Blood, Lymph & Immune System CH 9

• Blood, lymph and Immune systems share common cells, structures, and functions

Blood

• A connective tissue

– Composed of plasma (liquid medium), solid components are suspended within

• 8% of total body weight

• Erythrocytes

• Leukocytes

• Thrombocytes

Blood Cell Formation

• Formed in Bone Marrow: Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis and the long bones of arms and legs

• Develop from a Stem Cell

Blood Cell Development

• Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis = development & maturation of blood cells

– Erythropoiesis

– Leukopoiesis

– Thrombopoiesis

Following Maturation

• Blood leave bone marrow and enters circulation

• Red Blood Cells

• White Blood Cells

• Thrombocytes

Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) Erythrocytes

• Most numerous of circulating blood cells

• Have an iron-containing compound Hemoglobin

– Carries and exchanges

O2 for CO2

• Live 120 days

White Blood Cells (WBC’s) Leukocytes

• Protect against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances

• Remove debris from injured tissue

• Aid in the healing process

• Can enter tissue spaces

– Inflammation & Immune response

• Two groups: Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

• Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Neutrophils

• Most numerous leukocyte in the circulation

• Highly motile and Phagocytic

• First cell to phagocytosis at the site of injury or infection

Eosinophils

• Release substances that neutralize toxic compounds

• Increase during allergic reactions and animal parasite infestations

Basophils

• Release histamines and heparin when tissue is damaged

• Histamines: initiate inflammation

• Heparin: anticoagulant

Agranulocytes

• Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Monocytes

• Mildly phagocytic within the blood

• In the tissue become macrophages – ingesting pathogens, dead cells,

Lymphocytes

• B cells (humoral immunity) and T cells (cellular immunity)

• Custom made immune response aimed at specific antigens

• Release potent chemicals that rupture the cells of what it attacks

Thrombocytes/Platelets

• Smallest formed elements found in blood

• Initiate blood clotting

– Series of reactions of specific factors

Blood Types

• Four Groups: A, B, AB, and O

• Based on specific antigens on the surface of RBC’s

• Rh Blood factor

– Negative or Positive

Lymph System

• Consists of a fluid called Lymph

– Monocytes and lymphocytes are suspended

• Network of transporting vessels lymph vessels

• Includes nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils

Functions of the Lymph System

• Spleen: filters cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, infectious agents

• Thymus: transforms lymphocytes into T cells

• Tonsils: masses of lymphatic tissue, filters that protect the upper respiratory tract

Lymph System Flow

• Blood Capillaries seep extracellular fluid

• Some extracellular fluid enters lymph capillaries

• Lymph eventually enters Lymph nodes

Lymph System Flow Cont.

• From R upper body enter Right Lymphatic Duct draining into Right Subclavian Vein

• From the rest of the body enters Thoracic duct draining into left subclavian vein

• Re-deposited into circulating blood, becoming plasma, cycle begins again

Immune System

• Layers of resistance

– Innate & acquired

• Immunocompetent:

Anemia

• Oxygen Carrying capacity of blood is deficient

O2 O2

RBC’s --- RBC’s --- RBC’s --- RBC’s

You’re Weak

Causes of Anemia

• Erythropenia: Decrease in Circulating RBC’s

• Hypochromasia: Decrease in the amount of hemoglobin

• Hematocrit: Decrease in the volume of packed

erythrocytes

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

• Infectious Disease

• Caused by Human Immuniodeficiency Virus (HIV)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IExRHL7D_NI&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWbprBw-yGE&feature=related

Allergy

• Acquired abnormal immune response

Autoimmune Disease

• Failure of body to distinguish between self and non-self

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3BvQT_KX3Y

Myasthenia Gravis

• Autoimmune Disorder

• Affects the Nueromuscular Junction • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mt0efT2xk2Y

Exacerbations & Remissions

• Exacerbations are flare ups

• Remissions are latency (hidden/undistinguishable) periods

Edema

• Abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body

Causes of Edema

• Hypoproteinemia, poor lymph drainage, high sodium intake, increases capillary permeability and heart failure.

Ascites

• Closely associated to Edema

• Fluid collects in the peritoneal or pleural cavity

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvuvlcgbG90

Hemophilia

• Is a hereditary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired

– Sex gene linked

– Hematomas, and hemarthrosis

Infectious Mononucleosis “kissing disease”

• Acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

– Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly

Leukemia

• An oncological disorder of the blood-forming organs, characterized by an overgrowth (proliferation) of blood cells

– Often the white blood cells

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImG8LpVEzbU

Hodgkin Disease

• A malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes

– Dyspnea and dysphagia

Kaposi Sarcoma

• Malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue.

Bacteremia

• Presence of viable bacteria circulating in the bloodstream usually transient in nature

Graft Rejection

• Destruction of a transplanted organ or tissue by the recipient’s immune system

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

• After bone marrow transplant, the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produce antibodies against the host’s tissues

Hematoma

• Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel

Hemolysis

• Destruction of RBC’s with a release of hemoglobin that diffuses into the surrounding fluid

Lymphadenopathy

• Any disease of the lymph nodes

Septicemia

• Serious, life-threatening bloodstream infection that may arise from other infections (blood infection or blood poisoning)

Serology

• Laboratory test to detect the presence of antibodies, antigens, or immune substance

Titer

• Blood test that measures the amount of anitbodies in blood; commonly used as an indicator of immune status

Blood Culture

• Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

• Series of tests that include hemoglobin; hematocrit; RBC, WBC, and platelet counts; differential WBC;

Differential Count (Diff)

• Test that enumerates the distribution of WBC’s in a stained blood smear by counting the different kinds of WBC’s and reporting each as a % of the total examined

Hemoglobin (Hgb) value

• Measurement of the amount of hemoglobin found in a whole blood sample

Hematocrit (Hct)

• Measurement of the percentage of RBCs in a whole blood sample

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

• Test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot, screens deficiencies of clotting factors and effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy

Prothrombin time (PT)

• Test that measures the time it takes for the plasma portion of blood to clot. It is used to evaluate portions of the coagulation system

Lymphadenography

• Radiographic examination of lymph nodes after injection of a contrast medium

Lymphangiectomy

• Removal of a lymph vessel

Transfusion

• Infusion of blood or blood components into the bloodstream

– Autologous: recipient’s own blood

– Homologous: Donors blood

Transplantation

• Grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site or from one person to another

Abbreviations

• AIDS RBC

• PT WBC

• PTT

• CBC

• Hgb

• Hct

• HIV

• IV

Medical word elements

• Erythr/o lymph/o

• Granul/o lymphangi/o

• Hem/o myel/o

• Hemat/o phag/o

• Immun/o plas/o

• Leuk/o ser/o

• Lymphaden/o thromb/o

Medical Word Elements

• Xen/o a- /an-

• -emia macro-

• -globin micro-

• -graft mono-

• -osis poly-

• -penia allo-

• -phil

• -poiesis