tiểu luận ktcc

8/7/2019 Tiu lun KTCC

1/26

nhim mi trng cc lng ngh ca Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

MC LC

I. C s l thuyt ...............................................................................................31.1 Khi nim v c im ca ngoi ng ....................................................3

1.1.1 Khi nim ngoi ng ........................................................................31.1.2 c im ca ngoi ng ...................................................................3

1.2 Ngoi ng tiu cc ..................................................................................31.2.1 S phi hiu qu ca ngoi ng tiu cc ............................................31.2.2 Gii php khc phc ngoi ng tiu cc ..........................................5

II. Thc trng nhim mi trng ti cc lng ngh ca Vit Nam .................82.1 Tnh hnh nhim mi trng ti cc lng ngh Vit Nam ...................8

2.1.1 nhim ngun nc v t ..........................................................102.1.2 Vn nhim khng kh .............................................................132.1.3 Vn nhim ting n .................................................................14

2.2 Tc ng ca nhim mi trng n sc kho con ngi .................152.3 Nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng ti cc lng ngh truyn thngVit Nam ....................................................................................................16

III. Cc gii php hn ch nhim ti cc lng ngh ca Vit Nam ..............183.1 Cc gii php ca chnh ph .................................................................183.2 Cc gii php kin ngh ........................................................................22

M UNgh th cng c t rt sm trong lch s pht trin ca nc Vit Nam.

Ngy nay, nhng lng ngh truyn thng vn l mt b phn khng th tch

ri ca nn kinh t v nn vn ha ca dn tc. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm

gn y, mi trng cc lng ngh nhiu ni ang b nhim ngy cng

nghim trng. nhim mi trng lng ngh khng ch nh hng xu ti

sc khe cu ngi dn trong khu vc m cn gy ra nhng thit hi khng

1


2/26


nh v mt kinh t, x hi. Vn ci thin mi trng lng ngh ang cn

c gp rt gii quyt.

V nhng l do trn, chng em quyt nh la chn ti nghin cu: nhim mi trng cc lng ngh ca Vit Nam, thc trng v gii

php.

Mc ch ca vic nghin cu l lm r thc trng nhim mi trng ti

cc lng ngh Vit Nam v phn tch cc gii php ca chnh ph t

a ra nhng kin ngh nhm ci thin mi trng cc lng ngh. Nghin

cu da trn vic phn tch, tng hp nhng ti liu v vn nhim mi

trng cc lng ngh ca Vit Nam giai on 2001 2010.

Bi tiu lun s c chia thnh 3 phn:

I. C s l thuyt

II. Thc trng nhim mi trng ti cc lng ngh ca Vit Nam

III. Cc gii php hn ch nhim ti cc lng ngh ca Vit Nam

Do trnh v thi gian c hn, bi tiu lun s khng trnh khi nhng

thiu st. Mong c gio gp bi tiu lun ca chng em c hon chnh

hn.

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

2


3/26


NI DUNG

I. C s l thuyt

1.1 Khi nim v c im ca ngoi ng

1.1.1 Khi nim ngoi ng

Khi hnh ng ca mt i tng (c th l c nhn hoc hng) c nh

hng trc tip n phc li ca mt i tng khc, nhng nhng nh

hng li khng c phn nh trong gi c th trng th nh hng

c gi l ngoi ng.

1.1.2 c im ca ngoi ng

Ngoi ng c th do c hot ng sn xut ln tiu dng gy ra;

Trong ngoi ng, vic ai l ngi gy tc hi (hay li ch) cho ai nhiu

khi ch mang tnh tng i; S phn bit gia tnh cht tch cc v tiu cc ca ngoi ng ch l

tng i;

Tt c cc ngoi ng u phi hiu qu, nu xt di quan im x hi.

1.2 Ngoi ng tiu cc

Ngoi ng tiu cc l nhng chi ph p t ln mt i tng th ba(ngoi ngi mua v ngi bn trn th trng) nhng chi ph li khng

c phn nh trong gi c th trng.

1.2.1 S phi hiu qu ca ngoi ng tiu cc

Xt v d: Mt nh my v mt hp tc x (HTX) nh c ang s dng

chung mt ci h, Nh my dng chic h lm ni x thi. Nhng vic c

nhiu cht thi c x xung h li lm cht c, gy nh hng n hot

3


4/26

Li nhun nhmy c thm

Thit hi HTXphi chu thm


ng nh bt thy sn ca hp tc x. Nhng v hot ng ca nh my gy

ra ngoi ng tiu cc cho HTX nh c nn i km vi ng MPC cn c

MEC (chi ph ngoi ng cn bin) na cho bit tng thit hi m HTX phignh chu khi nh my sn xut thm mt n v sn lng. Mc thit hi

ny c gi nh tng dn khi sn xut ca nh my m rng. V th, ng

MEC c chiu i ln ging nh ng MPC.

Hnh trn m t hot ng ca nh my. Trc honh cho bit sn lng

m nh my sn xut ra, trc tung o lng chi ph v li ch m hot ng

ny to ra, tnh bng tin. ng MPC th hin chi ph t nhn bin tc mi

khon chi ph m nh my thc s phi chi ra sn xut thm mt n v

sn lng.

ng chi ph cn bin x hi (MSC) s gm 2 thnh phn: th nht l

chi ph sn xut ca nh my phn nh trn ng MPC; th hai l chi ph

thit hi m HTX phi gnh chu c th hin bng ng MEC. Nh vy

MSC=MPC+MEC

Nu nh nh my ti a ha li nhun, h s sn xut ti im MB=MC.

Nhng v MC m nh my quan tm l MPC nn h sn xut ti im B, ti

MPC=MB. im ny gi l im ti u th trng. Tri li, mc sn

lng ti u theo quan im x hi t ti A, khi MB=MSC. Nh vy, nh

4

MB.MCMSC=MPC+MEC MPC

MEC

A

MB

B

C

E

ba

O Q0++) Q1 Q


5/26


my gy ngoi ng tiu cc sn xut qu nhiu so vi mc sn lng ti

u x hi.

