bones, part 1: the appendicular...
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Part 1
8 Bones, Part 1: The Appendicular Skeleton
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The Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral girdle • Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk
• Pelvic girdle • Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk
• Upper and lower limbs differ in function • Share the same structural plan
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The Pectoral Girdle
• Consists of the clavicle and the scapula • Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the
body completely • Medial end of each clavicle articulates with
the manubrium and first rib • Laterally—the ends of the clavicles join the
scapulae • Scapulae do not join each other or the axial
skeleton
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The Pectoral Girdle
• Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
• Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile • Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton • Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is
shallow • Good for flexibility, bad for stability
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Clavicle Acromio- clavicular joint
Scapula
(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
Articulated Pectoral Girdle
Figure 8.1a
PLAY Shoulder
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Clavicles
Figure 8.1b, c
Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view
Posterior
Sternal (medial) end
Anterior
Acromial end
Trapezoid line
Conoid tubercle
Anterior
Posterior
Sternal end
(c) Right clavicle, inferior view
Tuberosity for costoclavicular ligament
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Scapulae
• Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage • Located between ribs 2–7 • Have three borders • Superior • Medial (vertebral) • Lateral (axillary)
• Have three angles • Lateral, superior, and inferior
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Structures of the Scapula
Figure 8.2a
Acromion
Coracoid process
Suprascapular notch Superior border
Superior angle
Subscapular fossa
Medial border
Inferior angle
Glenoid cavity
Lateral border
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Superior angle
Medial border
Coracoid process Suprascapular notch
Acromion
Glenoid cavity at lateral angle
Lateral border
Infraspinous fossa
Spine
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Supraspinous fossa
Structures of the Scapula
Figure 8.2b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Structures of the Scapula
Figure 8.2c
Coracoid process Glenoid cavity
(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
Infraglenoid tubercle
Supraglenoid tubercle
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Inferior angle
Acromion
Infraspinous fossa
Spine
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Posterior Anterior
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The Upper Limb
• 30 bones form each upper limb • Grouped into bones of the: • Arm • Forearm • Hand
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Arm
• Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow
• Humerus • The only bone of the arm • Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb • Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder • Articulates with the radius and ulna at the
elbow
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Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm
Figure 8.3a, b
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular sulcus
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Radial fossa
Capitulum
Head of humerus
Anatomical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Coronoid fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea (a) Anterior view
Head of humerus
Anatomical neck
Radial groove
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Greater tubercle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial supracondylar ridge
(b) Posterior view
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Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm: the elbow
Figure 8.3c, d
Coronoid fossa
Radius
Radial tuberosity
Head of radius
Capitulum
Trochlea
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Humerus
Medial epicondyle
Coronoid process of ulna
Ulna Radial notch
Olecranon fossa
Ulna
Olecranon process
Medial epicondyle
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
Humerus
Lateral epicondyle
Head
Radius
Neck
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Forearm
• Formed from the radius and ulna • Proximal ends articulate with the humerus • Distal ends articulate with carpals • Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the
proximal and distal radioulnar joints • The interosseous membrane
• Interconnects radius and ulna • In anatomical position; the radius is lateral and the ulna
is medial
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Ulna and Radius
• Ulna • Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus • Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm • Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage • Plays little to no role in hand movement
• Radius • Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the
capitulum • Medially—the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the
ulna • Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
• Distal radius articulates with carpal bones • When radius moves, the hand moves with it
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Proximal Part of the Ulna
Figure 8.4a, b
Radial notch of the ulna
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint
Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna
Styloid process of ulna
Interosseous membrane Ulna
Head Neck Radial tuberosity
Radius
Styloid process of radius
(a) Anterior view
Olecranon process
Styloid process of radius
Radius
Neck of radius
Head of radius
Ulnar notch of the radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process of ulna
Interosseous membrane Ulna
