assessment of data collection and...
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Assessm
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ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS
ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Eurasylum Ltd. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM and Eurasylum concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. _______________
IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.
International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.iom.int
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© 2015 International Organization for Migration (IOM)_______________
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS
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(February 2015)
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FOREwORDThe information complied in this report is proudly presented as an investigation of country-specific data collection and statistics on international migration flows affecting Libya. Several people have contributed to the comprehensive report, which brings together solid information on international migration in Libya, and provides a comprehensive assessment of Libya’s migration data capacity and statistical systems. It is envisioned that the assessment of priorities concerning Libya´s statistical system, as well as the data itself, will be useful in the development of Libya’s migration policies. The data collated is intended for use by Government and other actors, including information on current proposals for the improvement of existing systems.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) will continue to work in partnership with stakeholders to ensure that this data is shared widely and utilized as extensively as possible. We will also actively seek ongoing support to continue to improve systems for collection and management of migration-related data in Libya.
I am honored to have been afforded the opportunity to write a foreword for this unique and important collection of data, in full appreciation of the diligence and efforts provided by all who have contributed.
Othman BelbeisiChief of Mission IOM Libya
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ACkNOwLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank the representatives of the Libyan agencies (Directorate for Combating the Illegal Migration, Ministry of Interior; Project Department, Ministry of Labour and Capacity Building; International Cooperation Office, Ministry of Justice; and Bureau of Census and Statistics) and the International Organization for Migration (Migration Research Divison, Mission to Libya, and other services and missions) for their support and collaboration in undertaking the assignment and preparing this report. Thanks are also due to the representatives of different international organizations and national institutions and experts based outside Libya who provided information or data, advice on data or other suggestions helpful for the preparation of this study, in particular on the statistics available at the international level. The names of all contributors as well as the authors and other stakeholders of reports on migration in Libya or international databases relevant for the study are presented in the list of contacts annexed to this document.
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CONTENTSFOrewOrd ............................................................................................... iii
AcknOwledgments ............................................................................... v
ABBreviAtiOns And AcrOnyms ........................................................... ix
mAp OF liByA ........................................................................................... xi
OBjectives And structure OF the study ....................................... xiii
executive summAry ...............................................................................1
A. intrOductiOn tO migrAtiOn issues in liByA .................................5A1. Context of the country ............................................................................ 5A2. Main migration trends and aspects ......................................................... 6A3. National institutional framework relevant for registering
and measuring migration ....................................................................... 10A4. International cooperation and coordination
in the field of migration ......................................................................... 13
B. AnAlysis OF systems And stAtistics On migrAtiOn AvAilABle in liByA ........................................................19B1. Libyan administrative systems ............................................................... 19B2. Libyan statistical system ........................................................................ 29
c. AnAlysis OF dAtA And stAtistics On migrAtiOn in liByA AvAilABle At the internAtiOnAl level ..........................33C1. Data and statistics available from international organizations ..............33C2. Data and statistics reported by other countries ....................................57
d. summAry And cOnclusiOn ............................................................65D1. Summary on the available data registration systems
and statistics on international migration in Libya ..................................65D2. Gaps, needs and opportunities ............................................................. 68D3. Recommendations for improving the data management,
statistics and analysis ABOUT migration in Libya ..................................80
BiBliOgrAphy .........................................................................................89
Annexes ...................................................................................................99Annex I. Glossary of migration terms ..................................................... 99Annex II. Assessment questionnaire proposed for future action ...........111Annex III. Main statistical sheets and snapshots on migration
in Libya available from international organizations .................117Annex IV. Detailed list of relevant tables of EUROSTAT
“migr” domain ......................................................................... 127Annex V. Statistical tables ...................................................................... 129Annex VI. List of tables with data reported by Algeria, Tunisia
and Egypt available in the CARIM Database ............................211Annex VIII. List of contacts ........................................................................ 224
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ABBREvIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AVRR Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration
BMWG Border Management Working Group (Libya)
BSC Bureau of Statistics and Census (Libya)
CARIM Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (European University Institute, linked to Migration Policy Centre)
CAS Central Administration for Statistics (Lebanon)
CIA Central Intelligence Agency (United States)
DCIM Department for Combating Illegal Migration (Libya)
DIOC Database on Immigrants in OECD countries
DPC Department of Passports and Citizenship
DPI Department of Passport Investigations
DRC Danish Refugee Council
DWIOS Directorate for Work Inspection and Occupational Safety
EASO European Asylum Support Office
EC European Commission
EMWGMS Euro-Mediterranean Working Group on Migration Statistics (post-MEDSTAT III framework)
ENP European Neighbouring Policy
EU European Union
EUBAM European Union Border Assistance Mission in Libya
EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Union
FIDH Fédération International des Ligues des Droits de I’Homme (International Federation for Human Rights)
FRU Foreign Recruitment Unit (Libya)
GFMD Global Forum on Migration and Development
GIA General Information Authority (Libya)
IBM Integrated Border Management
ICMPD International Centre for Migration Policy Development
IDP Internally Displaced Person
ILO International Labour Organization
IOM International Organization for Migration
ISMU Iniziative e Studi sulla Multietnicità (Initiatives and Studies on Multiethnicity)
IU Inspection Unit
MEDSTAT Euro-Mediterranean Statistical Cooperation (EC cooperation programme)
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MED-HIMS Mediterranean Household International Migration Surveys
MENA Middle East and North Africa
MMIS Migration Management and Information System
MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Libya)
MoI Ministry of Interior (Libya)
MoLCB Ministry of Labour and Capacity Building
MPC Migration Policy Centre (European University Institute, linked to CARIM)
MTM Mediterranean Transit Migration
NGO Non-governmental Organization
OAU Organization of African Unity
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
RAVEL Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme for Stranded Migrants in Egypt and Libya (IOM programme)
RAVL Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme for Stranded Migrants in Libya (IOM programme)
RSD Refugee Status Determination
SOPEMI Système d’observation permanente des migrations (Continuous Reporting System on Migration)
START Stabilizing at-risk communities and enhancing migration management to enable smooth transitions in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya (IOM project)
TWG Technical Working Group
UIS UNESCO Institute of Statistics
UN DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNHCR (Office of the) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UNSD United Nations Statistics Division
UNSMIL United Nations Support Mission in Libya
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MAp OF LIBYA
Source: University of Texas at Austin, Perry-Castañeda Library, Map Collection, Libya. Available from www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/libya.html
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Territory and administrative division of Libya1
Area: 1,770,000 sq km, the third largest country in AfricaBoundaries: Mediterranean Sea, 1,770 km; Egypt, 1,115 km; Chad,
1,055 km; Algeria, 982 km; Tunisia, 459 km; Sudan, 383 km; Niger, 354 km.
Border points: 6 international airports, 9 international seaports, and 10 land border points or simply checkpoints or customs points in remote desert areas.
Administrative division: 22 districts (singular form – shabiyat or shabya), namely Al Butnan, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jabal al Gharbi, Al Jafarah, Al Jufrah, Al Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Marqab, Al Wahat, An Nuqat al Khams, AzZawiyah, Benghazi, Darnah, Ghat, Misratah, Murzuq, Nalut, Sabha, Surt, Tarabulus (Tripoli), Wadi al Hayat, Wadi ash Shati.
Main cities: Tripoli (capital), Benghazi, Misratah.Population: 6.25 million (estimate as of July 2013, according to
medium fertility variant).Density: 3.5 inhabitants per sq km (estimate as of July 2014).
1 Sources: CIA, 2014, UN DESA, 2013c, and ICMPD, 2010. Slight dfferent information on for instance the numbers of border points or the border lank kilometres are reported by the different referred sources or other international sources.
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OBjECTIvES AND STRuCTuRE OF ThE STuDY
This study on data collection and statistics on international migration in Libya first provides a preliminary inventory of the national institutions and procedures involved in the management and collection of data on international migration in Libya and the currently available proposals for improving the systems. It has been accomplished taking into account the situation the country stood before the 2014 crisis. At the same time, the study offers a wide review and assessment of statistics on migration of foreigners to and from Libya and mostly emigration of Libyans available through the sources of international organizations and other countries, providing a huge set of data extracted from these international sources and advice on their careful use. Finally, it suggests some proposals to improve the processes regulating the registration, elaboration, sharing and use of migration data at the national level. This is based on a series of successive steps and activities to be implemented with the support of international organizations and cooperation with neighbouring countries aiming to set the components and working procedures of what could be, in the long term and at peace, an integrated system for managing and informing about migration.