V li ch rng m nh my thu c l khong cch dc gia ng MBv MPC nn tng li nhun tng thm khi nh my duy tr mc sn lng t

Q0 n Q1 l tam gic ABE. Trong khi , HTX s b thit hi do nhim

mi trng nh my thi ra. Vi mi n v sn lng do nh my sn xut,

HTX s chu thit hi mt khon bng MEC. V th, khi sn lng tng t Q0

n Q1 th tng thit hi m HTX phi chu l hnh thang abQ1Q0.

Cng t phn tch trn c th thy rng mc sn lng hiu qu x hi

khng c ngha l mt mc sn lng khng gy nhim; bi l yu cu

nh vy ng ngha vi vic chm dt sn xut. Ci m x hi cn l phi

tm ra mt mc nhim chp nhn c, theo ngha li ch ca sn xut em

li phi b p chi ph m x hi phi gnh chu khi tin hnh sn xut,

trong tnh c n chi ph nhim.

1.2.2 Gii php khc phc ngoi ng tiu cca. Cc gii php t nhn i vi ngoi ng

Quy nh quyn s hu ti sn.

Coase cho rng s xut hin ngoi ng bt ngun t vic thiu mt qui

nh r rng v quyn s hu r rng v quyn s hu i vi ngun lc

c cc bn s dng chng. nh l Coase pht biu rng, nu chi ph m

phn khng ng k th c th a ra c mt gii php hiu qu i vingoi ng bng cch trao quyn s hu i vi ngun lc c s dng

chung cho mt bn no . Kt qu ny khng ph thuc vo vic bn no

c trao quyn s hu.

Trong v d k trn, theo Coase, ci h l ngun lc chung ca nh my

v HTX nh c. V vic s dng ci h ny khng thm chi ph cho bn no

nn c hai u c gng tn dng ti a ci h v li ch ca ring mnh.

5


6/26


Chnh iu ny dn n tnh trng s dng qu mc ngun lc ny. Nu

ci h thuc quyn s hu ca mt trong hai bn th lp tc hin tng

ngoi ng bin mt thng qua qu trnh m phn gia hai bn.Sp nhp

Mt cch gii quyt vn l ni ha ngoi ng bng cch sp nhp

cc bn lin quan vi nhau. Trong v d trn, nu nh my v HTX lin kt

li vi nhau th li nhun ca s lin doanh ny s cao hn tng mc li

nhun n l ca tng bn khi cha lin kt. Khi , lin doanh s phi cn

nhc li ch ca c hai hot ng v dng li mc sn lng ti a x hi,

v l im m li nhun ca lin doanh l ln nht. V mt mt no ,

sp nhp cng l chnh l mt hnh thc p dng nh l Coase. Tuy nhin,

vic sp nhp d dn ti s c quyn khi mt doanh nghip s hu qu

nhiu ngun lc.

Dng d lun x hi

Ngi ta c th s dng d lun hoc tp tc, l thi x hi lm mt cng

c buc c nhn phi lu tm n ngoi ng m mnh gy ra. V d, tr

em c gio dc l khng gy mt v sinh ni cng cng, khng cht cy

b cnh. Vi cc doanh nghip sn xut gy nhim, cc t chc bo v mi

trng c th dng sc p d lun buc cc doanh nghip ny phi ch

trng n vic s dng cng ngh sch nh bng cch vn ng ngi tiu

dng ty chay sn phm gy nhim. Ngy nay, bin php ny t ra kh

hu hiu, gp phn ci thin mi trng sinh thi.

b. Cc gii php ca chnh ph

nh thu

Nguyn nhn khin nh my sn xut khng hiu qu l do gi c cc u

vo m nh my phi tr sn xut khng phn nh ng chi ph x hi

cn bin. V th, mt gii php rt t nhin c nh kinh t hc ngi Anh

A. C. Pigou ngh l nh thu nhim i vi nh my ny. Thu Pigou

6


7/26

MPC

MPC + t


l loi thu nh vo mi n v sn phm u ra ca hng gy nhim, sao

cho n ng bng chi ph ngoi ng ti mc sn lng ti u x hi

Tr cp

Trong iu kin s lng ngi gy nhim l c nh th c th t

c mc sn lng hiu qu bng cch tr cho ngi gy nhim h

gim bt mc gy nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin mi u cch lm ny

c v k quc nhng n hot ng tng t vic nh thu. Gii php ny c

v i ngc li vi quan im chung ca x hi l ngi gy tc hi cho x

hi phi b trng pht ch khng phi c thng. Hn na iu ny s

khuyn khch nhng nh my khc cng n hot ng bn b h c

tr cp. Do gii php ny ch hiu qu khi n c kt hp vi bin php

khc nhm ngn chn nguy c xut hin nhng ngi gy nhim mi.

Cui cng, c tin tr cp chnh ph buc phi tng thu u trong

nn kinh t. Khi thu c gy ra s khng hiu qu nhng ni khc trong

nn kinh t v khng r nhng phi hiu qu do thu gy ra c nh hn nhng

phi hiu qu do ngoi ng gy ra hay khng.

Hnh thnh th trng v nhim

7

MB.MC MSC=MPC+MEC

MEC

A

MB=m

=

B

C

E

ba

O Q0++) Q1 Q


8/26


Nh nu trn, s phi hiu qu gn vi ngoi ng tiu cc l do thiu

mt th trng v nhng ngun lc c s dng chung nh h nc, khng

kh sch iu ny gi ra mt cch khc phc ngoi ng khc ca chnhph l bn giy php gy nhim, hay cn gi l giy php x thi. Theo k

hoch ny, chnh ph s bn giy php x thi cho php cc nh sn xut

c x mt lng ph thi nht nh Z0 (tng ng vi lng ph thi

khi sn xut ti mc Q0). Cc hng s tin hnh u gi mua nhng giy

php ny v hng no tr gi cao nht s c nhn. Mc gi ca nhng giy

php ny s l mc gi m chnh ph mong mun. Mc gi cn bng i vi

cc giy php ny c gi l ph x thi.

