollution i) Types and sources of pollution; major pollutants.
• Air: Vehicular, industrial, burning garbage, brick kilns.
Syllabus
Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology
• Water: Household detergents, sewage, industrial waste, oil spills. • Thermal pollution. • Soil: Industrial waste, urban commercial and domestic waste, chemical fertilizers. • Biomedical waste – used and discarded needles, syringes, soiled dressings etc. • Radiation: X–rays; radioactive fallout from nuclear plants. • Noise: Motor Vehicles, Industrial establishments, Construction Sites, Loudspeakers
etc. ii) Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable waste. Biodegradable wastes: meaning and example; paper, vegetable peels, etc. Non-biodegradable wastes: meaning and example; plastics, glass, Styrofoam, etc.
Pesticides like DDT, etc. iii) Effects of pollution on climate, environment, human health and other organisms; control
measures. • Brief’ explanation of Greenhouse effect and Global warming, Acid rain, Ozone layer
depletion. • Measures to control pollution:
Use of unleaded petrol / NG in automobiles Switching of Engines at traffic signal lights Social forestry Setting of sewage treatment plants Ban on polythene and plastics Organic fanning Euro Bharat vehicular standard.
(A brief idea of the above measures) • A brief mention of “Swach Bharat Abhiyan” - A national campaign for Clean.
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Gross structure of cell – the three essential parts
Cell membrane (or plasma membrane) encircles the cell. It is a living membrane having fine pores. It is semi-permeable (also called selectively penneable or differentially permeable) meaning
that it allows only certain substances to pass through while preventing others. In a plant cell (Fig.), an additional outermost non-living layer called the cell wall, surrounds
the cell membrane. The cell wail is mostly made up of cellulose. It gives a defmite shape and rigidity to the cell. It is freely permeable (allowing substances in solution to enter and leave the cell without
hindrance).
Cytoplasm is the part of the cell which is inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus.
It is a semiliquid substance. Many chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes occur in it. It contains several organelles, each concerned with a specific function. The part of the cytoplasm other than the organelles (mitochondria, etc.) is called cytosol,
which constitutes mainly the liquid medium. Nucleus is a large spherical body lying nearly in the centre of the cytoplasm.
It is surrounded by a double layered nuclear membrane with nuclear pores (Fig.). The ground substance of the nucleus is a semisolid substance (nucleoplasm) containing
one or more round-shaped nucleoli (sing. nucleolus). The nucleoplasm contains a network of dark- coloured fibres called chromatin fibres.
These chromatin fibres condense into short thick chromosomes (Fig.) during cell division.
Structure of cell: A generalized cell consists of 3 essential parts:
Cell membrane (Plasma membrane) Cytoplasm Nucleus
The Cytoplasm consists of definite structures assigned with definite function of cell known as ‘cell organelles’
Cell organelles are living parts of the cell. Nucleus is the most important part of the cell, it regulates and co-ordinates various life processes
of the cell. It helps in cell division and contains factors which determines heredity. The Cytoplasmic matrix of nucleus is known as nucleoplasm, which contain the hereditary
material. The hereditary material when present in the form of a fine long thread are known as chromatin as
in a young cell and when they become highly condensed and thick as in a mature cell are known as Chromosomes.
Prokaryotic Cells: Cells in which nuclear membrane is absent. Eukaryotic Cells: Cells in which nuclear membrane is present.
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CSE – Biology
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6
6 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology Volume
REVIEW EXERCISE: C.W. A) Multiple Choice Type: 1) Choose the most appropriate option in the following statements. a) Palaeontology is the study of i) embryos ii) blood iii) classification iv) fossils b) Clones of animals are being produced through the practice of i) genetics ii) ecology iii) embryology iv) biotechnology B) Very Short Answer Type: 1) Name the following branches of biology a) Study of biological processes in technologies. b) Science of growing fruits and vegetables. c) Study of prehistoric forms of life. d) Study of causes of immunity (resistance to or defence against diseases). e) Study of fishes. 2) Fill in the blanks: a) Bioengineering deals with making artificial _______. b) _______ is the entire DNA sequence of an organ. c) Silk is produced by rearing _______. d) Evolution deals with the study of _______ and _______ of organisms. e) Organisms which draw food from the host body are called _______. f) Animals which give birth to young ones are known as __________. g) _______ is called the Father of Medicine. 3) Match the items in Column A with those in Column B.