The study, which was commissioned by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and prepared by Mr Giambattista Cantisani, is intended for representatives of government agencies dealing with the production and use of migration data, the Bureau of Statistics and Census, other relevant users and producers of data as well as the international communities of donors supporting Libya in the transition phase. It has been conceived in parallel with another IOM study on the management of migration and the short- and medium-term opportunities for migration policy in Libya around three years after the 2011 crisis (Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision), which was prepared during the first half of 2014 by Michael Petersen on behalf of Eurasylum.
The assignment was initially planned with the aim of mapping the existing data sources, analysing the frequency and the methodology used for data collection and analysis, identifying data gaps and capacity-building needs, and developing recommendations for a short- and medium-term data management and dissemination strategy. These recommendations should have first pointed out the measures necessary for strengthening the human and physical capabilities of Libyan institutions, improving the availability and quality of data collection, and improving statistics on the different migration topics. At the same time, they should have indicated better methods to collect, share, and use data for programming and policy purposes. As a second main component, the recommendations should have defined organizational and methodological guidelines for the development and update of a migration profile holding a tentative template, the establishment of a technical working group, the definition of respective roles of data producers, and so on and forth.
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Due to delays in issuing the visa in the first half of 2014 and the further adverse circumstances coming from the new crisis in Libya, unfortunately, the consultant could only undertake a short mission in the country. Therefore, the study was executed mainly through desk work, without enough contacts with representatives of the national institutions, neither the officials of IOM nor other international organizations generally working from end-July 2014 onwards, in difficult conditions from Tunisia or even on emergency activities. In particular, it was not possible to undertake in-depth interviews with relevant data producers and users in Libya using a standardized questionnaire useful to gather the necessary information.
Despite the difficulties and the incomplete coverage mentioned, the study tried to answer as much as possible the initial mandate. In particular, it should represent an important reference tool for the involvement of Libyan institutions’ officials in strengthening the national systems for migration, ideally towards setting up of a migration management information system in the long term and preparing a migration profile as soon as the stability in the country is established. In this direction, the study also integrates an assessment questionnaire specifically developed for such purposes as well as an extraction of IOM’s Glossary on Migration2 as annexes. Furthermore, it provides some suggestions for international organizations on improving and extending the collection and dissemination of data on migration in Libya.
Concerning the structure of the study, Chapter A summarizes the evolution of the migration phenomenon in Libya, with some reference to the framework regulating migration, the national institutions intervening in this topic, and the involvement and cooperation of the international community. The chapter does not cover in detail some aspects such as the management of migration in Libya, due to the lack of direct information and also because this is widely covered by the other study recently prepared on behalf of IOM (Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision) as well as other internationally available studies.
Chapter B focuses on the effective or potential information systems on migration available in Libya. Given the limited information available, it makes partial but substantial reference to the registration and management of data carried out by the involved national agencies and provides an exhaustive overview on the operations implemented under the national statistical system. This chapter also introduces and assesses the results of the last census and as well as several other recent statistical operations relevant to informing about foreign immigration in Libya. It also provides a short assessment of the general situation of the national statistical agency.
2 The IOM Glossary is currently under revision, and some definitions may be altered.
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Chapter C illustrates and assesses the abundant data produced by international organizations and other external bodies, mainly covering the emigration of Libyans. Moreover, it addresses the possibility of using data directly provided by the countries of origin or destination of migrants, in particular in the case of neighbouring countries such as Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia, which are less represented than the European and other Western countries in the collection and dissemination of migration data under international frameworks.
The results of extractions and elaborations of data accessed are presented in part in Chapters B and C and mainly in Annex V. The long series of basic and detailed tables presented throughout the report also intends to make visible all at once the varying coverage, terminology and presentation adopted by the international organizations.
Lastly, Chapter D summarizes the inventories of data registration systems and statistics, and the gaps, needs and opportunities for improvement. It provides some examples on constraints and openings based, for instance, on data on stocks of migrants in Libya and abroad available from different sources. Furthemore, it points out recommendations for national institutions and international organizations aiming at improving the management of migration data and the production of statistics at different levels.
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ExECuTIvE SuMMARY
Introduction
i) This study of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) provides a preliminary assessment of the national institutions and procedures for the registration, management and use of data on international migration in Libya and a review of statistics on the same subject available through the sources of international organizations and countries of origin/destination of migrants. The inventory refers to the situation of the country just before the summer 2014 crisis, while the review of statistics relates to the spring/summer 2014. The study was conceived by IOM in parallel with another study on the management of migration and short- and medium-term opportunities for migration policy in the country. Differently from the original plans, due to the difficult circumstance deriving from the crisis mentioned, the study was undertaken mostly through review of available literature, access of international databases available online, and consultation from distance (via e-mail and phone) with national and international representatives and experts.
Migration issues in Libya on the eve of the crisis of 2014
ii) The recent history of Libya was dominated by the dictatorial regime of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. This was accompanied by Libya’s varying relationships with the neighbouring countries and other countries worldwide that used to contribute to Libya’s labour force and by the instability in the neighbouring countries and other African and Middle Eastern countries whose nationals make complex migratory movements towards Libya. The transitory governments established after the 2011 crisis did not succeed in creating political stabilization and good functioning of national institutions. This period witnessed emerging political conflicts between the main parties and the formation of innumerable armed groups (brigades) taking control of many parts of the territory of the country, although often in cooperation with State security forces, before the occurrence of the new crisis.
iii) Given the need for foreign workers, historically Libya has been an immigration country, although according to varying policies and phases. Its profile significantly changed in the last few decades, with many migratory movements of refugees, asylum-seekers, economic migrants and other irregular migrants to, through and from the country. Distinguishing between the two main components of regular migration and irregular/mixed migration, at eve of the 2014 crisis, Libya was an important country of destination for regular and irregular migrants arriving mainly for the great employment opportunities. Furthermore, it was the crossroad of other important irregular flows and movements of refugees looking for protection often in transit from sub-Saharan Africa, the Horn of Africa and
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the Middle East to Europe. Most of these irregular economic migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers were facing very hard conditions in their journeys towards and through the country and their staying there, also including arrest, trafficking, extortion and violence. Moreover, many of them were expecting to go ahead, reaching Italian and Maltese shores, or had indefinite migration prospects, while many other intended to stay in Libya, under specific conditions, for seasonal work or for some other limited period of time.
iv) A series of international initiatives such as the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), the European Union Border Assistance Mission in Libya (EUBAM), and the EU-funded START Project implemented by IOM jointly in Libya, Egypt and Tunisia were supporting stabilization and migration-related issues. Moreover, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), IOM, all other relevant international organizations, bilateral-cooperation agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were actively operating within the country on different aspects of migration management, according to the accessibility of remote locations and depending on security conditions. In addition, several international consultative dialogues and initiatives like the EUROMED Migration III and Euro-Mediterranean Statistical Cooperation (MEDSTAT) programmes were supporting the participation of Libya in the coordination and development on migration issues at the regional level, although sometimes at a limited extent, given the security situation of the country and difficulties in travelling abroad.
Gaps, needs and opportunities for the data registration systems
v) The policy framework regulating migration in Libya before is weak. In particular, it has limited instruments to facilitate the immigration of foreigners and regulate the status of irregular immigrants and people looking for refuge. Moreover, it has no regulation on asylum. Concerning this last aspect, UNHCR is operating without a formal agreement and is not conducting systematically the refugee status determination. On the other hand, also given the support of international actors, there are attention and initiatives towards a comprehensive national policy and the possible amendment of legislation on migration issues.
vi) Libyan administrative systems relevant to international migration present grave gaps in the registration and management of data regarding both citizens and foreigners in terms of coverage, quality, accessibility and sharing. This situation first depends on reasons attributable to the government and the organization of public administration. This mainly derives from the limited control of external borders, the absence of a structured migration policy, the huge reorganization and difficult functioning of services, the lack of tradition for this kind of operations, the discontinuity of responsibility and decision-making, and the fear of involved departments/agencies to step over the line and assume the responsibility of the other agencies.
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Furthermore, there are relevant practical constraints and lack of information and communication systems. This particularly occurs in the cases of services and offices located in specific governorates or areas and places like remote border points. Among others, in most cases, the administrative procedures are recorded only on paper.
vii) Other important constraints for the administrative registration of migration reside in the lack of knowledge of procedures or the unfair attitude of migrants or their reference persons in the country towards reporting their movements to the authorities. In the case of foreign migrants, many people do not know the necessary procedures or lack practical conditions and opportunities for systematically undertaking them, while others find it feasible to escape authorizations or even use forced identity documents and permissions.
viii) Many Libyan agencies and officials are aware of the opportunity of better collaboration between national services, well-defined and strictly adopted measures, and adequate means. They often propose developments for their respective areas of competence, such as the introduction of an online portal to process the applications of employers for foreign recruitment or electronic work permits. Concerning the means for data registration and management as well as the activities before that, they ask for vehicles for monitoring the borders, the refurbishment of premises, the computerization of offices and work modalities, better communication facilities (Internet), more staff and training on international standards. More comprehensive proposals arise from the projects and studies of the international organizations, IOM in primis. However, the concretization of progresses and revisions at different levels proceed at a slow pace.