Kim sot trc tip bng mc chun thi

Theo cch ny mi hng gy nhim s b yu cu ch gy nhim mt

mc nht nh, gi l mc chun thi nu khng s b ng ca. Cch lm

ny thng khng c hiu qu khi c nhiu hng cng gy nhim, nhng

mi hng c kh nng gim nhim vi mc chi ph khc nhau.

II. Thc trng nhim mi trng ti cc lng ngh ca Vit

Nam

2.1 Tnh hnh nhim mi trng ti cc lng ngh Vit Nam

Lng ngh nc ta tn ti v pht trin t rt lu, y ch yu l

nhng lng ngh th cng. nc ta, lng ngh th cng rt a dng. Hin

trn a bn Thnh ph H Ni c 1.350 lng c ngh vi tng s lao ng

tham gia sn xut l hn 670 nghn ngi. Nm 2010, gi tr sn xut ca

cc lng ngh trn a bn c t 8.663 t ng, chim 8,3% gi tr sn xut

cng nghip trn a bn; mt s tnh c s lng lng ngh ng bao gm:

Thi Bnh c 187 lng, Bc Ninh c 59 lng, Hi Dng c 65 lng, Nam

8


9/26


nh c 90 lng, Thanh Ho c 127 lngCc loi hnh ngnh ngh th

cng cng rt a dng, phong ph nhng ch yu l cc ngnh nh: Sn xut

my, tre an, dt vi, thu ren, sn xut ni tht, sn mi, tranh tngNhng sn phm ca cc lng ngh truyn thng ny to c ch ng

trn th trng c trong v ngoi nc nh gm s Bt Trng, giy Yn Ha,

dt Triu Khc, khm g ng K (Bc Ninh), my, tre an, chiu ci

(Hng Yn, Thi Bnh)... iu ny khuyn khch nhng ngh nhn v nhn

dn gn b vi ngh truyn thng, m rng v pht trin cc lng ngh.

Tuy nhin, lng ngh pht trin, sn xut kinh doanh m rng khin cho

lng cht thi gy nhim pht sinh ngy cng nhiu, tnh trng nhim

mi trng lng ngh ang c xu hng tng trong khi vic qun l mi

trng lng ngh cn nhiu bt cp, chng cho, u t x l cht thi lng

ngh cha c ch trng. Vn ny nh hng khng nh n sc

kho ca ngi dn cng nh mi trng sng v vn pht trin bn

vng.

Tuy cha c c mt nghin cu y v mi trng lng ngh song

theo kt qu quan trc mi trng ti cc lng ngh khu vc H Ni ni

ring cho thy, hin trng nhim mi trng ngy cng tng theo tng

nm. Theo kt qu quan trc nm 2009, c 9/23 lng ngh c t mt n bn

ch tiu quan trc nng kh thi gy nhim vt mc cho php t 1,1 ln

n 3,1 ln. Nm 2010, c 45/46 lng ngh c t mt ch tiu quan trc cht

lng khng kh vt chun cho php t 1,1 ln n 4,3 ln. c bit cc

lng ngh ch bin nng sn thc phm nh bn, min, u ph c ch

tiu hu c quan trc cht lng nc thi vt chun cho php cao nht t

10-14 ln.

iu ng bo ng nht l mc nhim cc lng ngh khng c

chiu hng gim m c xu hng ngy cng tng theo thi gian.

9


10/26


Tu theo lnh vc ngnh ngh kinh doanh m mc nhim (nng, nh) v

loi nhim (mi trng t, nc, khng kh, ting n) cng khc nhau.

Cc ngnh ngh sn xut my, tre an th b nhim khng kh do phi sdng lu hunh sy nguyn liu, vi cc lng ngh sn xut cng nghip

th cht thi ch yu l khi, bi, kh c; cc lng ngh ti ch nha khi

lm sch nguyn liu ngi ta phi thi vo sng h mt lng cht c

nguy him nh thuc tr su, ho cht..gy nhim ngun nc, khng ch

th khi ny chy nguyn liu cn to ra mi rt kh chu.

2.1.1 nhim ngun nc v t

Hin nay, tnh trng ph bin ca cc h, c s sn xut ngh nng thn

l s dng ngay din tch lm ni sn xut. Khi quy m sn xut tng ln

hoc s dng thit b, ho cht lm cho mi trng sng b nhim nng

n, nht l cc lng ngh ti ch ph liu v ch bin thc phm. Cho n

nay, phn ln nc thi ti cc lng ngh c trc tip ra sng h m

khng qua bt k khu x l no. y chnh l nguyn nhn khin cho tnhtrng nhim ngun nc ti cc lng ngh ngy cng ti t hn.

Theo nh mt kho st mi y ca Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh mi

trng (i hc Bch Khoa H Ni) v B Cng ngh cho thy 100% mu

nc thi ti cc lng ngh u cho thng s nhim vt mc tiu chun cho

php. Hu nh ton b h thng nc mt v nc ngm u c du hiu b

nhim.Kho st 40 x H Ni cho thy khong 60% s x b nhim nng

t cc hot ng sn xut. X Hu Ho thuc huyn Thanh Tr c hn 30 h

lm ngh min dong, bnh a vi cng sut t 30 n 40 tn mi ngy,

ton b nc thi t ngm, ty trng bt, cng vi nc thi trong chn nui,

sinh hot hng ngy u c trc tip vo h thng cng rnh ca a

phng, ri ra sng Nhu. Hai x Ph Din v Thng Ct ca huyn T

10


11/26


Lim c ngh sn xut u ph v tnh trng nc thi t sn xut u ph

n nc thi t cc chung ln cng ra h thng cng chung ca x, bc

mi hi v i nhim mi trng. huyn T Lim cn mt s lng ngh snxut bnh ko, mt, mai, ngh lm ni-lon, sn xu nha ti ch, ngh dt

vicng trong tnh trng nc thi t qu trnh sn xut cc sn phm

u thi trc tip vo h thng cng thot nc chung, hay cc ao h ca x

ri ra cc sng.

