PHN I. M U1.1. t vn Nm t rt lu c bit n nh l mt ngun thc n dinh dng giu m, cht x, vitamin...Nm c ngha quan trng trong i sng con ngi, chng c vai tr trong nn kinh t, khoa hc v cc chu trnh vt cht, nng lng trong thin nhin. Mt s loi nm c s dng trong cng nghip dc phm. T hng ngn nm qua, chu , c nm n c v nm khng n c u c s dng v mc ch dinh dng, bi b kh huyt hoc lm thuc. Ngi ta dng tt c cc b phn ca nm.. Cng ngy ngi ta cng pht hin ra nhiu dc cht c tnh min dch t nm. Qu trnh tm kim dc phm min dch din ra chu (nht l cc nc Trung Quc, Nht Bn) t rt lu nhng Phng Ty cn cha ch trng lm. Nhng nm gn y nm c cp n nh mt ngun dc liu qu gi c kh nng cha tr c nhiu bnh nh nm Linh chi (Ganoderma lucidium), nm hu th (Hericium enrinaceum) Khoa hc pht trin, dc tnh ca nm ngy cng c pht hin nhiu. Nm Vn chi Trametes versicolorl mt loi nm dc liu c s dng lu i trong truyn thng Phng ng vi nhiu tc dng k diu. Ngi ta bit n hiu qu cha bnh ca nm Vn chi thng qua hai hp cht chnh trch t nm ny l PSP (polysaccharide peptide) v PSK (polysaccharide Kureha). Cc cht ny c coi l c kh nng cha tr ung th, tng min dch c th, chng cc phn ng ph ca x tr v ho tr, c ch s nhn ln ca HIV Do vic hiu bit v c im sinh hc, thnh phn ha dc v tc dng ca nm Vn chi l iu cn thit. Do em chn ti Tm hiu v nm Vn chi - Trametes versicolor 1.2. Mc tiu, i tng nghin cu Mc tiu Nghin cu c im sinh hc ca nm Vn chi Thnh phn cc hp cht sinh hc v dc tnh ca chng i tng nghin cu Nm Vn chi Trametes versicolor1.3. Phng php nghin cu Thu thp ti liu t cc ngun khc nhau: sch, wed Tng hp v x l thng tin

PHN II. NI DUNG2.1. Khi qut v nm 2.1.1. Gii thiu chung v nm

Nm l nhng sinh vt c nhn t bo chnh thc, sng d dng bng cch thm thu, c th a s l si nm dng ng, phn nhnh lan ta to thnh h si nm hay lc khun, sinh sn bng bo t . Tt c sinh vt sng u thuc mt trong nm gii. Nm thuc mt gii ring gi l gii nm (theo h thng phn loi ca R.H. Whitaker, 1969). Nm bao gm c nm mc, nm men v cc loi nm ln c qu th. Nm khng quang hp c. Do n bt buc phi sng trn nhng cht hu c hoi mc hoc sng nh cc ng thc vt khc. Nm l sinh vt hoi sinh, phn hu cc cht hu c ly cht dinh dng. Nm dinh dng bng cch tin hnh hp th thc n trn ton b b mt ca si nm thng qua phng thc thm thu . Da vo cch hp thu dinh dngca nm c th chia lm 3 nhm:- Hoi sinh: Thc n l xc b thc vt hay ng vt. nhm nm ny, chng c kh nng bin i nhng cht kh phn hy thnh nhng chtn gin d hp thu, nh h men ngoi bo. - K sinh: Ch yu cc loi nm gy bnh, chng sng bm vo c th sinh vt khc ht thc n ca sinh vt ch. - Cng sinh: Ly thc n t c th sinh vt ch nhng khng lm tn hi sinh vt ch, ngc li cn gip cho chng pht trin tt hn (nh nmTuber hay Boletus cng sinh vi cy thng si).Trong t nhin, nm ng mt vai tr quan trng, l my ti ch s cp. Chng to ra cc enzyme phn hu cht hu c (thng l cc cu t g). Phn ln nm c kh nng sn sinh ra cc enzyme ph hu nguyn liu thc vt thuc lp nm ti v nm m. Nm c tr trn g cht ch yu phn hy mt hoc nhiu cu t g, gy mc mnh. Hin nay nm bao gm cc ngnh: - Ngnh Nm nhy t bo (Acrasiomycota) - Ngnh Nm nhy gi (Dictyosteliomycota) - Ngnh Nm nhy chnh thc (Myxomycota)- Ngnh Nm nhy ni k sinh (Plasmodiophoromycola)- Ngnh Nm mt tim mao pha trc (Hyphochytriomycota)- Ngnh Nm nhy mng li (Labyrinthulomycota)- Ngnh Nm trng (Oomycota)- Ngnh Nm c (Chytridiomycota)- Ngnh Nm tip hp (Zygomycota)- Ngnh Nm ti (Ascomycota) - Ngnh Nm m (Basidiomycota) - Ngnh a y (Lichenomycota)2.1.2. Gi tr ca nm Nm t rt lu c bit n nh l mt ngun thc n dinh dng giu m, cht x, vitamin v tt c nhng cht cn thit cho s tng trng, pht trin v s sng ca mt ngi kho mnh. T hng ngn nm qua, chu , c nm n c v nm khng n c u c s dng v mc ch dinh dng, bi b kh huyt hoc lm thuc. Ngi ta dng tt c cc b phn ca nm. Ngoi gi tr dinh dng, nm cn c kh nng phng v tr mt s bnh. Cng ngy ngi ta cng pht hin ra nhiu dc cht c tnh min dch t nm. Qu trnh tm kim dc phm min dch din ra chu (nht l cc nc Trung Quc, Nht Bn) t rt lu nhng Phng Ty cn cha ch trng lm. Dc phm min dch c th c xem nh l cht c hiu qu trong liu php min dch khi ung vo. C hn 50 loi nm c xp vo dng nm dc liu c hot tnh cha bnh in vitro hay trn cc mu ng vt th nghim. Mt s cht trch t nm c pht hin c hot tnh tng cng h min dch tim nng, hot tnh min dch chng li t bo ung th hn hn cc ho dc khng ung th. Tt c u khng c, hiu qu v rt d dung np. Ni bc nht c 6 nhm cht sau: Lentinan, AHCC (trch t nm hng Lentinus edodes), Schizophyllan (Nm chn chim Schizophyllum commune) Grifron-D (Nm g g Grifola frondosa), PSP, PSK ( Nm vn chi Trametes versicolor). Cc dch trch ch yu c chit t qu th nm v sinh khi t h si (nui cy ln men trong mi trng lng). C thnh phn t bo v cc hp cht bin dng th cp ca nm u c tc dng trn h min dch ca t bo ch v do c th cha c nhiu bnh khc nhau. Hng kt hp cc tc nhn c tim nng min dch vi cc liu php chng ung th nh gii phu, ho tr, x tr t c bc tin ng k Trung Quc, Nht Bn ni m nm c xem nh mt ngun khng ung th hng th k qua. 2.2. c im sinh hc ca Nm Vn Chi Nm Vn chi c tn khoa hc ph bin hin nay l Trametes versicolor.Vn chi l mt loi nm ln thuc phn lp Basidiomycetes gm khong 22 000 loi bit. Nm vn chi gy hoi sinh cy bnh, c tr trn g cht, thuc loi nm gy mc trng mnh c th ph hu ng thi tt c cc cu t g (hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin), gip ph v cc gc cy gi, cy cht v th cht dinh dng ca cy s tr v t ti s dng. Nm Vn chi khng c i vi ngi nhng cng khng n c v n l dng nm g. V tr phn loi nm vn chi Gii nm : Fungi Ngnh nm tht : Eumycota Ngnh ph nm m : Basidiomycotina Lp nm m : Basidiomycetes Phn lp nm m n bo : Holobasidiomycetidae Nhm b : Hymenomycetes B nm l : Aphyllophorales H nm nhiu l: Polyporaceae Chi : Trametes Loi : Trametes versicolor2.2.1. c im hnh thi cu to