Gaps, needs, and opportunities for statistics and data analysis
ix) Given the situation of administrative registration as well as the lack of targeted statistical operations, the availability of statistics on migration within Libyan institutions is very poor. On the other hand, the availability of internationally available statistics is much better but presents also some constraints in terms of frequency, coverage, quality and comparability of data. In fact, these statistics result particularly relevant for the emigration of Libyans, but cover partially the other main components of irregular emigration and return migration of Libyans, regular migration of foreigners to/from Libya, and mixed migration of foreigners to, through and from Libya (phenomena from limited to highest relevance). Second, a relevant part of these statistics is available only through the census or other occasional operations, follows different concepts and definitions, derives from estimations or approximations, or has limited reliability. Finally, it is not enough to use these statistics to monitor migration over time and cover all migration components. However, on the whole, they turn to be useful also to assess or establish other statistics for occasional evaluations and even for implementing methodological and capacity-building exercises.
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x) In combination with the weak availability of statistics, Libyan authorities carry out very limited analysis of migration data. Therefore, the national agencies should try to address needs and opportunities emerging from international studies such as those prepared in 2013 by Altai Consulting (on behalf of UNHCR) and the Danish Refugee Council (DRC). National agencies should also support the extension over time and territory of that or similar exercises as well as the operations recommended by these studies. Similarly, they should take benefit from the participation in regionally coordinated initiatives on migration profiles or other similar processes, even if concrete steps would require a long period. Adequate statistics and analysis, together with an enhanced national collaboration, seem fundamental to operate properly in the field of migration in Libya and to address the challenges as well as the opportunities posed.
Concluding recommendations
xi) At this partial stage of assessment of Libyan systems, it is possible to propose a broad road map for enhancing the collection and management of data and the production and use of statistics on international migration in Libya. This is based on a series of activities under the following successive phases:
0 Detailed documentation of national systems and completion of assessment of migration data management;
1 Creation of a technical working group and design of activities and projects in priority working areas;
2 Implementation of activities and projects in priority working areas, including launching the preparation of a national migration profile;
3 Consolidation and extension of activities and projects and setting of an initial migration management and information system (MMIS);
4 [Successive cycles of consolidation and extension of activities and projects].
xii) Concretization of the road map mentioned means innovations towards an integrated MMIS at a large scale; and in such particular and unpredictable context as the Libyan one, it is particularly challenging and risky. This road map asks for the stability of the country and involves institutions as well as many other conditions. The latter mostly includes a comprehensive migration policy, high-level commitment, effective collaboration between national services, changed attitudes of civil servants and migrants, adequate human and material resources, collaboration with private sectors and other countries, and support and funding from international organizations. Reaching such a situation is only conceivable in the long term; however, precisely for this, at least some of the mentioned components should be addressed as soon as possible, in combination with changes in policies and procedures of the administrative systems.
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A. INTRODuCTION TO MIGRATION ISSuES IN LIBYA
A1. CONTExT OF ThE COuNTRY3
Since Libya’s independence in 1951, its history is mainly dominated by the dictatorial regime of Colonel Gaddafi and its varying relationships with neighbouring countries and the international community, including some periods of isolation and embargo. The dictatorial regime, which started in 1969, collapsed with the rebellion in spring 2011 and the following civil war. Then the country entered a post-crisis period with conflicting pushes still struggling towards the creation of a pluralist and democratic State. The transitory governments resulting from the general elections held in June 2012 did not succeed in creating the conditions for political stabilization, functioning of national institutions and initiating economic recovery.
In the situation before the last crisis, just after the new general elections in June 2014, the parliamentary systems witnessed strong political conflicts between the main parties and the Government still deals with innumerable armed groups or brigades (kata’ib).4 These brigades – which include, among others, entities originally set during the civil war for supporting Gaddafi and entities representing local tribes – control the security in many parts of the country’s territory, in some cases cooperating with the State security forces.
In general, the southern part of Libya has become somewhat of a closed military region, with at times a lack of border control or closing of border points. The western and eastern border regions in the north of the country also lack some control and security. Moreover, in the eastern region of Cyrenaica, two rival political groups with military arms call for an autonomous federalist form of government. This situation results in trafficking of armaments, drugs and human beings; shootings and attacks towards sensitive sites; murders and kidnappings of people, also including diplomats and foreign workers; displacements and abductions of people like irregular migrants; and even their detention in facilities set by the Government and brigades over the country. As of April 2014, about 20 out of about 100 detention centres or camps5 presumably set within the country were reported by representatives of the Ministry of Interior and IOM Libya as fully under the control of government authorities.
3 This section is based on the following sources: UN DESA, 2013c; DRC, 2013; MPC, 2013a; BBC, 2014; HRW, 2014b; ICG, 2013; and Frontex, 2014a.
4 According to the Small Arms Survey Project, in Libya, kata’ib (singular, katiba) was the designation for the military units in the Gaddafi army headed by a colonel. During the fighting, the anti-Gaddafi forces appropriated the term to describe any group of insurgents, irrespective of group size. In English-language reporting of the war, it is most commonly translated as “brigade(s)” (SAS, 2012).
5 The number of detention centres in Libya is a controversial issue; moreover, different types of detention centres and prisons are often considered together. The detention centres for migrants should be in the order of 25. The Global Detention Project provides some distinction and details using reports from Human Right Watch and Fortress Europe (based on information obtained from interviews with former detainees), UNHCR, an EU mission to Libya and other sources, however limitedly to the situation of 2009 (Global Detention Project, 2009).
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The economy heavily based on the natural resources of oil and gas makes Libya a rich country. However, this wealth is not distributed equally throughout the population and living conditions vary widely for the estimated 6.3 million people believed to be living in the country’s extremely wide and largely desert territory. The population, which is young, with a median age of 27–28 years, cannot take all the work positions available in the predominant industries as well as many other sectors, including the less attractive ones. The informal work sector is particularly developed, taking benefit of the wide number, profiles and adaptability of the many irregular migrants present in the country.
A2. MAIN MIGRATION TRENDS AND ASpECTS
International migration in Libya is important in the country’s history and has assumed an incredible relevance in recent years. The evolution in the last decades has been determined mainly by the course of national economy and labour shortages, the policies adopted under Gaddafi’s regime, the conflicts and economic conditions in the (neighbouring) countries of origin, and the EU cooperation aiming at combating irregular migration to Europe.
Distinguishing between the two major categories of regular migration and irregular migration,6 Libya is today an important country of destination for regular labour migrants and irregular migrants arriving mainly for the great employment opportunities and the crossroad of other important irregular flows and movements of refugees looking for protection often in transit from Africa and the Middle East to Europe. The changing status of many migrants suggests referring within this study to mixed migration more than irregular migration, intending to cover also the flows formally under asylum.
Starting after independence, regular foreign inflows into the country were favoured by the important need for migrants to work on the exploitation of natural resources and other industries like construction. Waves of immigrants were drawn to Libya by the introduction of the pan-Arab and pan-African policies (adopted respectively in 1969 and 1990), the resulting bilateral agreements and immigration procedures, and as a way to escape persecution and famines in sub-Saharan African countries. Therefore, during the time immigrants from Chad, Egypt, Niger and Tunisia were joined by those coming from Algeria, Eritrea, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, other sub-Saharan African countries, and several southern Asian countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan and the Philippines.
6 In accordance with the study Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision (IOM, 2015), the term “irregular migration” is used here to denote that migrants do not possess the permissions for entering and staying in a given country or exiting from there, while the term “regular migration” is used to denote that migrants have been granted permissions. By the way, as pointed out in the aforementioned IOM document, in Libya regular migrants are considered those who have been able to integrate in society, regardless of their legal status. Furthermore, the term “mixed migration” is also used to denote irregular migration, in particular in the case of non-Libyans.
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Many of mixed migrants, in particular those from sub-Saharan Africa, were facing very hard journeys when travelling towards and through Libya and staying in the country. Given their irregular status in Libya and the racist attitudes of some local people, they might be easily victims of arrest at border crossings, checkpoints or any other place in Libya by the national authorities, as well as trafficking, extortion, and violence by smugglers and other people entering in contact with them (FIDH, 2012).