Vn nhim nc ti cc lng ngh ch bin nng sn thc phm ngy

cng trm trng. Ch bin nng sn thc phm l loi hnh sn xut c nhu

cu ln v s dng nc v ng thi cng thi ra mt lng nc khng

nh. Nc thi ti cc lng ngh ny c c trng l rt giu cht hu c, d

phn hu sinh hc. Phn tch nc thi ca mt s lng ngh cho thy cht

lng mi trng nc y rt ng lo ngi. Cht lng nc ngm ti cc

lng ngh ch bin nng sn thc phm phn ln u c du hiu b nhim

vi hm lng COD, TS, NH4+ trong nc ging cao. Nc ging ca lng

Tn v Ninh Vn nhim vi khun coliform. Nc ging ca lng ngh

sn xut nc mm Hi Thanh (Thanh Ha) hm lng COD ln ti 186

mg/l... Nc thi ny tn ng cng rnh thng b phn hy ym kh gy

nhim khng kh v ngm xung lng t gy nhim mi trng t v

suy gim cht lng nc ngm. Ngi dn nhng ni ny phi mua nc

ngt t ni khc s dng.

Hu ht nc thi ti cc lng ngh Hoi c khng c x l v x

thng vo sng Nhu gy nhim cho vng h lu nh Chng M, Thanh

OaiCht thi rn cng ch c x l n gin ri thu gom chn lp tm

thi. Mt s lng ngh Dc T (ng Anh), x Xun nh (T Lim) cht

thi c thu gom rt th cng, em ch lp cc bi chn lp h, hoc b

t ngay trn cc con lng hoc xung sng. Cng vi l ngun

nc thi ko theo nhiu du m v cc cht ho hc khc khin cho ngun

11


12/26


nc ngm b nh hng nghim trng. Ti nhng x ny hmg lng du

m ln ti 2,2 mg/l so vi tiu chun cho php l 0,3mg/l.

Ti cc lng ngh ti ch giy, vn nhim ch yu l cht rn nh xsi, bt giy trong nc thi cc cng on ngm tm, nu v nghin

nguyn liu cng nh cng on xeo giy. Tnh ring hai lng ngh Dng

v lng Phc Lm mi ngy thi vo ngun nc mt khong 1.450 -

3.000 kg COD v hn 3.000kg bt giy. Lng ngh sn xut giy ti ch Ph

Lm v Phong Kh (Bc Ninh) mi nm sn xut ra 20.000 tn giy sn

phm th cng thi ra 1.500m3 nc thi mi ngy. c bit khi d n cm

cng nghip lng ngh (13ha) ca x Phong Kh (Yn Phong, Bc Ninh)

c khi cng, Phong Kh nhanh chng tr thnh lng cng nghip. Sn

lng giy ca x nhanh chng tng t 4.000 tn/nm ln ti 80.000

tn/nm, t doanh thu gn 200 t ng. Tuy nhin km theo s pht trin

kinh t l nhim mi trng. Do phi thu mua giy ph thi t cc ni nn

Phong Kh tr thnh lng bi rc. Qa trnh ngm, ty bng kim, gia-

ven.. thi trc tip ra mi trng mt lng ho cht c hi m khng qua

x l.

cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi, nh lng ngh ti ch ch ng Mai

(Hng Yn), trn mt t lun l nhng dng nc r st, ho cht chy t

hng ng c-quy v ph liu ng thnh tng lp, mng chy xung cng

v trn ra ng.

Nc thi khng c x l m x trc tip ra ngoi sng ngi, cng rnh

khng nhng gy nhim ngun nc mt m cn thm vo t lm

nhim t cng nh ngun nc ngm. Hm lng cc kim loi nng nh

km, ch trong mch nc ngm (nh hng trc tip n ngun nc

sinh hot ca ngi dn t ging khoan v ging o) v t cc khu vc

xung quanh cc lng ngh cao mt cch bo ng, gy nh hng trc tip

n sc kho ca ngi dn.

12


13/26


2.1.2 Vn nhim khng kh

Vn ng lo ngi nht hin nay bn cnh nhim ngun nc v t

cc lng ngh truyn thng chnh l nhim khng kh.i vi mi trng khng kh, ngun gy nhim c trng nht ca lng

ngh ch bin nng sn thc phm l mi hi thi do s phn hy ca cc

hp cht hu c c trong cht thi rn v nc thi t cc cng rnh, knh

mng. Qu trnh phn gii ym kh cc cht hu c sinh ra cc kh c rt

nh hng n sc khe ngi dn lng ngh. c bit phi k n cc lng

ngh sn xut nc mm, do phi ngoi tri nn mi hi, tanh khp c lng

rt kh chu.

Mt ngun gy nhim khng kh na l bi nguyn liu pht tn trong

khng kh. in hnh ca nhim bi l cc lng ngh sn xut vt liu

xy dng. Bi pht sinh do cc hot ng vn chuyn, ch bin nguyn

nhin vt liu (t, , cao lanh, xi mng) v bi x than, t l khi; kh

thi t cc l nung gm, x, gch ngiHay nh bi tr ti cc lng ngh

ch bin tr hng rt mn v rt d xm nhp vo c th ngi gy nh

hng n ng h hp.