Column A (Branches of Biology)
Column B (Area of Study)
Ichthyology Viruses Ornithology Fishes Ecology Birds Virology Cells Herpetology Disease Paleontology Fossils Cytology Snakes Pathology Environment
Chapter 01: Cell Cycle and Cell Division 7
Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology 7
H.W. 1) Name any two borderline sciences which are connected with Biology. 2) Name the sub-divisions of Biology which deal with the study of insects, birds, fungi and heredity
respectively. 3) Name some professions other than medicine which require a basic knowledge of Biology. 4) Name the specific branches of Biology concerned with the study of i) Fungi _______ ii) Fishes _______ iii) Insects _______ iv) Transmission of body characteristics from parents to children __________ 5) Mention the kind of study made under the following branches of science: i) Histology _______ ii) Ecology _______ iii) Cytology _______ iv) Pathology _______ 6) Distinguish between the following pairs of sciences: a) Zoology and Entomology b) Genetics and Embryology c) Botany and Mycology d) Space Biology and Exobiology e) Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
SOLVED EXERCISE: Short Answer Type 1) What is biology and when did it begin? Ans: Biology is the study of living beings i.e. all plants and animals. Study of biology began in 384 – 322 B.C. 2) How does Biology help us in leading a healthier life? Ans: Biology has helped us in understanding the cause of diseases their mode of transmission and
prevention. 3) A farmer and a housewife may have never studied biology, yet both of them know some
of its general principles through experience. State any two principles which they know. Ans: The process of formation of seed, types of soil for a particular type of plant favourable factors for
germination of seed and development of embryo.
ANSWERS: Review Exercise: C.W. A. 1) a) fossils b) Biotechnology B. 1) a) Biotechnology b) Paleontology c) Imonunology d) Pisciculture 2) a) bones, artificial limbs, joints b) Genome c) silkworms d) Parasites f) viviparous g) Hippocrates 3)
Column A Column B (already matched) Ichthyology Fishes Ornithology Birds Ecology Environment Virology Viruses
8
8 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology Volume
Herpetology Snakes Paleontology Fossils Cytology Cells pathology Diseases
H.W. 1) Bioinformatics, biometrics 2) Entomology, ornithology, mycology, genetics 3) Agriculture, veterinary science, horticulture, etc. 4) i) Mycology ii) Icthyology iii) Entomology iv) Genetics 5) i) Minute details of tissues. ii) Relationships of organisms iii) Structure and function of cell iv) Study of disease and animals.
WORKSHEET 1) Fill in the blanks: a) Cell theory was proposed by _____ and ________. b) ________ are colourless plastids. c) ______ are hereditary units. Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2) Match the items in column ‘A’ with those in column ‘B’ Column A Column B a) Vacuoles i) Intracellular digestion b) Nucleolus ii) Respiratory enzymes c) Lysosomes iii) Covered by tonoplast d) Anthocyanin iv) Dissolved in the cytoplasm e) Mitochondria v) RNA and Proteins Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Name the cell part which is a) composed of cellulose b) formed of an irregular network of tubular double membranes. c) a clear space with water or other substances in solution Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 01: Cell Cycle and Cell Division 9
Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Biology 9
4) Name the following: a) Any two one–celled organisms b) The longest cells in animals c) Amoeboid cells in humans d) Outermost layer in plant cells Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5) Differentiate between the following pairs of terms. a) Centrosome and chromosome. Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6) Long Answer Type: d) What is the difference between an organ and organelle? Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________