The inflows into Libya in general did not change too much with the measures introduced in the last 10 years of Gaddafi’s regime aiming to fight mixed migration through the expulsion and detention of people, in particular those from sub-Saharan African countries. This was due to a series of reasons, including the continuous deterioration of the political and employment situations in the involved countries of origin and the repetition of migration process by migrants previously deported from Libya (MPC, 2013a).
However, the paths and trends of labour immigration had an important downturn with the uprising in 2011, with the massive outflows of foreigners mainly belonging to this kind of migration. In fact, according to IOM, approximately 800,000 of the 2.5 million migrants present prior to the conflict left Libya in the period from February to November 2011. This mass exodus disrupted critical services and national capacities in important sectors in Libya and remittance systems of the countries of origin, creating a particular pressure on Egypt and Tunisia that were already struggling with social and economic challenges of their own transition periods (IOM, 2012a).
Since 2012, more foreign migrants have left Libya on a voluntary or forced basis, but many of those who suddenly left during the civil war returned and many others arrived for the first time. Within the unstable political and security situation, migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and some other origin countries face harassment, rights violations, forced labour, other kinds of contrast and exploitation as well as arrests by brigades and government forces more than in the past. Smuggling still constitutes a necessity for irregular/mixed migrants in their long journeys in wide desert areas and so an important feature of migration in the country. Nevertheless, Libya still represents an important destination for migrants looking for better economic conditions or seeking to escape their countries of origin for various reasons.
More in-depth descriptions on the recent migratory trends, the profiles of the main categories of migrants and the impact of migration in Libya are provided by several works recently issued at the international level, in particular the following:
• Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision (IOM, 2015);
• Humanitarian Response to the Libyan Crisis: February–December 2011 Report (IOM, 2012a);
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• Migrants Caught in Crisis: The IOM Experience in Libya (IOM, 2012b);
• Two Years after the Crisis: Returnees from Libya Revisited (IOM, 2013a);
• MPC - Migration Profile – Libya (MPC, 2013a);
• Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads. Mapping of Migration Routes from Africa to Europe and Drivers of Migration in Post-revolution Libya (Altai Consulting, 2013a); and
• “We Risk Our Lives for Our Daily Bread”: Findings of the Danish Refugee Council Study of Mixed Migration in Libya (DRC, 2013).
However, for the purposes of this report, a summary of the main features of migration in Libya for the broad population categories of Libyans and non-Libyans is provided through Schema 1. This summary is based on the main references listed above and should be still valid overall, despite some impact of the 2014 crisis.
Schema 1: Summary of main categories of migrants in Libya
Category of migrants Inflow/Stay in Libya Outflow/Stay abroad
Libyan regular migrants
− Businesspersons, students, people in need of health care, and other categories of persons returning to Libya to settle there after a short or long period of stay abroad.
• In general, marginal phenomenon.
− Businesspersons, students, people in need of health care, and other categories of persons moving/residing abroad or frequently going there for different durations of time.
− People moving abroad regularly in order to join family members already abroad.
• In general, marginal phenomenon.
Libyan irregular migrants
− People who escaped in 2011 or later and subsequently returned.
• Limited phenomenon.
− People moving abroad irregularly, mostly due to the instability and conflicts in the country or to reach family members.
• Limited phenomenon.
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Category of migrants Inflow/Stay in Libya Outflow/Stay abroad
Non-Libyan regular migrants
− Migrants regularly arrived/arriving to work in Libya in the oil and other specialized industries (e.g. Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Indians), construction (e.g. Egyptians), agriculture (e.g. Chadians and Nigerins), health (e.g. Filipinos), services (e.g. Tunisians) and other sectors.
• Important phenomenon.
− Migrants at end of their experience in Libya regularly leaving the country on permanent or temporary terms.
• Important phenomenon.
Non-Libyan mixed migrants
− Complex migratory movements including refugees, asylum-seekers, economic migrants and other migrants, as opposed to movements that consist entirely of one category of migrants.
9 Irregular migrants looking for work and more favourable living conditions and incomes, mainly entering Libya on temporary, seasonal or circular basis or with the ultimate destinations in Europe. They often come from the southern neighbouring countries, the sub-Saharan African countries and the most represented countries of regular migration (e.g. Egypt and Tunisia). Many of them enter the country without visas and do not regularize their long-term residence or working conditions, while others (workers) partially follow the permission and registration rules.
9 Asylum-seekers and refugees without defined plans yet (first escaping from war or persecution), intending to settle in Libya or transiting through the country. They are mainly coming from the Horn of African countries, West African countries and more recently the Syrian Arab Republic, through transit countries and informal land routes, crossing the desert or the sea. Most of them would tend to go beyond Libya.
− Asylum-seekers, refugees and irregular migrants seeking to reach Italy or Malta. The majority come from sub-Saharan African countries (e.g. Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia) and the Syrian Arab Republic.
− Economic irregular migrants going back to their countries of origin for short or long periods. They are mainly Egyptians, Tunisians, Malians, Nigeriens and Chadians.
− Irregular migrants and asylum-seekers returning to their countries of origin under international assistance programmes or on their own.
− Irregular migrants mainly from African countries deported from detention centres or other locations to their countries of origin or countries of transit.
• Very important phenomenon.
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Category of migrants
Inflow/Stay in Libya Outflow/Stay abroad
Non-Libyan mixed migrants
9 Unaccompanied/separated children, stateless persons, victims of trafficking and other vulnerable categories of people, in general from the same main countries of origin (i.e. the Syrian Arab Republic and countries in the Horn of Africa and West Africa).
− Precarious and uncertain solutions in different kinds of accommodation as well as arbitrary and indefinite detention in overcrowded centres mainly feature the stay in Libya of most of these migrants, in particular those from other African countries.
• Very important phenomenon.
A3. NATIONAL INSTITuTIONAL FRAMEwORk RELEvANT FOR REGISTERING AND MEASuRING
MIGRATION
During Gaddafi’s regime, the entry and stay of foreigners in Libya was characterized by the unpredictability of central decisions, and conflicting policies were quickly introduced or amended. The policy framework regulating migration at present is weak. In particular, there are limited instruments for facilitating the regular immigration of foreigners and for regularizing the status of irregular immigrants and people looking for refuge in the country. Moreover, there is no framework on asylum issues yet. However, consultations for a comprehensive migration policy are undertaken by the relevant national agencies within the so-called Legislation and Policy Task Force established under the START Project, and a proposal should be submitted to the Government.
Libya adhered to a series of international conventions on matters such as the protection and anti-discrimination of several population categories including migrant workers and their family members, stateless persons, children and women, or combatting transnational organized crime as well as regional conventions on refugees, but it did not sign the 1951 Refugee Convention (UNHCR, 2014b; MPC, 2013a; DRC, 2013). The right of asylum is endorsed by the current, interim constitutional provisions of August 2011; however, there is no national asylum system to determine the eligibility for refugee status or to take charge of refugee protection and there is only a draft refugee law established in 2013.
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This makes it easy to violate the principle of non-refoulement. Therefore, in this area, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) operates in Libya without a formal agreement; because of this, refugee status determination (RSD) of migrants is not conducted systematically. Moreover, the documents provided by UNHCR to these refugees are not systematically recognized.
Apart from national legislation and international agreements and conventions, Libya holds a series of bilateral agreements with neighbouring countries, the EU Member States, and other countries worldwide on matters like free movement of people between countries, labour exchange and social security.
The migration legislative framework of Libya and full detail of agreements is given by other reports recently prepared, namely, Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision (IOM, 2015) and National Assessment Report on Labour Market Management in Libya (IOM, 2014e). Some administrative procedures are described in the following section, for the purposes of introducing the (possible) registration of data. Therefore, this section aims to introduce the national institutions and services currently involved in the collection of migration data or with the capacity to do so in the future. Information is mainly based on various documents (IOM, 2014e, 2014f, 2015; MPC, 2013a; Altai, 2013a; DRC, 2013) and reports from several Libyan officials and IOM Libya representatives who could be consulted.
The main national institutions responsible for migration management or intervening in migration-related issues in Libya are the following:
• Ministry of Interior (MoI), with the following agencies and departments:
− Coast Guard, responsible for search and rescue of migrants at sea;
− Police, with responsibilities including detection and apprehension of irregular migrants, at borders and within the country;
− Department for Combating Illegal Migration (DCIM), in charge of coordinating interventions to prevent and combat irregular migration and oversee the detention of irregular migrants;
− Department of Passport Investigations (DPI);
− Department of Passports and Citizenship (DPC);
− Department of Immigration;
− Department of Information Security;
− Department of International Relations.