Mt trong nhng im nng v khi bi l ti cc c s sn xut thp, ti

ch ph liu. Bi cc lng ngh ny thng c cha kim loi m ch yu

k -xt st nng ln ti 0,5mg/m3 lm khng kh c mi tanh. Ngoi ra

cc hi c nh Cl, HCN, HCl, CO, NO; cc kh nhim do qu trnh chy

vt liu bm theo ph liu (sn, m, polime) tuy c hm lng nh nhng

cng gy ra nhng nh hng nht nh n sc kho ca ngi dn sinh a

phng v nhng vng xung quanh. Trng hp nhim khng kh in

hnh do khi bi t c s sn xut st thp l lng ngh Chu Kh (T Sn)

vi hn 850 h sn xut, trong c 160 h sn xut ln. Khi, bi t hng

trm l c, cn thp lng ngh ny khng qua bt k h thng x l kh

13


14/26


thi no m c x trc tip vo mi trng lm bu khng kh tr nn oi

nng, ngt ngt, c bit l nhng ngy h nng bc.

Thm vo l bi pht sinh ti cc lng ngh mc trong qu trnh giacng v vn chuyn. Nng bi o c cc lng mc l cao hn rt

nhiu so vi mc cho php; ti lng mc Bch Chu (Vnh Phc) trong

khong 4,8-24,5mg/m3, ti lng mc Minh Tn (Vnh Phc) trong khong

2,5-18,3mg/m3, ti lng ng K (Bc Ninh) chuyn sn xut g trong

khon 1,2-9,8mg/m3. Ngoi ra vic cc gia nh do khng c nh xng

chuyn dng nn ch yu l sn g ngoi tri nn cng pht tn cc dung

mi hu c c hi ra ngoi khng kh.

Mt im ng ch l hu ht cc lng ngh sn xut u l th cng,

mt phn nh l na c gii, nn ch yu s dng than ci. Vi nhu cu

nhin liu rt ln, bi, kh thi sinh ra do t nhin liu than ci l ngun gy

nhim chnh ti mi trng khng kh.

2.1.3 Vn nhim ting nKhng ch c ngun nc, khng kh v t ti cc lng ngh b nhim

nng n, m ti y nhng vn lin quan n ting n, mt dng nhim

m t ngi ti, cng ng quan ngi. nhim ting n xy ra nhiu

cc lng ngh mc v chm khc. Ting n pht sinh t cc my x g, my

ca, my tin, my bo, my phun sn, my chut,... Ti cc v tr ny, ting

n o du vt 85dB, c bit ti khu vc lm vic bn cnh cc my x g,chut, x my song ting n vt 95dB. Do c th l lng ngh nn ni sn

xut v nh lin k nhau, iu ny khng ch lm cho cng nhn m c

nhng ngi hng xmg v gia nh h phi chu ng ting n ln c

nhng lc ngh ngi. C nhiu gia nh mc ting n o c trong phng

khch, phng ng ln ti 78dB, vt qu tiu chun cho php ting n trong

khu dn c (Tiu chun TCXD 175:1990, mc ting n tng ng cho

14


15/26


php l : t 22h-6h: 40dB; t 6h-22h: 55dB). Do khng gian cht hp, khng

c vng m nn ting n m cc c s sn xut ny gy ra cho khu vc

xung quanh l kh cao, ti nhiu v tr trc ca nh, mc ting n ln ti80-82dB. Tuy t c ch nht nhng c th thy y l hnh thc nhim

tim tng nguy him nht vi ngi dn cc lng ngh truyn thng bi

tnh cht kh nhn bit v o c ca n.

2.2 Tc ng ca nhim mi trng n sc kho con ngi

Ti cc lng ngh Vit Nam, ni sn xut an xen vi khu nh , hu

ht dn c lng tham gia vo sn xut nn nguy c nh hng ti sc khe

l rt ln. Do mi trng khng kh, nc ngm, nc mch v t b

nhim nn ngi dn b mc phi cc bnh v ng h hp, au mt, bnh

ngoi da, tiu ha, ph khoa l rt cao. Ngoi ra cn mt s bnh mang tnh

ngh nghip cao nh bi phi, ung th, thn kinh, au lng, au ct sng

Tuy nhin hu ht cc nghin cu ti lng ngh mi ch dng li cc m t

ct ngang (tp trung vo hin trng mi trng v tnh hnh bnh) m chac nhng nghin cu dch t nh gi c mi lin quan ca bnh tt i

vi nhim. Theo cc nghin cu ca Vin bo him lao ng, sc khe dn

c ti lng ngh ti sinh kim loi l c nhiu vn nht. Kt qu iu tra

sc khe ti lng ti sinh ch ng Mai (Hng Yn) cho thy: triu chng v

h hp (tc ngc, kh th) chim 65,6%; suy nhc thn kinh chim 71,8%,

vim khp mn tnh chim 46,9%, t l hng cu gim chim 19,4%, t lHST gim chim 44,8% (kt qu v t l hng cu v HST thng qua xt

nghim mu v ALA niu cho 32 i tng trong lng) v 5 trng hp

nhim c ch (trong c tr em). Ti lng ngh Vn Mn: bnh ng h

hp chim 64.4%, suy ngc thn kinh 54,5%, bnh ngoi da 21,1%. Ti

lng ngh Vn Mai, Bc Ninh: Bnh ng h hp chim 44,4%, bnh da

liu 68,5%, bnh ng rut 58,8%. Trong mt nghin cu ca Vin bo

15


16/26


17/26


nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn tnh trng nhim ti cc lng ngh Vit Nam

hin nay.

u tin l do hot ng ca i a s lng ngh l t pht ti cc vngnng thn. Ngi dn lng ngh vi np ngh ca ngi ch tiu nng

thng quan tm ti li ch thu uc t sn phm m t quan tm ti cc tc

hi do sn xut ngh gy nn. V vy h khng ch trng n bo v mi

trng trong qu trnh sn xut v kinh doanh. Cng do hot ng kinh

doanh ti cc lng ngh l t pht nn vic thng k v bo co v mc

gy nhim ti cc khu vc lng ngh l khng h d dng. Do khng b

kim sot cht ch, nn cc c s sn xut vn tip tc x thi trc tip ra

mi trng.