(b) Posterior view
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Radius and Ulna
Figure 8.4c, d
(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
View
(d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist
Ulnar notch of radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
Articulation for scaphoid
Articulation for lunate
Styloid process
View
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Proximal Ends of the Radius and Ulna at the elbow
Figure 8.3c, d
Coronoid fossa
Radius
Radial tuberosity
Head of radius
Capitulum
Trochlea
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Humerus
Medial epicondyle
Coronoid process of ulna
Ulna Radial notch
Olecranon fossa
Ulna
Olecranon process
Medial epicondyle
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
Humerus
Lateral epicondyle
Head
Radius
Neck
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Hand
• Includes the following bones • Carpus—wrist • Metacarpals—palm • Phalanges—fingers
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Carpus • Forms the true wrist—the proximal region of the
hand • Gliding movements occur between carpals • Composed of eight marble-sized bones • Carpal bones
• Are arranged in two irregular rows • Proximal row from lateral to medial
• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform • Distal row from lateral to medial
• Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate • A mnemonic to help remember carpals:
• Sally left the party to take Carmen home
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Bones of the Hand
Figure 8.6a, b
Trapezoid Trapezium
Scaphoid Triquetrum Lunate
Capitate Hamate
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals Carpals
(a) Anterior view of right hand (b) Posterior view of right hand
Radius Ulna
Sesamoid bones Base
Shaft
Proximal Middle Distal
Head
Ulna
Triquetrum Lunate
Capitate Hamate
Pisiform
Carpals
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• Metacarpus • Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist • Metacarpals form the palm
• Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb) • Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals • Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges
• Phalanges • Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb) • Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges
• Proximal, middle, and distal
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.6b
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.1
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Pelvic Girdle
• Attaches lower limbs to the spine • Supports visceral organs • Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments • Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the
femur • Lower limbs have less freedom of movement
• Are more stable than the arm • Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones) • Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other • Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Figure 8.8a
PLAY Pelvis
Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone)
llium
Sacroiliac joint
Iliac fossa
Pubis
Ischium
Sacrum
Base of sacrum
Sacral promontory
Pelvic brim Acetabulum
Pubic crest Pubic symphysis
Iliac crest
Coccyx
Pubic arch
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Anterior superior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle
(a) Pelvic girdle
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The Pelvic Girdle
• Consists of three separate bones in childhood • Ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Bones fuse, retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones
• Acetabulum • A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface
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Ilium
• Large, flaring bone • Forms the superior region of the coxal bone • Site of attachment for many muscles • Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint
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Ischium • Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone • Anteriorly—joins the pubis • Ischial tuberosities
• Are the strongest part of the hip bone Pubis • Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone • Lies horizontally in anatomical position • Pubic symphysis
• The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline
• Pubic arch—inferior to the pubic symphysis • Angle helps distinguish male from female pelves
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Lateral and Medial Views of the Hip Bone
Figure 8.8b, c
Ilium Ischium Pubis
Ilium Ala
Tubercle of the iliac crest
Anterior gluteal line Posterior gluteal line
Posterior superior iIiac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Ischial body
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
Ischium
Ischial ramus
Inferior gluteal line
Acetabulum
Pubic body
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Pubis
Inferior ramus of pubis
(b) Lateral view, right hip bone
Iliac fossa
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Arcuate line
Pubic tubercle
Superior ramus of pubis
Inferior ramus of pubis
Posterior superior iliac spine
Obturator foramen
Body of the ilium
Ischium
Ischial ramus
(c) Medial view, right hip bone
Auricular surface
Ischial spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis)
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True and False Pelves
• Bony pelvis is divided into two regions • False (greater) pelvis—bounded by alae of
the iliac bones • True (lesser) pelvis—inferior to pelvic brim • Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs
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True and False Pelves
Figure 8.9b
Anterior abdominal wall False pelvis
Pelvic brim, defining pelvic inlet True
pelvis
Coccyx
Plane of pelvic outlet
Symphyseal surface
(b) True and false pelves
Plane through midpelvis
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Pelvic Structures and Childbearing
• Major differences between male and female pelves • Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing • Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than