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• Ministry of Defence, with:
− Border Guard, responsible for patrolling the border areas outside the border crossing points;
− Other services responsible for running some processing and detention centres jointly with the DCIM.
• Ministry of Finance, with the Customs Administration, with overall responsibility for controlling movements outside the border crossing points – that is, patrolling of the border line and inland and inspection of vehicles entering the country;
• The inter-institutional Border Management Working Group (BMWG), which is the central body set in 2013 coordinating the inputs of all national agencies involved in the border management and developing the procedures implemented at border points, in cooperation with the EUBAM;
• Ministry of Justice, which is responsible for legislation issues and administrative decisions on detention and expulsion/deportation of migrants and their appeal to courts;
• Ministry of Labour and Capacity Building (MoLCB), with mainly the following agencies:
− Directorate for Employment and Foreign Recruitment, with the Foreign Recruitment Unit (FRU) in particular providing services;
− Directorate for Work Inspection and Occupational Safety (DWIOS), with the Inspection Unit (IU) in particular providing services;
− Centre for Documentation and Information;
− Labour Offices.
• Ministry of Planning, with the Bureau of Statistics and Census (BSC) providing services;
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA), with the help of the following agencies:
− Department of Visas;
− Department of Consular Affairs;
− Directorate of Expatriates;
− Directorate of Protocol.
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• Ministry of Health, which is responsible for examinations of foreign workers for infectious diseases and other procedures that may have relevance to the registration of at least some categories of migrants.
In addition to these ministerial agencies, as of spring 2014 most of the brigades ensuring security across the territory of Libya were controlling irregular migrants, eventually bringing them to concerned government agencies or directly running detention centres without formal agreements.
Furthermore, a group of national committees and organizations – such as the National Council for General Liberties and Human Rights, the Libyan Authority for Relief and Humanitarian Aid, and the Libyan Red Crescent – often set after the 2011 crisis, intervenes on migration matters and operations (UNHCR, 2014b; IOM, 2014d; MPC/CARIM, 2013a).
The main national institutions involved in the field of migration data management are further considered in the next chapter, although not extensively covered, given the impossibility of gathering information due the crisis in July 2014.
A4. INTERNATIONAL COOpERATION AND COORDINATION IN ThE FIELD OF MIGRATION
Libya is member of the United Nations and most other international and regional organizations, including the African Union, the Community of Sahel Saharan States (CEN-SAD), the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the League of Arab States (LAS) and the Organization for the Islamic Conference (OIC).
In the last decade and in particular after the crisis in 2011, the United Nations, the EU, regional organizations and individual countries played a significant role in Libya in areas such as reconciliation, elections and State reform, security, development, migration, human rights, civil society and media. Among the main initiatives relevant to migration, since 2011, the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) is mandated to support the Libyan Government in the democratic transition, promotion of the rule of law and human rights, ensuring security (including mine action and demobilization), general development and coordination of international assistance. The EUBAM, which has been operating since May 2013, specifically supports Libya in developing border management and security at the country’s land, sea and air borders. This is mainly done through the provision of training on international standards and best practices and advice on cooperation with neighbouring countries as well as, in the long term, the development of a national Integrated Border Management (IBM) Strategy. In cooperation with the BMWG, the EUBAM leads and coordinates the International Coordination Meeting on Border Management, the body that brings together all organizations and countries intending to support this sector (UNSMIL, 2014; EUBAM, 2014a, 2014b; EEAS, 2014).
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As of spring 2014, all relevant international actors such as international and organizations and bilateral cooperation agencies were actively operating within Libya, although according to the accessibility of remote locations and depending on the security conditions.
Among UN agencies, UNHCR has been operating in Libya since 1991. Given the level of adhesion of Libya to international conventions concerning refugees and the country’s lack of a national system on asylum (cfr. Section A3), UNHCR first undertakes the activities of registration, documentation and RSD of migrants. In addition, UNHCR assists urban refugees and all other people of concern to the organization, including migrants rescued at sea or detained in selected processing and detention centres, facilitating their repatriation and resettlement. These activities are carried out in close collaboration with the DCIM, other national institutions and partners, other international organizations and other UNHCR country offices, such as those in Italy and Malta. Moreover, the organization provides technical assistance to the national authorities on the establishment of the legislation and institutions dealing with asylum and training of the Libyan civil society, government agencies and partner agencies on the principles of international protection, including the compatibility between asylum principles and Shari’a law. Apart from covering the migrants and refugees arriving in Libya from abroad, UNHCR deploys important efforts in assisting internally displaced persons due to the 2011 crisis and those affected by the most recent internal conflict (UNHCR, 2014b, and other references).
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) actively works in Libya on the movement, emergency and post-crisis migration management (e.g. assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR)), counter-trafficking, immigration and border management, migration and health, migration management as well as on emergency operations under the funding of different donors or the IOM Development Fund. As first key activities, under the project START,7 IOM is supporting the Libyan Government in reviewing and strengthening migration-related policies and legislation and assisting Libya as well as Egypt and Tunisia in complex labour migration challenges in the three countries from the mass exodus in 2011. Furthermore, in general, IOM is assisting Libya in assessing human resources gaps and strengthening capacities and mechanisms to address labour market needs, upholding the dignity and human rights of migrants. Besides, under different projects,8 IOM addresses irregular migration along the West and East African migration routes, by providing capacity-building training for civil society and State actors and return solutions and in-kind reintegration support in countries of origin for stranded migrants, particularly those in vulnerable situations coming from countries like Ethiopia and Sudan.
7 Stabilizing at-risk communities and enhancing migration management to enable smooth transitions in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya.
8 Mainly the projects RAVEL (Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme for Stranded Migrants in Egypt and Libya) and RAVL (Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme for Stranded Migrants in Libya).
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Under a US-funded project,9 IOM recently contributed to improve the capacity of Libyan staff in providing adequate protection to irregular migrants passing through processing and detention centres. This also includes the introduction of biometric migrant registration and case management systems in some centres managed by the Government and the development of context-specific operational procedures manual for these centres. This represented a completely new approach for security and migration management aspects as well as human rights issues, with the push towards the establishment of different relations between the officials responsible for managing the centres and the mixed migrants there.
Furthermore, in cooperation with UNHCR and the governments of countries of destination and origin of the involved foreigners, during the 2011 crisis IOM supported foreign migrants and Libyans escaping the country and managed the return and resettlement of many of them, centralizing – jointly with UNHCR – the contributions of individual donors. Although the scale of the 2014 crisis was small, the Organization is further strongly intervening in this kind of operations. The IOM activities in this context includes the provision of shelter and protection, health and psychosocial assistance, evacuation to the countries of origin – all following the design and implementation of reintegration programmes for return migrants in the communities of origin. These emergency operations are widely documented through periodic situation reports and statistics on a website10 (limitedly to 2011) and a series of publications, with the latter also including assessments and recommendations should similar situations arise (cfr. IOM, 2012a and 2012b, and other IOM references in Bibliography).
Many individual countries worldwide such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Turkey, Australia or other Arab countries were supporting Libya in restoring security and building a democratic national framework or were assiting with migration aspects such as search and rescue of migrants at sea and construction and upkeep of detention centres. Apart from bilateral cooperation, a group of international humanitarian agencies and NGOs – such as the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI), Consiglio Italiano per i Rifugiati (CIR, Italian Council for Refugees), the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) and Fédération International des Ligues des Droits de I’Homme (FIDH, International Federation for Human Rights) – directly operate in Libya by supporting migrants, local populations and ministerial agencies working in this sector, managing return programmes and raising awareness of the situation of migration.
As other international initiatives relevant to migration, it is useful to recall the participation of Libya in the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) and in the interregional, intergovernmental consultative fora such as the Rabat Process, the Mediterranean Transit Migration (MTM) Dialogue and the 5+5 Dialogue on Migration in the Western Mediterranean. All these initiatives aim to
9 Enhancing the Protection of Irregular Migrants. 10 Migration Crisis from Libya; see www.migration-crisis.com/libya/main
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build common understanding and develop evidence-based comprehensive and sustainable systems for migration management. Most of these initiatives see the involvement of the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) as secretariat.