Hnh 1. Hnh thi ngoi ca nm Vn chi Vn chi l loi nm hng nm, khng cung, pht trin mt bn. Khi non qu th c dng nhiu u li trn, mc thnh dng vnh vi mp tn mu trng, trng kem. Nm trng thnh c dng qu gi, cht da ho g. Qu th hnh nan qut c nhiu vn ng tm, chng cht xen k nhau nh ngi lp, nhn rt ging ui g ty ang xe. M nm mng, phng hoc hi qun hnh bn nguyt, mc thnh cm ng knh t 1 n 8cm, dy khong 0,1 0,3cm. Mt trn tai nm c lp lng mn, mn nh nhung, c mu sc rt khc nhau ty chng t en, nu, xm, xanh n o , trng hay vng nht. Nm c nhiu mu sc nh ui ca g ty, Qu th c dng hnh qut mc ph tng lp trn thn cy mc. Mt nm lp trn cng thng c nhng mu nu, trng , xm hay xanh lam; mt di trng c mang nhng bo t nh..Mu sc cc chng Vn chi ph thuc vo mi trng v h di truyn. Mt di tai nm mu trng, mu kem hay hi xm c hng ngn ng nh. Tt c cc chng Vn chiu c cc ng nh mt di, y l c im gip phn bit Vn chi vi nm Stereum hissutum. Cc ng ny rt nh khong 4 5 ng/mm, c vch ngn ngang dy. Ming ng trn hay hi trn. Cc ng ny gip gia tng din tch mang bo t. Tht nm mu trng hoc trng kem, gm nhiu si dy 0,6 2,5 mm.2.2.2. c im vi hc H si kiu trimitic, si dinh dng trong sut, c vch mng, c kho r rng, ng knh c 2,5 3 m; si cng vng tht nm c vch rt dy, khng thy c vch ngn t bo, ng knh ti 4 6 m, rt him khi thy phn nhnh; si bn cng c vch ngn ngang, ng knh si nh hn (2 4 m). Khng thy c lit bo, song c thy cystidioles dng fusoid, kch thc 15 20 x 4 5 m, c kho phn gc. m bo hnh chy c bn tiu bnh (ni nh ca bn bo t), c kho phn gc. Bo t m hnh tr, hi cong hnh qu da gang, trong sut, nhn, kch thc 5 6 x 1,5 2 m . 2.2.3. c im phn b Nm Vn chi mc ti nhng vng n i ti Bc M, chu v u chu v c l l loi nm mc kh mnh, pht trin khp vng Bc Bn cu. Nm thng mc k sinh trn thn nhng cy thn mc ln nh si, liu, long no.. mn, o, to..v i khi c trn thn cy thng. Ti vng Ty Bc Hoa K v Canada, nm Vn chi mc hoang khong 15 loi khc nhau , tng i d thu nht. bo qun nm chng li su b, nn lm ng lnh nm trong vng 24 gi sau khi hi, ri phi kh hay sy kh ngay. Nm c th nhai ti hay lm thnh tr dc.Vn chi l loi nm ph g, mc hoang, thng mc trn cc cy thn g cht hoc kh, c bit l g si, d dng tm thy nhiu ni trn th gii. Vn chi thch hp i vi nhng ni c nhiu ma, m t, gn b sng vng n i Bc M, chu , chu u v l loi nm sinh sn nhiu nht Bc Bn Cu. Vit Nam cng tm thy nm ny, nht l vo ma ma. Nht, Trung Quc v mt vi nc khc ang trng v chit xut PSP, PSK t Vn chi. Vit Nam, TS L Xun Thm (Trung tm k thut ht nhn TpHCM) mang mt ging chun t Nht v, y l loi mt trn tai nm c nhng vn ng tm nu en n en. Hin nay ging ny ang c trng th trn Lt v cng c Trung tm nghin cu linh chi v nm dc liu TpHCM trng th nghim trong iu kin kh hu ca thnh ph, ra qu th (tai nm) ti TpHCM. 2.2.4. Chu trnh sng

S 1: Chu trnh pht trin ca nm Vn chi2.3. Cc hp cht sinh hc qu ca nm Vn chiBng 1. Thnh phn dc tnh chnh trch t nm vn chiDch etherDch cnDch acid