Th hai l do cc thit b, my mc, cng ngh sn xut mi lng ngh

phn ln cn lc hu, c k, khng ng b. Ti mt s c s sn xut pht

trin, t l nhp nhng thit b cng ngh tin tin sn xut cn rt t, c

n 70% cng ngh th cng, c kh lc hu nn rt d gy nhim.

Th ba l trnh lao ng thp km cc lng ngh cn thp km, a s

khng c o to ti cc trng dy ngh m ch yu l chuyn giao theo

kiu truyn ming, ch dn bng tay nn vn bo h lao ng, bo v mi

trng thng khng hoc rt t c trang b.

Th t l, i khi c nhng c s sn xut bit l c hi nhng do hn

ch v vn (cng nh v mc tiu li nhun) nn khng kh nng trang

b h thng x l nhim (nu c cng ch l cc h thng c k, lc hu,

khng x l c hon ton cc cht nhim).

Thm vo l kh khn trong vic x l nhim lng ngh do quan h

sn xut cc lng ngh thng mang tnh dng tc, hng xm lng ging

nn cc cp qun l, cc c quan chc nng rt kh c th tin hnh cc th

tc x pht vi phm hnh chnh, cng ch...Hn na, thc trng hin nay

17


18/26


cho thy, v mc tiu li nhun ca mnh, cc c s sn xut lng ngh sn

sng np pht hnh chnh tip tc hot ng kinh doanh.

Cui cng l do cng tc qun l mi trng lng ngh cn nhiu bt cp.Lng ngh rt a dng v loi hnh sn xut v quy m pht trin, c nhng

c th ring so vi cc ngnh cng nghip, dch v khc. n nay, hon

ton cha c vn bn quy phm php lut quy nh ring i vi vn bo

v mi trng lng ngh theo tng c th ca n.Cc vn bn hng dn

hin hnh u quy nh chung cho tt c cc loi hnh sn xut kinh doanh,

do p dng c i vi lng ngh nhiu khi khng ph hp hoc kh

p dng. V d nh i vi Ngh nh 81/2006-N-CP v x pht vi phm

hnh chnh trong lnh vc Bo v mi trng. nu p dng ng theo quy

nh ca Ngh nh ny th cc h sn xut ny u phi thuc i tng b

x pht, x l dng thi t quy chun hoc phi ng ca c s sn xut.

Trong khi trn thc t khng c h sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v no trong

lng ngh hin nay sn xut m khng gy nhim mi trng tuy mc

c khc nhau.

III. Cc gii php hn ch nhim ti cc lng ngh ca Vit

Nam

3.1 Cc gii php ca chnh ph

*Trong giai on 2001 2010, cc c quan ca chnh ph ban hnh

hng lot cc vn bn quy phm php lut nhm to hnh lang php l hon

thin cho vic bo v mi trng nng thn ni chung v lng ngh ni

ring. C th nh sau:

Quyt nh s 41/2001/Q-UB v nc sch v v sinh mi trng

nng thn .

18
http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=8999&_eventName_view_detail=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=8999&_eventName_view_detail=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=8999&_eventName_view_detail=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=8999&_eventName_view_detail=


19/26


Quyt nh s 99/2002/Q-TTG thnh lp Ban Ch nhim Chng

trnh mc tiu quc gia Nc sch v V sinh mi trng nng thn

Quyt nh s 62/2004/Q-TTG v tn dng thc hin Chin lcquc gia v cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn.

Quyt nh s 277/2006/Q-TTG v vic ph duyt Chng trnh mc

tiu quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn giai on 2006 -

2010 .

Thng t lin tch s 80/2007/TTLT-BTC-BNN Hng dn ch

qun l, s dng kinh ph ngn sch nh nc chi cho Chng trnh mc tiuquc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn giai on 2006-2010.

Quyt nh s 45/2008/Q-BNN 11/03/2008 quy nh chc nng,

nhim v v c cu t chc ca Trung tm Quc gia Nc sch v V sinh

mi trng nng thn.

Ngh nh s 117/2009/N-CP 31/12/2009 v x l vi phm php lut

trong lnh vc bo v mi trng . LUT THU BO V MI TRNG ngy 29/11/2010

Tuy nhin vn bn php lut c th quy nh x pht i vi nhng vi

phm v nhim mi trng cc lng ngh cn cha r rng. Cc quy

nh mi ch mang tnh cht chung chung, cha gii quyt c c th

nhng vn xy ra cc lng ngh gy kh khn, lng tng vi cc c

quan chc nng a phng trong qu trnh x pht. Hn na vic x pht

cn cha kin quyt ,mc x pht cn thp, khng to c tnh rn e i

vi cc i tng vi phm. Quy nh trch nhim i vi cc Ban ngnh

khng r rng, chng cho nn dn ti hin tng li cho nhau gia cc

c quan qun l khi xy ra cc s c mi trng cc lng ngh.

19
http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=10922&_eventName_view_detail=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=10922&_eventName_view_detail=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=98568&_eventName_view_detail=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=10922&_eventName_view_detail=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=10922&_eventName_view_detail=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/event?_pageid=578,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_portlet_ref=578_33330824_578_1_1&_event_docid=98568&_eventName_view_detail=


20/26


*Mt chnh sch ln ca Chnh ph l yu cu di ri cc h sn xut

trong lng vo cc Cm cng nghip tp trung nm tch ri khu dn c

nhm gim thiu nhim.Ti H Ni, hn ch tnh trng nhim mi trng cc lng ngh,

thnh ph kim tra v k cam kt vi c s sn xut thc hin bo m

mi trng sch. Thnh ph xc nh c 83 c s gy nhim v

khng ph hp vi quy hoch, ng thi ln danh mc nhng nghnh ngh

phi di chuyn ra khi ni thnh m bo an ton cho mi trng. Hin

thnh ph xy dng 18 khu, cm cng nghip (CCN) tp trung, b tr qu

t dch chuyn cc lng ngh vo sn xut. Lng ngh ch bin tinh bt

t sn Dng Liu nhiu nm qua chm trong nhim khng khip nay

c x l bng cng ngh cht thi rn. Hay lng ngh gm s Bt Trng

bt cnh khi bi khi thay th hng trm l than bng l gas tit kim nng

lng Kt qu l nh s kin Qu bo v mi trng ln u tin thm

nhp vo khu vc lng ngh vi vic cho vay li sut u i bt u t nm

2007.