Strictly referring to the European Commission (EC) frameworks, Libya benefits from the financial and technical cooperation and the use of the different instruments under the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), and may have access to or benefit from more general instruments like the Thematic Programme11 and MIEUX.12 Furthermore, Libya now officially belongs to the Euro-Mediterranean regional cooperation in the areas of migration and statistics (more specifically migration statistics). Concerning the former, the EUROMED Migration project is part of a wider programme on the justice and home affairs sector comprising two other regional cooperation initiatives on justice and police. The current Project III (2012–1014) mainly aims to foster cooperation on migration issues between the ENP-South countries13 and the EU countries and among ENP-South countries themselves, as well as to assist partner countries in their efforts to govern international migration. The project is made up of three thematic components dealing with legal migration, irregular migration, and migration and development. Furthermore, a crosscutting, horizontal component encompasses the three thematic areas, aiming to assist ENP-South countries in improving awareness of and collaboration on migration and possibly developing sustainable migration profiles processes at the national level (see Box 1).
Concerning the EU’s support for statistics, this is mainly implemented through the MEDSTAT programme, which covers migration statistics as a priority sector since its launch in 1996. The MEDSTAT projects implemented from 2006 to 2013 (phases II and III) focused on strengthening the capacities of the Mediterranean statistical systems for using national administrative sources and statistical operations for more frequent, reliable and comparable statistics on international migration. With the support of MEDSTAT and several international organizations, the Mediterranean Arab countries participating in the programme jointly developed a set of model questionnaires and tools for migration household surveys and started using them within a regionally coordinated survey programme (MED-HIMS). Additionally, in general, the steps since 2010 towards the better use of administrative sources, such as the pilot work on elaborating and comparing individual data records, have not been consolidated or reproduced in other countries in the region. Waiting for MEDSTAT IV, in parallel with the implementation of MED-HIMS in priority countries, this regional cooperation is currently implemented through the Euro-Mediterranean Working Group on Migration Statistics (EMWGMS), coordinated by the Central Administration for Statistics (CAS) of Lebanon. The EMWGMS activities mainly aim to evaluate the ongoing surveys and further develop the methodology of MED-HIMS and
11 Thematic Programme for Cooperation with Third Countries in the Areas of Migration and Asylum.12 Migration EU Expertise.13 “ENP-South countries” includes the Mediterranean countries (formally part of MENA countries).
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to support relevant initiatives such as migration profiles under the EUROMED Migration framework.
Box 1: Migration profiles
Since 2005, several international organizations like the European Commission, the World Bank, IOM and the ICMPD as well as the GFMD have been identifying, discussing and supporting the preparation of national migration profiles as tools for improving migration management. Different migration profiles have been elaborated in more than 100 countries, particularly in the Americas, Western and Central Africa, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. These documents were established according to varying templates, ranging from simple statistical snapshots to more analytical reports, sometimes including assessments of the impact of migration on development, and approaches in terms of involvement of national and international stakeholders. As a milestone and key reference tool, in 2011, IOM published the guidelines called Migration Profiles: Making the Most of the Process, which includes a template for an “extended migration profile” based on the country experiences and the contribution of many practioners worldwide (IOM, 2011c).
Specifically concerning the Mediterranean countries, the only national migration profiles elaborated so far by or under an international framework are the short ones prepared by the Migration Policy Centre/Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (MPC/CARIM) through deskwork (cfr. MPC, 2013a, in the case of Libya). As from above under the EUROMED Migration III, the European Commission supports the preparation of national profiles as sustainable and country-owned tools, however at a first stage concentrating on the process leading to the improvement of inter-institutional collaboration, information exchange and management of migration flows more than the output as such. So far, Jordan, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Algeria has decidedly started working towards a migration profile process. Therefore, the effective preparation of possibly extended and harmonized national migration profiles can be foreseen only later in the time, probably with different timetable, depending on country.
Unfortunately, due to the delayed development of national systems (compared with other countries in the Mediterranean region) and the unstable political situation, Libya’s participation in EUROMED Migration and MEDSTAT has been limited and irregular. However, both these frameworks constitute important reference for the present study.
Finally, as regards research, for many years the Migration Policy Centre (MPC) and the Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM), established at the European University Institute of Florence, have formally covered Libya. In addition to data, the MPC and CARIM have undertaken various studies that deal with the regional response to forced migration from Libya due to the 2011 crisis and issues like the country’s positioning as a migration corridor and the juridical aspects of selected migratory components (MPC, 2013a and 2013b, and other references reported as the MPC or CARIM).
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B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION
AvAILABLE IN LIBYA
According to the possibilities of carrying out the assignment (cfr. Objectives and structure of the study), this assessment of Libyan administrative systems and statistics was mainly undertaken through the consultation of documents and direct contacts with representatives of the Department for Combating Illegal Migration (DCIM), the Ministry of Labour and Capacity Buliding (MoLCB), the Bureau of Statistics and Census (BSC) and IOM Libya as well as several other international stakeholders. The part dealing with labour migration of foreigners is mainly based on the report National Assessment Report of Labour Market Management in Libya (IOM, 2014e) prepared on behalf of IOM through a two-phase project undertaken between 2013 and 2014. Other main references were the IOM reports Proposal for a Comprehensive Migration Management Strategy for Libya and Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision (IOM, 2014f and 2015).
B1. LIBYAN ADMINISTRATIvE SYSTEMS
B1.1 Migration of LiByans
Due to the difficulty contacting Libyan institutions during research, it was unfortunately not possible to gather comprehensive information about the procedures concerning the emigration or return migration of Libyans and mostly the registration and processing of data deriving from that operated in the national systems, if for instance on electronic format or on paper only. Therefore, the text here is a preliminary description of the procedures surrounding the migration of Libyans.
Given the traditional low relevance of emigration of nationals, in Libya there are limited provisions setting the conditions and opportunities applicable to Libyans for leaving, residing abroad or returning to the country. With regard to emigration abroad or return of Libyan nationals after a medium/long period, from the point of view of Libyan authorities, the current rules encompass the following main administrative procedures:
• Exit permissions, applying to specific categories of people (e.g. students going abroad for tertiary education);
• Registration of emigration or return from abroad at local registers (e.g. Brotherhood or Popular Offices);
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• Consular registration, with registration abroad depending on the access to services or opportunities (as it was for the possibility to vote for the political elections in June 2014 at consulates);
• Loss of Libyan citizenship, occurring to Libyans who acquire a foreign citizenship.
As in many countries around the world, some existing provisions are disregarded or partially followed by people, as for instance in the case of students who are formally expected to return to Libya at the end of their tertiary education abroad (MPC, 2013a).
On the other hand, there was no evidence of administrative procedures and registration of data on irregular migration of Libyans operated by the Libyan authorities. As from statistics collected by EU countries inventoried in the next chapter, under normal conditions this phenomenon is generally marginal.
B1.2 reguLar Migration of foreigners
Work permits
Granting work permits is a key part of administrative procedures for foreigners regularly working or intending to work in Libya. In fact, migrants may have short-term permissions for entering (or even no permission, in case of free movement agreements) and may even skip the obligation of residence permit (due to the omission of request for residence permits by the employers once the work permits are granted). However, in order to be formally employed, start an activity or continue working in Libya, migrants have to go through the approval and issuance or renewal of work permits. The employment of foreigners is linked to specific occupations and generally determined based on gaps in the national workforce.
The Foreign Recruitment Unit (FRU) of the MoLCB, under the Directorate for Employment and Foreign Recruitment, grants work permits through three modalities:
• Foreign recruitment permits: These are work permits granted to foreign workers recruited from abroad (first-time permits) or work permits granted to workers already in Libya changing companies or employers. These permits are granted upon application from employers, invitation before arrival and legal entry (for those arriving from abroad), and a medical screening. In fact, following the issuance of a work permit, the employer has to apply for the migrant’s entry visa and later on register the person for a residence permit. Given the disconnect between national registers, the registration of residence permits is often omitted (IOM, 2014e). Work permits are issued with one-year validity.
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• Renewal of work permits: The renewal procedure and the related procedure for application for permission to stay in Libya are also undertaken by the employer. However, this applies only in the case of continuation of the position already held by the migrant employee.
• Work permits through regularization: In this case, permits are occasionally granted to irregular migrants, under the condition that they entered the country legally and that their skills match the demand for labour within a period of three months since the registration.
Regularization permits may also be granted by the Labour Offices, which are the local entities of the MoLCB in charge of providing employment services, basically matching labour offer and demand.
The Directorate of Protocol of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) grants work permits and visas to specific categories of labour migrants, such as diplomatic officials and representatives of international organizations. Granting permissions for this category of foreigners remains under the sole responsibility of the MoFA, without any involvement of the Ministry of Interior (MoI) or the MoLCB.