Acid bo-

Acid hu c +

Alcaloid +-+

Triterpenoid t do +

Anthraglycosid--

Anthocyanidin -

Coumarin +

Cht kh ++

Flavonoid --

Saponin ++

Tanin ++

Tinh du-

Polyphenol+

Hp cht polyuronic +

Polysaccharide ++

Acid amin ++

Ghi ch: +: dng tnh; -: m tnh Trong thnh phn nm Vn chi c acid hu c, alcaloid, cht kh, triterpenoid, coumarin, saponin, tanin, polyphenol, hp cht uronic, acid amin v polysaccharide. Trong polysaccharide l thnh phn dc tnh c quan tm, nghin cu nhiu nht. Cc polysaccharide canm Vn chic bn cao vi nhit v nh sng, tn ti lu trong c th v c bit cha c pht hin c tc dng ph g, c i vi ph n mang thai, v vy rt thch hp cho nhiu liu php iu tr. Chng c th c tch chit t qu th hoc si nm Vn chi bng phng php dng nc nng. Bn cnh cc polysaccharid l cc thnh phn chnh quyt nhtc dng ca nm Vn chi, trong nm cn cha nhiu loi enzym nh SOD, cytochrome P-450, mt thnh phn quan trng trong vic kh c cc cht c nhp vo t bo, v cc cht trao i bc hai c tc dng c ch thrombin, chng qu trnh ng t mu. Trong nm Vn chi c cc acid amin ch yu nh: glutamic, aspartic v mt s acid amin dng trung ho. Dch trch polysaccharide peptide t nm (thut ng gi l proteoglycan) l nhng chui polypeptide hay nhng phn t protein nh gn kt cht vi cc chui polysaccharide -D-glucan, l thnh phn hiu qu trong cha tr cc chng ung th: d dy, thc qun, rut kt v ung th v Cc proteoglycan trch t nm Vn chi ch yu l lin kt -D-glucan. Cu trc -D-glucan l mt cu trc lp li, gm nhiu phn t D-glucose ni vi nhau bng cc ni to dng mch thng. Cc ni c to t v tr C1 ca vng saccharide ng trc vi v tr C3 ca vng k tip (1-3), t C1 n C4 (1-4), hoc t C1 n C6 (1-6). Hu ht cc proteoglycan thng c mt chui chnh, hoc l chui 1-3, chui 1-4 hoc kt hp hai chui 1-3, 1-4 vi mt chui ph 1-6. Cc glucan gn vi protein l c tim nng min dch ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc glucan tng ng khng kt hp vi protein. Polysaccharide c tm thy trong cc vch t bo khng tiu ho c ca Vn chi c cu trc 3 chiu vi cc chui bn (chui ng mch thng) mc nhnh xung quanh cu trc trc chnh (li protein hay polypeptide), cc chui bn c chc nng sinh hc hay hot tnh min dch cho php s tng tc gia cc chui nhnh bn vi cc th th trn cc t bo min dch khc nhau. Th th cho -glucan c tm thy trn nhiu t bo khc nhau: T bo t st thng, t bo bch cu trung tnh, t bo bch cu n nhn to, i thc bo v t bo lympho B, lympho T. Nhiu nghin cu bo co rng -1,3-glucan l cht kch hot h min dch chng ung th t nhin ngi v phn glucan c th kch ng s co li ca khi u. Theo cc nh khoa hc th ch c polysaccharide ni vi peptide mi to ra hiu qu khng ung th. Cc thnh phn ny khng b nh hng bi qu trnh tiu ho nn c hiu qu khi ung.