Tuy nhin chnh sch thnh lp cm cng nghip tp trung ca chnh ph

cn gp nhiu kh khn. Ring trong vn tm mt bng rt kh khn,

bi cc h gia nh phi di ri i bi thng t vi gi cao, gy kh khn

v mt ti chnh cho c quan qun l nh trng hp d n im dch v tiu

th cng nghip lng ngh rng 9.000m2 x Tam Hip, D chnh quyn

p dng chnh sch bi thng linh hot, bo m ti a quyn li cho ngi

b thu hi t song mt s h vn bt hp tc. Bn cnh , cc h gia nh

c di ri ra cm cng nghip tp trung ch b tr lm a im giao dch

cn vic sn xut vn tin hnh h gia nh nn hiu qu ca vic di ri l

khng c. Hay ti lng ngh Vn im (huyn Thng Tn) chuyn sn xut

g m ngh, d c gn 200 h sn xut c sp xp ra CCN lng

ngh nhng CCN ny b "bin tng" thnh khu dn c kt hp sn xut

20


21/26


ngh. Hn 80% s h xy dng nh cao tng trong CCN. Thm ch theo ng

Lng Duy Dn Ph Ch tch, Tng Th k Hip hi lng ngh Vit Nam

cho rng, cc cm cng nghip lng ngh hin nay pht trin cha ng vitiu ch ban u m ang b bin dng, ch yu nhm gin dn l chnh.

*Ngoi ra Chnh ph cn khuyn khch vic p dng khoa hc k thut

tin tin vo hot ng sn xut cc lng ngh truyn thng.

H Nam, vi s h tr ca Hp phn kim sot nhim khu vc ng

dn ngho, UBND tnh trin khai xy dng D n xy dng khu x l

nc thi ti lng ngh Nht Tn. ci thin hin trng nhim mi

trng Nht Tn cc nh khoa hc thc hin ng b cc gii php nh

gio dc mi trng, qun l mi trng v cc gii php k thut. Kt hp

ci to ao cha nc thi v xy dng h thng x l nc thi trc khi thi

vo cc ao cha nc, x l bng h t hoi vi vch ngn cch mng dng

hng ln v lc k kh. y l m hnh im nhn rng cho cc a

phng trn a bn ton tnh.

Hoc nh ti Bc Ninh, UBND tnh ng cho S Ti nguyn mi

trng trin khai d n x l kh thi ti 3 lng ngh ti ch kim loi mu.

Gn 77,3 ngn USD l s tin i s qun Nht Bn ti Vit Nam ti tr

xy dng 6 m hnh trnh din x l kh thi 3 lng ngh ca x Vn Mn

(Yn Phong), i Bi (Gia Bnh), Qung B (Lng Ti) vi s h tr k

thut ca Trung tm Khoa hc cng ngh c mi trng thuc Lin minh

hp tc x Vit Nam. V trong qu III nm 2009, h thng x l nc thi

u tin c a vo s dng. c tnh c 28.000 ngi dn c

hng li t d n. Cc lng ngh ny s c lp h thng x l kh thi

cho l ti ch kim loi vi cng sut 20.00 m3/h, kh thi sau x l t tiu

chun mi trng theo quy nh.

Hay nh thnh cng ca d n: X l nc thi cc lng ngh ch bin

lng thc bng phng php lc sinh hc ngp nc ca nhm: Nguyn

21


22/26


nh Bng, H Minh Ngc, Nguyn Vn Ni thuc phng th nghim ha

mi trng, khoa Ha hc, Trng i hc khoa hc t nhin, i hc quc

gia H Ni gp phn va vic gim nhim mi trng nc ti cc lngngh ch bin lng thc. Vi d n ny, cc loi nc thi ca lng ngh

ch bin lng thc t tiu chun Vit Nam v nc thi cng nghip v

c php chy vo dng chy chung (TCVN 5945-1995) trong khong thi

gian tng i ngn: khong mt ngy m (24h).

Tuy nhin bt cp ca trong chnh sch ny ca Chnh ph l vic p

dng Khoa hc- K thut a phng ny c th c nhng a phng

khc th khng, hay vi ngnh ngh ny th c c nhng vi ngnh ngh

khc li khng t c hiu qu cao do tnh cht mi ngnh ngh sn xut

kinh doanh l khc nhau. Kh khn th hai vi chnh sch l cc lng ngh

sn xut vi quy m nh c v vn, din tch v nng sut nn vic mua mt

dy truyn thit b hin i t tin vo sn xut v x l cht thi vi cc

doanh nghip l khng kh thi nu nh khng c u t bi cc d n ln

ca nc ngoi hay Chnh ph. Hn na, trnh lao ng cc lng ngh

cn thp, ch yu l thanh nin trong lng, vi trnh hc vn khng cao,

khng kh nng vn hnh my mc hin i v cha c nhn thc c

tm quan trng bo v mi trng.

*Ngoi ra hin nay h thng qun l mi trng ca nc ta mi ch n

cp huyn chnh iu ny khin cho vic qun l mi trng cc lng ngh

cn kh khn, cha i st c n thc t, mang tnh ch o v ch quan l

chnh.

3.2 Cc gii php kin ngh

Trc ht, phi ch trng n chnh sch pht trin bn vng lng ngh.