Finally, the Ministry of Health also plays a role in the procedure for granting work permits, as the foreign workers must go through a medical examination for attesting their good health and the absence of infectious diseases.
Through the process of granting the work permit, various characteristics of the applicant are recorded, such as demographic characteristics, citizenship, qualification and occupation, and information concerning the sponsoring employer. However, the whole process and all procedures – from the application to the issuance of permits – under the MoLCB (the FRU and the Labour Offices), the Ministry of Health and the MoFA (Directorate of Protocol) are done on paper only. This represents an important constraint for practical aspects and the time necessary for handling the dossier, overseeing the processes, sharing information between relevant agencies, monitoring respect for employment conditions and the phenomenon more in general, and fighting fraudulent employment, which often occurs in Libya. Most of these constraints were reported by ministerial officials in the framework of the assessment of labour market management undertaken by IOM.
Regarding work permits and the other procedures relevant to labour migration, detailed in the following section, no statistics obtained from Libyan administrative systems or even reference to the availability of such data were found.
Labour matching and work inspections
Seventy-two Labour Offices at the district level continuously register the job vacancies from employers and the demands of job-seekers, for both Libyans
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and foreigners. The current legal provisions set for keeping such information in a database; however, most offices hold this information in hard-copy registers only. This is another important constraint for what should be the management of data for efficient labour matching, a systematic communication among the Labour Offices and between them and the FRU, and a systematic means of checking the status of companies and employers generally.
The mandate of the Inspection Unit of the MoLCB, under the Directorate for Work Inspection and Occupational Safety (DWIOS), mainly includes conducting field visits to employers’ premises to ascertain if labour laws are respected and safety at work is ensured, and acting as a mediator in the case of disputes between employers and employees. There are about 720 inspectors across the country (IOM, 2015). Reporting of outcomes of inspections in workplaces and infringement of labour rules involving foreign workers represents an important step in data management for labour migration and migration more in general when irregular migrants are found in workplaces. However, reporting of such cases and updating of related information (e.g. at the level of work permits) suffers from the lack of electronic registration or is not effective (e.g. due to the absence of a management system on irregular migration).
Entry visas
Apart from the cases of labour migrants considered previously, short-term visas for business, tourism or other reasons are issued prior to entry into the country and normally renewed in Tripoli (in a limited number of cases, according to some sources). Some visa holders must register their presence in Libya at local police offices and obtain a stamp on the passport as authorization to leave the country upon the expiration of visa. Apart from members of diplomatic missions or people in transit on boats or commercial flights, visas do not apply in cases of foreigners belonging to countries with free movement regimes with Libya and Arab countries, and foreigners belonging to specific categories of workers/countries. Concerning the latter, in fact, Libya set a series of agreements (among others, with Tunisia and Eypt for works in contruction, transport, catering and retail sales, and with the Philippines and Ukraine for paramedic); however, it is not clear as to what extent these agreements are still in force or implemented (IOM, 2015).
The procedure for application and granting of entry visas in Libya involves the following entities:
• The MoFA, which is responsible for gathering requests for entry visas through the consular missions or local offices in Libya. In fact, also in cases of tourists intending to visit Libya, a request is generally undertaken by service providers or law companies based in the country. Moreover, the MoFA directly grants visas to specific categories of foreigners through the Directorate of Protocol or the consulates.
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• The Department of Passports and Citizenship of the MoI, which is the decision-making authority on applications arriving through the consular missions and other channels. Furthermore, the services of the MoI also directly grant visas at border crossing points and in other specific cases.
Among the work consulted for the study, only a report prepared by CARIM covers “Libyan statistics on visas”, as noted in the box below. Unfortunately, it was not possible to gather any recent and direct information on that. It is possible that the information obtained by CARIM comes from an occasional count and so, similar to other Libyan systems possibly relevant to migration, there is no registration in a unique database of applications or even issued or revoked visas, neither there is registration of visas granted to foreigners in another national register or system covering foreigners.
In the 2010 CARIM report, 400,000 visas were issued annually on average in the period 2002–2006.
Besides, due to the lack of general registration of border-crossing passages, it is not possible to identify foreigners who overstay in Libya beyond the validity of their visas.
Residence permits
The IOM report on management of labour migration in Libya (IOM, 2014e) is a unique source of information on foreigners legally residing in Libya collected and disseminated by the MoI. However, this information applies to 10 years ago only and so may represent another case of ad hoc provision of information by the department responsible for this administrative procedure, anyway without any reporting on values, as from the box below, at least in the consulted source.
According to the reference in the IOM report (2014e), in 2004 the Arab citizens residing legally in Libya were mainly from Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia and the Occupied Palestinian Territory; sub-Saharan African citizens came from Chad, Niger, Ghana and Mali; Asian citizens originated mainly from India, the Philippines, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Permissions for long-term residence in Libya may be given to foreigners with Arab background having resided in Libya for more than 10 years. However, no information was found on the existence of registration on granting these permissions within the Department of Immigration.
Exit visas
Where it applies, exit authorizations for foreigners holding short-term entry visas are stamped on their passports by the local police office upon entry.
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Additionally, exit visas apply to all work-permit holders wishing to leave Libya for a short period during the validity of their permits or definitively leaving before or upon expiration of their permits. It is not clear if the authorization is granted by a local police office and the authority having released the work or residence permits, neither there is registration of the administrative procedure in parallel to simple stamps on passports or other personal documents.
Temporary movements abroad are in principle irrelevant to migration matters, unless the permit holders end up remaining for longer periods. In any case, a comprehensive information system should enable these individual cases to be tracked, so there is registration of the temporary movements and most importantly the definitive departures of workers in Libya, following expiration of their permits. Unfortunately, there is apparently no registration of such cases linked to work permits, and so the work-permit holders are considered living in the country until the expiration of their permits.
Acquisition of Libyan citizenship
In general terms, Libyan citizenship is granted to children born of a Libyan father, but for those born outside Libya the birth should be registered within one year. Libyan mothers transmit their nationality only in the case of unknown or stateless fathers. Their children can be naturalized and have free access to public services only when of age, and following demonstration of at least three years of residence in Libya. Dual citizenship is not allowed. The provisions governing granting Libyan citizenship are quite complex. Naturalization is generally allowed after 10 years of residence; it is also possible for Arab descendants who have resided in Libya for 5 years or even without previous residence for scientists who can contribute to the development of the country. Among the conditions, the applicants must be registered in the registry of the Brotherhood or the respective Popular Offices of the applicants’ residence (DRC, 2013, and laws/amendments).
It seems that currently there are few foreigners who apply for Libyan citizenship – generally women who marry Libyan men and foreigners who are established in Libya definitively.
In the framework of this assignment, it was not possible to know exactly the involvement of national institutions and so the registration of cases of acquisition of Libyan citizenship; however, the presumably low frequency of the phenomenon makes this gap of lesser concern.
B1.3 Mixed Migration of foreigners
In the absence of a formal asylum system in Libya, management of mixed migration and its eventual data registration by the Libyan government services means covering the apprehension, detention and deportation of irregular migrants, and other issues related to irregular migration.
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Apprehension and detention of irregular migrants
A lot of foreigners who need permission to enter or work in Libya do so irregularly, many with the idea of eventually moving on. This applies to irregular migrants intending to transit through Libya, and to those discouraged by the length of procedures for visa application and the inefficiency of regulations, and it is facilitated by the lack of rigorous border control, in particular along the paths towards desert zones (Altai, 2013a). Moreover, some foreigners disregard the obligation of employers who asked for them or even simply follow working at end of their contracts in the informal labour market (DRC, 2013).
The MoI, specifically through the DCIM, has the primary responsibility to reduce irregular migration by carrying out investigations on identification documents of migrants, travel routes, means of transportation and costs of irregular migration to, through and from Libya. The institution also manages the detention centres. The DCIM coordinates the interventions of national services under the MoI (e.g. the Coast Guard, the Police, the Department of Passports and Citizenship (DPC) and the Department of Passport Investigations (DPI)) and those outside the Ministry (e.g. the national courts in charge of first-level judgement or the airport authorities).
Theoretically, detention of irregular migrants may be up to three months. The law foresees the deportation of irregular migrants following a sentence from court. Identified traffickers of irregular migrants should be tried in court and imprisoned.
As of April 2014, irregular migrants were generally sent to the DCIM and detained in detention centres. Practices also include the detention of irregular migrants in ordinary prisons. Sometimes they are taken care of by Libyans for humanitarian reasons, for instance the Somali and Eritrean migrants, with no judicial procedures and involvement of courts. The DCIM generally informs the consulates of countries of origin of irregular migrants about their nationals’ detention, particularly when a group of new migrants of the same citizenship is detained or if there are certain needs or requests for assistance made by the migrants. In fact, the DCIM generally solicits the collaboration of foreign consulates in order to verify the identity of undocumented migrants and obtain support for their return to their countries of origin.