Hnh 2. Chui beta-glucan trch t nm2.3.1. PSK (polysaccharide - Kureha) 2.3.1.1. Cu to PSK c ly trch t chng Vn chi CM-101 bng nc v bng phng php mui ho. Trong thnh phn cu to gm 62% polysaccharide v 38% protein. Thnh phn glucan gm c mt chui chnh 1-4 v cc chui ph 1-3, 1-6 lin kt nhau bng cc ni O-glycosidic hay N- glycosidic. Phn peptide rt giu cc acid amin nh aspartic, glutamic v mt s acid amin acid khc. PSK c trng lng phn t khong 94 100 kDa. Phn polysaccharide gm cc monosaccharide: glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose. Cc nghin cu vi PSK c nh du phng x C14 xc nhn rng ph nguyn t ca n c hp th trong 24h sau khi a vo c th chut. PSK khng c, liu LD50 thp v khng xut hin cc d hnh trong cc th nghim c tnh cp v bn cp. 2.3.1.2. Dc tnh Nm 1971, hn 200 dc cht ho l c kh nng khng khi u c chn lc bi cc nh nghin cu Nht, PSK l liu php cha tr tt nht v n bo v h min dch bng cch trung ho cc thuc ho tr v cc qu trnh gy c ca t bo ung th.PSK c kh nng tng cng hot ng min dch t bo v min dch th dch. Khi PSK c dng kt hp vi phng php x tr th nghim trn chut, ngi ta quan st thy c s hi phc h min dch th dch suy yu. Cc nghin cu trn ng vt xc nhn thm rng PSK cm ng t bo T dit v phc hi li cc thng s min dch b suy yu trong khi s c ch cc hp cht gy c ch min dch. PSK ngn chn cc phn ng ph khi dng kt hp vi cc tc nhn ho tr nh 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (CPA), tegafur, cis-Blastin v mitomycin-C (MMC) cha tr ung th, gia tng kh nng sng cn ca cc bnh nhn ung th d dy cc giai on III v IV (Kaibara et al, 1970). PSK kch ng s biu hin cytokine trong cc t bo mu n nhn vng ngoi vi in vitro. S biu hin gen TNF- (yu tgy hoi t khi u) v interleukin-8 (IL-8) c cm ng mnh nhng ngi tnh nguyn kho mnh v nhng bnh nhn ung th d dy khi dng PSK, mc d p ng ca mi ngi mi khc. C tc dng ngn chn s pht trin khi u in vitro. PSK gia tng kh nng sng cn, c ch s hnh thnh v di cn ca cc tc nhn gy ung th hoc cc khi u to ra do phng x. PSK cng c ch s pht trin tr li sau hu phu hoc s di cn cc t bo khi u cc mu ng vt th nghim, c ch c l l ngn chn s di chuyn, s xm nhp, s gn kt vi cc t bo mng trong v s pht trin. Cc kt qunghin cu cng cho thy tc ng h tr hiu qu gia PSK v liu php sinh hc gm vaccin L1210 gn vi concanavalin A (lectin gy phn bo) v khng th n dng chng li cc t bo ung th rut kt.Th nghim ca Pang ZJ v CS chng minh PSK ci thin hot tnh enzyme glutathione peroxidase thng qua s cm ng dch m s biu hin ca mRNA. PSK biu hin hot tnh khng virus v c th c hiu qu khng s nhim HIV bng cch bin i receptor virus hoc bng cch ngn chn n kt hp vi tbo bch huyt. Mt c ch khc gii thch tnh khng virus ca PSK l n kch thch s sn xut interferon, IL-1 t bo ngi. PSK cng c tnh khng sinh mnh, hiu qutrn Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Psedomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans v vi loi vi trng khc gy bnh ngi. 2.3.2. PSP (polysaccharide-peptide) 2.3.2.1. Cu to PSP c ly trch t h si nm Vn chi chng COV-1. Trong thnh phn cu to c khong 90% polysaccharide v 10% peptide. Thnh phn chui polypeptide c trong PSP tng t nh trong chui proteoglycan PSK, rt giu aspartic acid v glutamic acid. Tuy nhin PSP khc PSK v thnh phn cc ng n trong chui polysaccharide, PSP thiu fucose nhng li c arabinose v rhamnose. Chui polysaccharide l cc -glucan tht s: phng php sc k kh v khi ph chng minh lin kt chnh trong chui l 1-4, 1-2, v 1-3 glucose cng vi mt lng nh cc lin kt 1-3, 1-4 v 1-6 galactose; 1-3 v 1-6 mannose; 1-3, 1-4 arabinose, trong cng thy xut hin vi lin kt . Trng lng phn t ca PSP khong 100 kDa. 2.3.2.2. Dc tnh Cc nghin cu v dc l chng minh rng PSP nh hng mnh m n sc khe v nng lng, c xem l loi cht cm ng iu ho sinh hc mi. PSP khng gy hi i vi cc t bo bnh thng. PSP c kh nng phn bit gia t bo thng v t bo ung th. C th tiu dit t bo ung th m khng gy bt c s thay i hay to c t trn t bo (Mei-po Yang, Hongkong university). T l phn trm bnh nhn tri qua th nghim hiu qu ca PSP trong cc giai on II v III cho thy t l sng cn gia tng ng k so vi nhm i chng: 90 97 % i vi ung th d dy, 82 87 % i vi ung th thc qun, 70 86 % i vi ung th phi. PSP l cht y tim nng v hiu qu trong iu tr ung th. PSP gia tng chc nng min dch ca c th bnh thng. Tng s biu hin ca gen Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trong cc t bo lympho mu ngoi vi (PBL) ngi v do sn xut ra IL-6 v cng hot ho t bo bch cu gia tng qu trnh sn xut interferon v ln gp 2 4 ln. Gia tng mnh m ch s thc bo, tr s HC50, khng th chut, tng PBL t phase G1 n phase S, thc y s pht sinh PBL. Thc y s pht sinh t bo lympho T v t bo tin t bo T tuyn c v lch, tng cng hot tnh t bo lympho B. PSP trung ho qu trnh c ch min dch do khi u gy ra ng vt. Lm ngng qu trnh tiu bin ca tuyn c chut mang bnh Sarcoma. Trung ho s trng phng ca gan khi mc bnh ung th c trng Ehrlich. Chng li qu trnh c ch khng th ca t bo ung th Sarcoma chut. Tng gi tr b th huyt thanh C3 trong chut mc bnh Sarcoma. PSP trung ho qu trnh c ch min dch do tc dng ca cc ho dc trong iu tr ung th. c ch qu trnh tiu bin t bo bch cu do cyclophosphamine (CPA) gy ra v rt ngn thi gian phc hi t bo bch cu. Chng li qu trnh c ch ca CPA trn IL-2 v t bo T t st thng. Phc hi li phn ng mn cm loi chm b c ch bi CPA. Dng kt hp vi cc phng php ho tr v x tr s lm gim cc tc dng ph ca ho dc v c hiu qu cao hn. PSP c ch s pht trin ca t bo ung th ngi v ng vt th nghim. PSP (50 mg/kg, ip hoc po) c th c ch s pht trin ca Sarcoma 180 chut. PSP (100 g/ml) c th c ch qu trnh tng hp nucleic acid ca t bo ung th c trng Ehrlich. c ch s pht trin t bo ung th bch cu P388, t bo u ty, t bo ung th gan, t bo ung th phi Lewis chut. N c th c ch s pht trin ca t bo ung Th d dy, ung th tuyn phi n gi, ung th t bo bch cu n nhn to, ung th m bch huyt da. N cng gy ra s tiu bin t bo ung th v s tch t NST m khng to ra bt k c t no trn t bo fibroblast hay t bo ch (Liang-Zhong Xu, Bao-zhen Zhong, 2003). Huyt thanh bch cu (ALS) c th c trung ho. Hot tnh khng khi u ca PSP c lin quan vi s gia tng t bo lympho T. Tng s sn xut cc hp cht nit trung gian, anion superoxide v yu t gy hoi t ung th. Mt s hiu qu khc ca PSP. Ci thin s thm n ca chut khi dng kt hp vi CPA. Gim phn ng au ca ng vt khi chu cc tc nhn kch thch nh in, acid acetic, nc nng. c ch h thn kinh trung ng v gim hot tnh t pht ca chut. Tng kh nng chu ng trong iu kin thiu oxy i vi chut th nghim. Biu hin kh nng c ch s tng tc gia HIV-1 gp120 v lm bt ng th th CD4 (IC50=6,25g/ml), c ch enzyme glycohydralase gn vi s glycosic virus v lm gim c t t bo. Do hng sp ti PSP s c nghin cu to thnh tc nhn khng virus in vivo.- Ngoi ra, PSP cn c ng dng trong cha tr cc bnh vim nhim virus v bnh gan. 2.3.3. So snh gia PSK v PSP PSP v PSK l chui proteoglycan, c trng lng phn t khong 100 kDa, thnh phn polysaccharide u khng c N-acetylamino-hexose trong khi tt c chui polysaccharide khc c. PSP v PSK u c xem l nhng cht gy bin i cc p ng sinh hc c kh nng tr ung th v lm tng min dch, nhng nhng nghin cu v th nghim lm sn cho thy PSP v PSK c mt s khc bit. Bng 2 : So snh gia PSK v PSPc im so snhGing nhauKhc nhau

Chng loi

Vn chi Trametes versicolorPSP: chng COV-1 tTrung Quc. PSK: CM-101 tNht.

Dng dc phm

PSP: dng vin PSK: dng gi

Mu bt Nu

PSP: nu PSK: nu m

K thut ln men

Ngun carbon chnh l glucose ln men 25o C, 3 ngy hoc 26o C, pH = 5 7PSP: ngun nit t bt u nnh PSK: ngun nit t pepton v cao nm men. Thi gian ln men ca PSP (64 gi) nhanh gp 3 ln PSK.

Phng php chit Chit bng nc nng.PSP: ta bng cn. PSK: s dng phng php mui ho vi (NH4)2SO4 ta

Phn ng

Galactose,glucose, mannose, xylose

PSP: arabinose, rhmanose PSK: fucose

Dc tnhNgn chn s tng hp acid nucleic ca t bo Ehrlich ascitic v s pht trin ca t bo ung th Sarcoma-180, bch cu P388

PSP: t l ngn chn trn P388 l 90 96 % (1mg/kg). PSK: c t l l 61 90 % (1mg/kg) PSP: t l c ch s tng hp RNA, DNA ca t bo Ehrlich l 47%, 65%. PSK: 39%, 34%.