Sn xut kinh doanh phi ch ci thin v bo v mi trng, khng hy

22


23/26


sinh li ch mi trng cho li ich kinh t trc mt. Nhanh chng xy dng,

ban hnh v p dng vn bn php lut v bo v mi trng lng ngh,

trong cn quy nh r trch nhim ca a phng, cc ngnh, lnh vchot ng lng ngh. Cc lng ngh tin hnh xy dng quy nh v v sinh,

mi trng di dng cc quy nh, hng c, cam kt bo v mi trng

ca chnh a phng mnh. Tng cng hot ng gim st mi trng lng

ngh v thc hin kim k ngun thi; p dng cng c kinh t nh ph bo

v mi trng i vi nc thi, kh thi, cht thi rn. Xy dng tiu ch

Lng ngh xanh nhm xp loi cc lng ngh bo v mi trng theo

hng pht trin bn vng.

Nng cao trnh nhn thc v bo v mi trng trong cng ng lng

ngh, t chnh ngi sn xut v ngi khng lm ngh nhng sng trong

lng ngh v nhn thc v bo v mi trng ca nhng cn b chnh quyn

ca a phng c lng ngh. Bn cnh , cn tng cng cc bin php

truyn thng nng cao nhn thc v bo v mi trng ti lng ngh, c th

tuyn truyn cc trng hc, cc hi nh hi cu chin binh, hi ph n,

hi ngi cao tui. Hin nay, h thng qun l mi trng mi ch n cp

huyn, i vi cc x c lng ngh nn tng cng h thng qun l, pht

hin kp thi cc hin tng nhim mi trng.

Quy hoch khng gian lng ngh gn vi bo v mi trng. Di di cc

c s gy nhim nng ra khi khu dn c. Quy hoch tp trung theo cm

cng nghip nh cn trnh xa khu dn c v quy hoch ng b mt bng

sn xut c s h tng nh ng giao thng, h thng cung cp in, nc.

h thng thng tin, thu gom v x l nc thi, cht thi rn x l tp

trung. Quy hoch khu vc sn xut ty thuc vo c th ca cc loi hnh

lng ngh nh sn xut gm s, dt nhum, ti ch giy Quy hoch phn

tn, sn xut ngay ti h gia nh kt hp iu kin sn xut vi ci thin v

sinh mi trng m khng phi di ri, hn ch ti a vic ci ni, m rng

23


24/26


ng, xy nh cao tng, lu gi khung cnh sn xut, tnh c truyn nhn

vn ca lng ngh kt hp vi du lch vn ha. Nhm bo tn v pht

trin lng ngh, bo v mi trng v trnh tnh trng CCN lng ngh b"bin tng", trong qu trnh thc hin, chnh quyn cc a phng cn

cng quyt vi nhng trng hp chy , chng i.

Hin nay, h thng qun l mi trng mi ch n cp huyn, i vi

cc x c lng ngh nn tng cng h thng qun l, pht hin kp thi cc

hin tng nhim mi trng. Tng cng mnh m cng tc qun l mi

trng cc lng ngh. Pht hin v x l trng hp pht sinh cc lng

ngh gy nhim mi trng. Hin nay nc ta ang c 13 lng ngh b a

vo danh sch cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng cn x l

trit theo quyt nh s 64/2003/Q-TTG ca th tng chnh ph. Trong

thi gian ti, cc a phng v cc lng ngh cn khn trng x l mi

trng c cp giy chng nhn hon thnh cc bin php x l trit

nhim; mt khc, vn cn tng cng thanh kim tra tip tc a vo

danh sch en nhng lng ngh gy nhim nghim trng. Yu cu cc

lng ngh trin khai p dng cc bin php cn thit nhm gim thiu

nhim; xy dng cc l trnh x l nhim khng ch trong phm vi lng x

m lan rng ra c mt khu vc. V vy, vic x l nhim khng ch gii

hn trong phm vi lng ngh m cn x l c khu vc b nhim.

Nhng c s m rng sn xut phi thc hin cam kt bo v mi trng

v u t theo hng cng ngh thn thin vi mi trng. Tiu ch lu

chn cng ngh x l cht thi ti lng ngh cn bo m cht thi sau x l

t quy chun mi trng Vit Nam hin hnh; cng ngh n gin, d vn

hnh, chuyn giao; vn u t, chi ph thp, ph hp vi iu kin sn xut

ca lng ngh; u tin cng ngh c kh nng tn thu, ti s dng cht thi.

Nn khuyn khch p dng Khoa hc - K thut ngay t khu u vo, tc

l khuyn khch cc c s sn xut trong lng ngh p dng cc gii php

24


25/26


26/26


TI LIU THAM KHO1. Phm Vn Vn, V Vn Cng (2005), Gio trnh Kinh t cng cng,

Nh xut bn thng k, H Ni.

2. Nguyn Th Cng (2003),iu kin lm vic v sc khe ngh nghip

ca lao ng n, Nh xut bn Lao ng, H Ni.

3. V Mnh Hng (2005), Bo co tng kt d n: Xy dng cc giiphp d phng ci thin mi trng, iu kin lao ng mt s lng

ngh c nguy c cao nhm m bo sc khe ngi lao ng.

4. ng Kim Chi, Nguyn Ngc Ln, Trn L Minh (2005), Lng ngh

Vit Nam v mi trng, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.

5. TS. Chu Thi Thnh, Tp ch Ti nguyn v mi trng, s 8/2009,

trang 12.6. http://daibieunhandan.vn/default.aspx?tabid=83&NewsId=113867,

21/8/2010, X l nhim lng ngh vn ph thuc cng ng dn c, Bo

in t i biu Nhn dn, .

7. http://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/News/325/14367/Ch

itiet.html, 7/3/2011, nhim lng ngh: cn ch ti x l mnh, Tp ch

Cng nghip.
http://daibieunhandan.vn/default.aspx?tabid=83&NewsId=113867http://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/News/325/14367/Chitiet.htmlhttp://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/News/325/14367/Chitiet.htmlhttp://daibieunhandan.vn/default.aspx?tabid=83&NewsId=113867http://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/News/325/14367/Chitiet.htmlhttp://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/News/325/14367/Chitiet.html

tiểu luận ktcc

Documents