in the male • Provides more room in the true pelvis
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Female and Male Pelves
Table 8.2 (1 of 2) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Female and Male Pelves
Table 8.2 (2 of 2)
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The Lower Limb
• Carries the entire weight of the erect body • Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger
than those of upper limb • Divided into three segments • Thigh, leg, and foot
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Thigh
• The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
• Femur—the single bone of the thigh • Longest and strongest bone of the body • Ball-shaped head articulates with the
acetabulum
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Neck Fovea capitis Greater
trochanter
Inter- trochanteric crest
Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle
Head
Intertrochanteric line
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Intercondylar fossa
Medial and lateral supra- condylar lines
Medial condyle
Medial epicondyle
Adductor tubercle
Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur (thigh bone)
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Structures of the Femur
Figure 8.10b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Patella
• Triangular sesamoid bone • Imbedded in the tendon that secures the
quadriceps muscles • Protects the knee anteriorly • Improves leverage of the thigh muscles
across the knee
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Leg • Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle • Composed of the tibia and fibula
• Tibia—more massive medial bone of the leg • Receives weight of the body from the femur
• Fibula—stick-like lateral bone of the leg • Interosseous membrane
• Connects the tibia and fibula • Tibia articulates with femur at superior end
• Forms the knee joint • Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end
• Forms the ankle joint • Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint
• Stabilizes the ankle joint
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Structures of the Tibia and Fibula
Figure 8.11a, b
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Structures of the Tibia and Fibula
Figure 8.11c–e
Lateral condyle Tibial tuberosity
(c) Anterior view, proximal tibia
Lateral condyle
Fibula articulates here
Line for soleus muscle
(d) Posterior view, proximal tibia
(e) Fracture of both malleoli
Fracture sites
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The Foot • Foot is composed of
• Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges • Important functions
• Supports body weight • Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking • Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to
uneven ground
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Tarsus • Makes up the posterior half of the foot • Contains seven bones called tarsals • Body weight is primarily borne by the talus and calcaneus • Trochlea of the talus
• Site of articulation with the tibia • Other tarsals are:
• Cuboid and navicular • Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
Metatarsus • Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals • Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux (great toe) • First metatarsal supports body weight
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Phalanges of the Toes
• 14 phalanges of the toes • Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers • Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges of
fingers • Except for the great toe, each toe has three
phalanges • Proximal, middle, and distal
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Medial cuneiform
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Navicular
Intermediate cuneiform
Talus
Calcaneus
(a) Superior view
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Proximal Middle Distal
Trochlea of talus
5 4 3 2 1
Bones of the Foot
Figure 8.12a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Foot
Figure 8.12b
Facet for medial malleolus
Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Medial view
Intermediate cuneiform
Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) Talus
Navicular
First metatarsal
Medial cuneiform
Calcaneus
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Bones of the Foot
Figure 8.12c
PLAY Bones of the Foot
(c) Lateral view
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Fifth metatarsal
Facet for lateral malleolus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid Calcaneus
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Arches of the Foot
• Foot has three important arches • Medial and lateral longitudinal arch • Transverse arch
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Medial longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
(a) Lateral aspect of right foot
Arches of the Foot
Figure 8.13a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arches of the Foot
Figure 8.13b
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Lower Limb and Pelvis
Table 8.3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
• Bone fractures • Hip dysplasia • Head of the femur slips out of acetabulum
• Clubfoot • Soles of the feet turn medially
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The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
• Growth of the appendicular skeleton • Increases height • Changes body proportions
• Upper/lower body ratio changes with age • At birth, head and trunk are 1.5 times as long
as lower limbs • Lower limbs grow faster than the trunk • Upper/lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by age 10
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Changes in Body Proportions
Figure 8.15
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The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
• Few changes occur in adult skeleton until middle age, when • Skeleton loses mass • Osteoporosis and limb fractures become more
common