- Phc hi li phn ng mn cm b c ch bi cc dc cht ho hc v bo tn lng bch cu.Mc ngn chn ca PSP, i vi b Sarcoma trn chut l 43%, PSK28%.

Gia tng hot tnh i thc bo, hm lng globulin min dch, b th C3, khng th HC50, v IL-2 t bo lympho-T

PSP c th lm tng hm lng - v -ITF to bi t bo bch cu gp 2 4 ln.

c tnhLD50>20g/kd, khng c, khng lm xut hin cc d hnh, khng nh hng n sinh sn.PSP c th to ra phn ng c bng cch tp hp nhim sc thca cc t bo ung th phi nhng khng c trn chut bnh thng.

Tc dng tr liuLm gim c v phn ng ph ca ho tr v x tr, tng chc nng min dch, tng hiu qu cha tr, ko di tui th v tng cht lng cuc sng.

PSP lm tng s thm n, lm gim au.

2.4. Tc dng ca nm Vn ChiNm Vn chi c tc dng tng cng sc khng ca c th nn c th c s dng iu tr rt nhiu loi bnh. Tc dng iu tr ung th: T nm 1970, Nht bn PSK t nm Vn chi c chng minh c kh nng ko di thi gian sng thm 5 nm hoc hn cho cc bnh nhn ung th thuc nhiu th loi: ung th d dy, ung th i trng, ung th vm hng, ung th thc qun, ung th phi v ung th v (P.M.Kidd, 2000). Cn PSP c s dng iu tr ung th giai on 2 v 3 Trung Quc t lu. Polysaccharid ny cng c tc dng ko di thm thi gian sng t nht l 5 nm cho cc bnh nhn ung th thc qun. PSP cng c tc dng ci thin sc khe, gip gim au v tng cng kh nng min dch 70 97 % cc bnh nhn ung th d dy, thc qun, ung th phi, ung th bung trng v c t cung (P.M.Kidd, 2000). Nghin cu thc hin bi Tsang v cng s trn 34 bnh nhn ung th phi giai on tin trin cho kt qu l sau 28 ngy iu tr bng PSP, s lng t bo mu, hm lng cc khng th ca nhng ngi c iu tr u tng cao hn so vi nhng ngi khng c iu tr (K.W.Tsang et al., 2003). c bit nhng ngi c iu tr, s tin trin ca bnh c lm chm li mt cch ng k. Kt qu nghin cu do nhm ca tin s Kenyon trung tm nghin cu iu tr lm sng Dove (Winchester, London) trn 30 bnh nhn ung th thuc nhiu dng khc nhau ch ra rng iu tr bng bt nghin t sinh khi nm Vn chi lm gim mnh m hot tnh ca enzym telomerase (mt enzym thit yu gip cc t bo ung th chng li qu trnh t cht), ng thi tng cng ng k cc phn ng min dch chng li cc khi u. V vy, nghin cu cho thy iu tr bng nm Vn chi c bit vn c tc dng vi cc trng hp ung th giai on 3 v 4, khi m cc liu php ho hc v phng x khng cn tc dng.Bn cht, c ch tc ng ca cc hot cht trong nm Vn chi i vi ung th hin vn ang c rt nhiu nh khoa hc trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau (ha sinh, min dch, y hc, dc hc) quan tm nghin cu v ngy cng nhiu cc pht hin mi c cng b.

PSK v iu tr mt s bnh ung th: PSK v ung th d dy: Ung th d dy l loi bnh gy t vong kh cao ti Nht, do phn ln cc th nghim v PSK l tr ung th bao d dy. T 1970 , Kai bara v cc cng s vin ti H Kuyshu Fukuoka (Nht) thm PSK vo tin trnh ha - cht tr liu ung th ca h (Jpn J Surgery 1976;6:54-59). thu ngn c thi gian th nghim BS Kaibara chn cc bnh nhn vo giai on 4 (invasion and metastasis), l giai on bnh nhn kh sng thm c 2 nm. Sau khi gii phu, dng Mytomycin C, bnh nhn c tr thm bng 5-Fluouracil, v thm 3g PSK mi ngy.. phng thc ny c tm gi l chemoimmuno therapy Kt qu cho thy thi gian sinh tn ko di thm r rt: 34% so vi 11% nhm i chng. Nhng kt qu ny sau c BS Fujimoto lp li ti H Chiba (1979) trn 230 bnh nhn (Jpn J Surgery 1979;3:190-196). BS Hattori ti H Hiroshima, th trn 110 bnh nhn, phi hp ha cht tr liu, gii phu v PSK tm thy.. thi gian sinh tn ca bnh nhn tng thm c 3 nm. Trong cc th nghim sau t 1982 (BS Komada trn 450 bnh nhn), 1985 (BS Kondo v Torisu trn 144 bnh nhn ung th giai on 3), 1986 (BS Mitomi v Ogoshi trn 168 bnh nhn ung th giai-on 1-4) v 1988 (BS Nimoto trn 579 bnh nhn) u ghi nhn c nhng kt qu ko di thi gian sinh tn c trn 5 nm. Trong thp nin 90 cc th nghim c tip tc, tun theo cc phng thc thng k ca Ty-Y v nm 1994, tp san The Lancet s 343:1122-26 cng b kt qu rt nghim tc v vic dng PSK tr ung th d dy ca nhm nghin cu Immunochemotherapy ti Nht, ghi nhn PSK tht s gip tng c thi gian sinh tn thm t nht l 5 nm ni nhng bnh nhn ung th bao t v im c bit nht l cc bnh nhn u khng b cc phn ng ph ca Chemotherapy.

- PSK v ung th rut gi: Sau khi vai tr tr liu ca PSK c xc nhn ni bnh ung th d dy; PSK c th nghim tr cc trng hp ung th rut gi Trong mt nghin cu ko di 8 nm, 111 bnh nhn ung th rut gi (giai-on 3 v 4, giai-on Dukes, C) c chia thnh 2 nhm, cho dng PSK hoc placebo 3g/ngy trong 2 thng, sau khi gii-phu, ri gim xung 2g/ ngy trong 24 thng, sau 1g/ngy: Kt qu cho thy PSK gip ci thin thi gian sinh tn n 8 nm (40% so vi 25%) (Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy No 31-1990). Mt nghin cu khc, thc hin ti 35 bnh vin Nht, t thng 3 nm 1985 n thng 2 nm 1987 trn 462 bnh nhn cng cho thy nhng bnh nhn dng thm PSK ko di c thi gian sinh tn t 3-5 nm (Dis Colon Rectum No 35 Feb 1992).

