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Blood, tissue fluid and lymph

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Blood

•  An adult weighing 70 kg has 5-6 litres of blood• Functions of blood

 – Transport arious substances• !"#gen

• $arbon dio"ide• %or&ones• 'lucose( a&ino acid( lipids• )rea*salts• +roteins• ,ater • antibodies

 – istribution of heat – efence against disease – .essage-transfer using hor&ones

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Blood

• /tructure – +las&a

• .akes up 55 of blood

• 10 is water 

• +ale #ellow in colour 

 – 25 consists of cells

• 3r#throc#tes * 4ed Blood cells

4B$

 –$arr# o"#gen

• eucoc#tes * ,hite blood cells

,B$

 – %elp against infections

• +latelets

 – )sed for clotting

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+las&a

• 10 water • 80 includes9

 – issoled food fro& digestion• 'lucose

•  A&ino acids – /alts• %elp keep the blood at the right concentration and the cells working

properl#• :a;( $l-( $a<;

 – +roteins

• %elp the blood clot and help to protect the bod# against inaders – %or&ones

• $ontrol the wa# the bod# responds

 – ,aste &aterials• $arbon dio"ide• urea

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eucoc#tes ,hite blood cells

• Two t#pes identified b# the shape of theirnucleus> – +hagoc#tes – #&phoc#tes

• +rotect the bod# against diseases• $an be destro#ed b# cancer = leukae&ia and b#

%?@>

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,hite blood cells

• +hagoc#tes – .ade in red bone &arrow

 – $ontain a nucleus that has seeral

lobes

 – )sed to defend us against diseaseb# killing ger&s which enter the

bod#

 – ill b# engulfing eatingC ger&s

 – ead phagoc#tes often containdead bacteria = pusC

 – ispose of old red blood cells

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,hite blood cells

• #&phoc#tes – +roduce proteins called antibodies to destro#

ger&s and react with poisons to &ake the&

har&less> – :ucleus is large and circular in shape

 – .ade in bone &arrow

 – Two kinds• T-cells &ature in th#&us

 – eal with bod# cells that hae beco&e infected

• B-cells lieC in l#&ph nodes – /ecrete antibodies which deal with &icro-organis&s

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+latelets

• .ade in the red bone &arrow

• Frag&ents of cells

• :o nucleus• )sed for blood clotting

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Blood groups

• Four different blood groups

 – A

 – B

 – AB

 – !

• 4elate to which t#pe of antigen is on the

surface of the 4B$

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Blood t#pes

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Blood transfusions

• ?f a blood t#pe is gien to so&eone thatdoes not &atch than the blood will clu&p =agglutination> This is har&ful>

• a persons blood will contain the antibodies

for the antigens NOT present in theirblood>

• )niersal donor = !

• )niersal receier = AB

• 4hesus – .ost people are Drhesus positieD as the# hae

rhesus antigens on their red blood cells

 – about E in <0 people do not hae rhesusantibodies and are said to be Drhesus negatieD>

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 Tissue fluid

• similar to blood plasma

• contains white blood cells, oxygen, nutrients (glucose,amino acids, fatty acids), neurotransmitters, wasteproducts, salts etc.

• no red blood cells, plasma proteins, platelets- too large to pass through capillary membranes

Tissue fluid composition depends on location in body(lymph and tissue fluid at liver have high concentrationsof protein and at small intestine has large amount oflipids

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Lymph

• exactly the same as tissue fuid

but is within lymph vessels• 10% o fuid rom capillaries isreturned to blood via lymph vesselsand drains into subclavian vein

under collar bone• lymph vessels have valves sotissue fuid can enter but lymphcan’t leave

• proteins produced by cells canmove rom tissue fuid into lymphvessels through valves to preventoedema (build up o tissue fuid

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Lymph nodes

• various points in the lymph vessels produce white

blood cells that remove microbes and debris andsecrete antibodies

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