- PSK v ung th thc qun: Dng quang tuyn tr liu trc v sau khi gii phu c th gip ko di thm thi gian sng cho cc bnh nhn ung th thc qun. Nm 1980 BS Okudaira th dng PSK trn 133 bnh nhn v ghi nhn PSK c th gip bnh nhn sng thm c t 1 n 2 nm. Mt th nghim khc, cng b trn Cancer Investigation No 13-1995 cho thy trn 158 bnh nhn PSK c nhng tc dng lm gim h cc yu t c ch min nhim (immuno-suppressive nh alpha-1-anti chymotrypsin=ACT, sialic acid.. v c th nh gip tng thm c thi gian sinh tn cho cc bnh nhn c gii phu.

- PSK v vi loi ung th khc: Ngoi nhng dng ung th trn, PSK cn c th nghim gip iu tr nhng trng hp ung th thanh-qun ti Taiwan nm 1992 (J Int Med Res N0 17-1989) , ung th phi ti H Y Khoa Gunma (Nht), 1977; ung th gan ti H Y Khoa Okayama, 1994; ung th bng quan ti H Kyoto, 1992 v ung th v ti cc H Kyushu 1984, Gunma 1995. (Th trn 227 bnh nhn theo di trong 10 nm vi kt qu 81.1 % tng c thi gian sinh tn trn 5 nm). Tt c u cho nhng kt qu rt khch l.

PSK tuy khng phi l mt thuc c tr ung th, nhng tht s c tc dng ci thin c thi gian sinh tn, ko di thm thi gian sng thm n 5 nm trong mt s dng ung th v c nhng trng hp n c 15 nm. Ni mt s bnh nhn b ung th v loi HLA B40 dng tnh, hay trong cc trng hp suy nhc min nhim, hay c mc Act, Sialic acid cao..PSK c bit hu hiu..PSK cn gip bo v c s ton vn cho h Min nhim trc cc cht c khi dng phng php ha cht tr liu.

Tc dng chng virus HIV: Nm 1997, R.A. Collins v Ng.T.B. (1997) thuc i hc Hng Kng cng b kt qu nghin cu v tc dng chng li virus HIV typ 1 ca cc polysaccharid t nm Vn chi . Ngay sau , nhiu nh nghin cu khc tin hnh cc th nghim s dng nm Vn chi trong iu tr bnh nhn AIDS. Tiu biu phi k n l nghin cu ca Marijke Pfeiffer trn mt nhm bnh nhn HIV dng tnh ( M.Pfeiffer, 2001). Cc bnh nhn ny c iu tr bng Coriolus MRL, mt dc phm ch xut t nm Vn chi, kt hp vi liu php chm cu v dng tho dc; mt s c dng thm HAART, mt loi thuc chng AIDS. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy sau 3-4 thng iu tr, sc khe ca cc bnh nhn u c ci thin, biu hin nh tng cn, cm thy khe khon hn, gii ta c ch tm l. c bit s lng virus trong c th h u gim mt cch ng kinh ngc (t vi chc nghn xung vi nghn) v s lng cc t bo trnh din khng th CD-4 u tng. Sau thi gian iu tr cc bnh nhn u khi hoc thuyn gim hn cc triu chng h qu ca AIDS nh a chy, vim ph qun, au tim, vim dy thn kinh, nhim khun, nhim nm, vvMt s c th ngng khng cn iu tr vi HAART v c th quay li vi cuc sng bnh thng, chi th thao, lm vic tr li, M. Pfeiffer (2001) xy dng mt phc iu tr kh hiu qu cho cc bnh nhn HIV dng tnh. Mt nghin cu ng lu khc do nhm ca G. Rotolo (1999) thc hin cng chng minh tc dng iu tr cc biu hin th cp trong s pht trin bnh cc bnh nhn AIDS . Cc bnh nhn u trn 35 tui, HIV dng tnh, c iu tr b sung bng ch phm t nm Vn chi. Kt qu cho thy sau 15 ngy iu tr vi hm lng ch phm s dng l 3g/ngy, s lng cc t bo bch cu trong c th cc bnh nhn u tng ln khong 27% so vi cc trng hp khng c iu tr, v con s ny gim xung cn 14,1 % nu lng ch phm s dng cho iu tr c gim i mt na. Sau 45 ngy iu tr kt hp c hai ch , s lng bch cu trong c th cc bnh nhn tng 45,2%. T cc kt qu ny tc gi khuyn co vic s dng ch phm t nm Vn chi nh mt liu php chng bnh AIDS v ngh nghin cu su hn v bn cht tc dng ca nm i vi s tng s lng bch cu. Hin nay cc nghin cu v tc dng ca nm Vn chi trong phng chng virus HIV v bnh AIDS vn ang tip tc din ra mnh m. Cc nh khoa hc ch yu tp trung vo cc c ch tc ng ca cc hot cht trong nm t xut nhng phng php iu tr thch hp. Nm Vn chi r rng l mt loi nm dc liu c nhiu c tnh dc l u vit v rt ng quan tm. Tim nng s dng nm Vn chi trong iu tr lm sng, c bit vi cc bnh him ngho nh ung th, AIDS l rt ln v cn c i su khai thc. Mt iu ng lu l vic nui trng v sn xut dc liu t nm ny khng h tn km , rt ph hp vi iu kin ca cc nc ang pht trin, trong khi y li l mt loi nm c hiu qu y dc cao. V vy, vic pht trin sn xut dc phm t nm Vn chi c ngha kinh t - x hi, gp phn bo v v nng cao sc khe cng ng, ng thi m ra mt hng i mi cho cc ngnh Cng nghip dc phm v Cng ngh sinh hc. Tc dng tng cng min dch: Tc dng dc l ca nm Vn chi ch yu da trn nn tng l kh nng lm tng cng chc nng min dch ca c th, nh hot tnh ca cc hp cht cha trong nm. Trn th gii c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v nh hng ca nm Vn chi ln kh nng min dch ca c th ngi v tt c cc cng trnh u c kt qu khng nh tc dng tng cng min dch ca nm ny. Theo cc kt qu nghin cu, trong nm c cha cc hp cht polysaccharid lin kt vi protein vi rt nhiu u im dc l v chnh cc polysaccharid ny quyt nh tc dng tng cng min dch ca nm. Cc hp cht ny gm hai loi chnh: PSP (polysaccharide peptide) v PSK (polysaccharide krestin). PSK v PSP c cu trc ho hc cng nh cc tnh cht kh tng ng. Chng u l nhng hn hp ca cc chui ng lin kt vi mt s protein. C hai u c trng lng phn t khong 100 kDa v cc chui polypeptid trong phn t ca chng u cha mt s lng ln cc acid amin aspartic v glutamic. Cc polysaccharid ny c kh nng chng chu vi tc dng ca cc enzym thu phn protein.Tc dng chung ca PSP v PSK l hot ha, tng cng s sn sinh v bo v cc t bo ca h min dch. Cc th nghim trn c th ng vt ch ra rng PSP c hot tnh rt a dng. Hp cht ny cm ng, kch thch lm tng s sn xut cc interferon, interleukin v cc TNF (yu t hoi t u), qua thc y s sn xut cc t bo Lymphocyte, ng thi hot ha cc i thc. Cc i thc bo v t bo Lymphocyte l h ai loai t bo min dch chnh c tc dng chng li cc tc nhn gy c xm nhp t ngoi vo v tiu dit cc t bo l - cc t bo ung th. Bn cnh , PSP cn c tc dng iu ha hot ng ca cc cytokine, y l thnh phn mu cht trong qu trnh t cht, rt quan trng ngn nga s hnh thnh v pht trin cc khi u. PSK v PSP cn c tc dng lm tng c tnh v s lng ca cc t bo git t nhin i vi cc t bo l. Nghin cu thc hin bi Munroe v cng s cho thy s lng cc t bo git t nhin trong c th 36 bnh nhn suy gim min dch tng 35% khi h c iu tr bng polysaccharid chit t nm Vn chi (Munroe, 2004). Mt tc dng khc ca cc polysaccharid ny l kh nng tng cng hot tnh v s sn xut (thng qua cm ng sao m) cc enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) (W.S.Wei et al., 1996;Y.Kobayashi et al., 1994) v glutathione peroxidase (Z.J.Pang et al., 2000). Cc enzym ny ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic chng li tc ng gy hi ca cc tc nhn oxy ho t do, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ch yu gy ung th. Trn c s cc tc dng trn, PSK v PSP gip tng cng sc khng ca c th ni chung, gip chng li nh hng kim ch min dch ca cc liu php ha tr v x tr,gip kim ch tc hi v km hm s pht trin cc khi u, ng thi cng gip tng cng chc nng ca gan, tng cm gic ngon ming, iu ho h thn kinh v lm gim au cc vt thng. c bit ng lu l tc dng chng ung th ca PSK v PSP. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng PSK v PSP c tc dng vi nhiu loi t bo ung th nh cc t bo ung th biu m, cc sarcoma v cc t bo ung th mu. Nghin cu ca Hsieh v cng s ch ra rng PSP tc ng ln pha G trong chu k phn bo ca cc t bo ung th mu, qua cm ng qu trnh t cht (apoptosis). Mt nghin cu khc (Y.Dong et al., 1997) li cho thy cc polysaccharid ny c kh nng c ch s tng hp ADN cc t bo ung th v v km hm s nhn ln hng lot ca cc t bo ung th gan. PSK v PSP khng c tc dng trc tip gy hi cho cc t bo ung th m gin tip thng qua cc tc dng tng cng min dch nh nu trn, c th l hot ha cc t bo min dch v tng cng hot ng ca cc enzym chng cc tc nhn oxy ha. Gn y PSP cn c chng minh l c tc dng chng li s xm nhim ca virus HIV type 1 (R.A.Collins v Ng.T.B, 1997). Polysaccharid ny c tc dng ngn cn lin kt gia protein HIV-1 gp ca virus v th th CD4 t ngn chn s xm nhp ca virus vo t bo min dch, ng thi cn c tc dng c ch cc enzym HIV-1 reverse transcriptase v glycohydrolase cn thit cho s to thnh virus. V vy PSP c ngh nh mt liu php hu hiu chng li HIV type 1. Cc polysaccharid ca nm Vn chi c bn cao vi nhit v nh sng, tn ti lu trong c th, v c bit cha c pht hin c tc dng ph g, c i vi ph n mang thai, v vy rt thch hp cho nhiu liu php iu tr (P.M.Kidd, 2000). Chng c th c tch chit t qu th hoc si nm Vn chi bng phng php dng nc nng. Bn cnh cc polysaccharid l cc thnh phn chnh quyt nh tc dng dc l ca nm Vn chi, trong nm cn cha nhiu loi enzym nh SOD, cytochrome P-450, mt thnh phn quan trng trong vic kh c cc cht c nhp vo t bo, v cc cht trao i bc hai c tc dng c ch thrombin, chng qu trnh ng t mu. 2.5. Quy trnh nui trng nm Vn chi2.5.1. Chn dng v gi ging

S 2: Quy trnh phn lp gingC nhiu cch phn lp nm to ging gc nhng hiu qu nht l phn lp t qu th. V y l phng php nhn ging v tnh. Trong khi tch h si nm th khng r c ng l nm cn phn lp hay nm mc hoc nm di khc. Cn dng bo t nm cng khng n gin v y l giai on sinh sn hu tnh, nn nm hnh thnh c th thay i c tnh. Ngoi ra, phng php phn lp t qu th hn ch c hin tng b ln hay nhim tp cc loi vi sinh vt khc v s dng trc tip cc m tht nm. Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l chn tai nm in hnh v giai on trng thnh, d nh gi cht lng ging. M tht nm tch nhng v tr kn o, t tip xc vi cc ngun bnh nht. Mi trng phn lp thng l mi trng dinh dng bao gm ba thnh phn c bn. ng: glucose hay saccharose vi liu lng 2 3 %. Thch: 2%. Cht b sung: nc chit (ly t cc ngun t nhin nh khoai ty, nc gi, carot) v ha cht (ch yu gm cc khong N, P, K, Mg). Khi c c ging thun, cy si nm t mi trng phn lp vo ng nghim cha mi trng thch nghing gi ging. Mi trng gi ging c th ging mi trng phn lp. Khi gi ging, bo qun ng nghim trong t lnh nhit 4 10oC v mi thng cy li mt ln. cc c quan gi ging cp nh nc cc ging nm phi c gi trong nit lng (-195o C) hoc dng phng php ng kh hay cc phng php khc bo qun lu di v gi n nh c hot cht tng ging. 2.5.2. Quy trnh nhn ging cp mt v cp hai Ging cp mt: l cc ng thch nghing c cy t cc ng nm phn lp, thun khit v c cy truyn sang nhiu ng lm giu lng ging thun. Ging cp hai: l ging c cy h si t mi trng cp mt vo trong cc chai thu tinh hay cc ti cht do c ming l ng nha c nt bng nt bng m. Ging cp hai c th ch to bng nhiu cng thc khc nhau. Tt c u l mi trng xp vi nguyn liu chnh l ng cc, cm, mn ca v c th b sung mt s cht dinh dng khc. Bo qun ging cp hai c thc hin nhit phng (29 2oC). 2.5.3. Quy trnh nui trng ra qu th Gi th nui trng nm rt a dng: mn ca, g khc hay cc ngun ph phm nng nghip nh ci bp, b ma, rm r

S 3: Quy trnh nui trng nm a) Quy trnh nui trng trn g khc Cy g cht h, b cnh, ca thnh khc 80 120 cm, mt ct qut vi, cht ng khong 1 thng. Sau tin hnh cc bc sau: Cy ging Ging sn xut l ging hn hp mn ca, cm, bt bnh du, ht ng cc Dng ba hoc khoan t nhng hng l so le, ng knh 1 1,5 cm dc theo khc g, cch nhau 5 cm, su 3 5 cm. Gieo meo ging cho y l cy, sau y li bng chnh ming g c t li ra. Dn giy parafin hoc nh sp ln bao bc kn l cy. Thao tc t l cy v gieo meo ging nn lm k tip nhau v nhanh trnh nhim tp. Nui g Sau khi gieo meo ging, g c iu kin: m 75 85 %, nhit khong 25 30oC. Sau 15 20 ngy, kim tra s lan ta ca si nm v chuyn sang trong t vi ct. Ti phun gi m trong khong 30 ngy. Ch c linh chi mi vi t, cn Vn chi v mt s nm khc ngi ta em vo nh ti tip tc ti phun cho n khi xut hin qu th. Cc khc g c ca thnh on 15 20 cm (c th kim tra thy h si nm lan trng mt g). Vi cm cc khc g xung nn t lm k v kh trng dit mi mt, su b, Bn trn lm thnh mi vm che ma nng v nh sng trc x. Ngi ta thng vi cc khc g nh ln c 5 7 cm. Ti phun sng gi m khng kh 80 95% v thng thong. Sau 15 20 ngy s c s xut hin mm qu th, tip tc ti phun v chm sc cn thn v giai on ny nm rt hay b su. b) Quy trnh nui trng trn gi th tng hp - Phi trn c cht Tn dng cc loi ph liu nng nghip (ci bp, rm r, mn ca c xay nhuyn). T l mn ca kh nn t 30 60%, phn cn li dng rm r bm nh, tru, b tr kh, v ht bng, v qu u phng, cnh thn cy nh X l hn hp c cht ny vi nc vi 1,5%. Ngun dinh dng b sung quan trng l cc loi cm ng cc, t l nn phi trn khong 15 20%. Nn cho thm (NH4)2SO4(0,5%), superphosphate (1 1,5%) v MgSO4.7H2O (0,05%). m sau cng t 65 70%. Kh trng gi thSau khi nhi c cht tng hp vo ti PP hay chai PP vi lng khong 0,5 1,5 kg, tin hnh hp kh trng gi th. Kh trng k: 2 gi trong ni autoclave hoc bng hi nc nng 121o C/2 4 gi. Sau ly ra ngui. Cy ging Cy ging vo gia khi c cht (khong 3 5% khi lng ging so vi c cht). Nui trong bung ti, 25 30o C, sau 25 35 ngy h si s lan hu khp gi th. Ti n nm H si bt u bn kt sau 25 30 ngy. Ti thi im ny, cn chuyn ti (chai) vo nh trng c nh sng khuch tn nh, nhit h thp 21o C 3o C. C thvi t, treo, xp trn gin k, m nt ti cho mm nm vn ra d dng. Duy tr m phng nui cy 80 90%. Thng thong phng nui cho qu th ln. Tu theo loi nm m thi gian thu hoch thay i t 35 45 ngy n vi thng. Sau cng s tin hnh thu hoch qu th v ch bin bo qun. 2.5.4. Quy trnh nui trng thu sinh khi Ngoi cng ngh nui trng trn gi th tng hp hay trn g khc, ngi ta cn tin hnh thu sinh khi nm trong cc ni ln men. Hin nay nhiu x nghip dc phm sn xut sinh khi nm Vn chi theo phng php ln men chm trong cc ni ln men vi cc thng s k thut sau: Mi trng s dng: bt kh du u tng (1%), glucose (3%), bt nm men kh (0,2%), (NH4)2SO4(0,25%), MgSO4(0,05%), KH2PO4(0,1%), du u tng kh bt (0,2%) Lng mi trng trong ni ln men: 60 70% pH trc kh trng: 6,0 Lng cy ging vo: 0,5% p sut ni ln men: 0,5 kg/cm Nhit nui cy: 26 28oC Tc khuy: 180 rpm Ch thi kh v trng: 1:0,3 1:0,5 (V/V.min) Thi gian ln men: khong 48 gi

PHN III. KT LUN Ngy nay xu hng s dng cc tho dc thin nhin tr bnh tr nnph bin, vic tm kim nhng kh nng cha tr t cc loi tho dc c tinhnh nhiu ni trn th gii: Nht Bn, Trung Quc, i Loan, Malaysia, ThiLan, .Trong , nm Vn chi l i tng nghin cu ca nhiu quc gia. c bitl cc nc vng Chu , v n c nhiu tim nng v ngun dc liu. Nghin cu cho thy trong nm Vn chi c cha cc hp cht PSP v PSK vi rt nhiu cng dng. PSK v PSP c trong nm Vn chi gip: Tng cng sc khng ca c th ni chung . Gip chng li nh hng kim ch min dch ca cc liu php ha tr v x tr. Gip kim ch tc hi v km hm s pht trin cc khi u, iu tr HIV Do nm Vn chi l i tng quan trng cn c nghin cu su v nhn ging hin nay.

Ti liu tham kho1. Ng Anh, 2009, Bi ging Nm hc, Trng i hc khoa hc Hu2. Nguyn Ln Dng, 2002. Cng ngh nui trng nm, tp 1, ti bn ln th nht. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni. 3. Nguyn Ln Dng, 2002. Cng ngh nui trng nm, tp2, ti bn ln th nht. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trametes_versicolor 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide_Peptide 6. http://psp-research.com/psp8.htm 7. http://text.123doc.vn/text-doc/208001-khao-sat-sinh-truong-mot-chung-nam-van-chi-den-trametes-versicolor-co-nguon-goc-tu-trung-quoc.htm8. http://www.tvvn.org/forum/showwiki.php?title=Chapter:N%E1%BA%A5m_V%C3%A2n_Chi_-_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_H%C6%B0ng