Estimates of the number of irregular migrants in Libya are extremely abstract and vary significantly from one source to another (Libyan institutions, international organizations and entities representing the sending countries). In the case of Egyptian migrants, for instance, estimates from national agencies available in different sources range from 1 million to 3 million.
The statistics on irregular migrants occasionally issued by Libyan institutions in the past were obviously far from complete, given the hidden nature of the
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phenomenon. This was the case of figures for an undefined date in 2004 provided by the DPC and reported in the assessment of labour market management undertaken by IOM (2014e), displayed in Table 1. In addition to the lack of a reference date, there is no information on the origin and coverage of the data (e.g. whether the counted migrants entered Libya irregularly or became irregular following a regular entry) nor on the methodology of collection.
Table 1: Irregular migrants in Libya by selected countries of citizenship, 2004
Origin Number of migrantsArab regionEgypt 130,861
Sudan 74,890
Mauritania 16,099
AfricaChad 47,428
Niger 40,284
Senegal 3,897
europeItaly 2,506
Greece 1,085
Ex-Yugoslavia 553
AsiaIndia 6,677
Philippines 4,076
Bangladesh 3,964
total 332,320
Source: DPC (reported in IOM, 2014e).
Apart from these shortcomings in the data, the numbers themselves also seem surprising – for instance, that there could be 2,500 irregular migrants from Italy and perhaps 3,000 to 7,000 from the selected Asian countries. Moreover, considering the main trends and features of migration in Libya, as outlined in Section A2., one might expect numbers of African migrants to be higher. On the other hand, the DCIM reported for this study a total of 37,881 apprehensions of irregular migrants in Libya in 2013, with a distinction between the apprehensions executed by the DCIM and those operated by other services or the brigades.
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Table 1 shows an evaluation by the MoI of the presence of irregular migrants from Chad, Egypt, Sudan, Niger and other selected countries in 2004. According to ministerial officials, since 2004 the number of irregular migrants in Libya has increased, and there is now an important presence of Syrians, generally refugees, but often irregularly working in Libya (IOM, 2015).
For a more recent period, a total of about 38,000 apprehensions of irregular migrants in 2013 were recorded, of which 12,960 were conducted directly by the DCIM and 24,921 by the Coast Guard, the Police and brigades.
According to the consultant’s discussion with a representative of the DCIM during the mission, information on apprehensions of irregular migrants may be transmitted to the DCIM on a daily basis. Unfortunately, it was not possible to determine the frequency at which this information is actually transferred or the detailed contents of these communications. Concerning the collected information, it likely covers basic personal data (i.e. name, gender, date of birth and citizenship); however, there is no record on the modalities of registration and storage of data. On the other hand, it is clear that the registration of data on irregular migrants in detention centres was limited to basic variables and that some more data was asked at moment of deportation only (see section on deportation). In fact, this lack of registration was one of the reasons for implementing the pilot project on the biometric registration and case management systems in some detention centres (cfr. Section A4.).
In any case, further detail on apprehensions and detentions of irregular migrants on a yearly or more frequently basis and a regular dissemination of statistics on that could be aimed and expected by the DCIM, at least in the situation of the country as of spring 2014. It is evident that the introduction and utilization of a registration system, such as the biometrics tested in several centres just before the last crisis, could represent a significant progress, not only in terms of data but also regarding changing the attitude of Libyan guards towards migrants and their custody duties. However, even in such a situation it would have been necessary to overcome communication constraints for exchanging even basic data with headquarters and mostly at the level of full and rigorous control of detention centres by government authorities.
Deportation of irregular migrants
According to a direct report from an expert on this matter, irregular migrants intercepted by government authorities should be – in principle – deported to their origin countries. However, other sources say that no formal deportation decisions are taken by the MoI and the return of migrants is considered an assisted voluntary return, with the exception of some persons such as those suffering from communicable diseases and or using forced documents (IOM, 2015). Anticipating the sentence from the court, some detained irregular migrants
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seemed to be requesting assisted voluntary return from the DCIM. “Deportation orders” and “instructions to move” formally applied to, respectively, rejected migrants and those who asked for assisted voluntary return.
The extent and application of readmission agreements with sending countries are not clear.
Deportation of irregular migrants – undertaken by transportation companies – is most often implemented through land journey until the borders. Border post offices have to acknowledge the provision of transportation by the companies. As of spring 2014, deportation of irregular migrants was not implemented systematically, depending on fights around the concerned detention centres and along the deportation paths, the costs, the practicability of desert routes and the varying collaboration of authorities in the countries of destination. Acknowledgement of the provision of transportation of deportation and what the transportation covers should be registered.
Under Gaddafi’s regime, the DPI used to provide some figures on deportations, taken from the fragmented information found for most years between 2003 and 2007 (Table 2). This information was gathered through the IOM report on labour migration management in Libya (IOM, 2014e). The table also includes further observation for 2013, as reported by the DCIM during the meeting held for this study.
As from Table 2, deportations of irregular migrants from Libya in 2013 were in the order of about 36,500.
Regardless of the reference period of the figures, it is not possible to know more than a few details or any at all, on how the information is compiled and disseminated and the particularities of each individual deportation. In fact, recorded deportations from centres do not necessarily correspond with those who actually end up leaving the country. However, it is known that at the time of deportation the registration of irregular migrants is generally updated and complemented with, for instance, information such as the address and contact person in the place of origin abroad, which is important in case of death or occurrence of other problems during the deportation journey.
As in the case of apprehensions and detentions, registration of deportations is not fully or systematically operated at the central level. Data collection is mainly done at the local level for operational purposes and often deviates from available instructions, with late or partial follow-up at the DCIM headquarters and no disaggregation. In addition to these shortcomings, any registration process concerning irregular migrants is complicated by the lack of identification documents or the false documents and declarations of migrants.
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Table 2: Deportations of irregular migrants in Libya by selected countries of citizenship, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2013
number % rank2003 43,000
2004 55,129
of whom Ghananians 10,566 19 1
Nigerians 7,398 13 2
2006 33,147
of whom Egyptians n.a. n.a. 1
Nigerians 2,187 7 n.a.
2007 30,940
of whom Egyptians n.a n.a 1
Nigerians 3,302 11 n.a
Ghananians 2,209 7 n.a
2013 36,514
Source: Department of Passport Intelligence for 2004–2007 (reported in IOM, 2014e); and Department for Combating Irregular Migration for 2013.
Alternate outcomes of irregular migration
According to the information gathered and some consulted sources, some irregular migrants apprehended by Libyan government authorities may have an issue different from deportation or the assisted voluntary return under the national procedures. The same applies to irregular/mixed migrants who access the assistance of international organizations and NGOs and have no requirements for asylum. In most of these cases, migrants enter in a regular status in Libya, through the granting of permissions by the local authorities, or are assisted in their voluntary return to their home countries or other kinds of settlement abroad.
B2. LIBYAN STATISTICAL SYSTEM
Official statistics in Libya are compiled by the National Board for Information and Documentation, the General Information Authority (GIA) and the BSC. In 2012, the BSC, which was originally a department within the GIA structure, was moved to under the Ministry of Planning and provided with an independent budget. Since then, the BSC has been the only specialized source of information on population and migration statistics.
The availability of migration statistics from the Libyan statistical agencies is very limited. The information mainly derives from two manpower surveys and the Population Census of 30 April 2006, carried out by the GIA, and the Labour and
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Unemployment Survey and an ad hoc population survey undertaken in 2012 by the BSC. Moreover, the results of most these operations were of limited reliability.
The Manpower Survey of 2001 represents the first household survey under the national statistical system and is similar in its scope and method to the standard Labour Force Surveys usually undertaken by countries at short regular intervals. According to sources consulted, this survey provided a good qualitative assessment of the labour migration situation in Libya, much more than the two successive sample surveys on the labour market in Libya in 2007 and 2012, which were based on cluster sampling instead of simple random sampling.
For the 2001 survey, it was possible to gather the following tables (fully reproduced in the statistical annex):
9 Distribution of workers by educational qualification, group of citizenship (Libyans/non-Libyans) and sex
9 Distribution of workers by main sector of occupation, group of citizenship (Libyans/non-Libyans) and sex
9 Distribution of foreign employees in Libya by job classification and sex
The review of the 2001 Manpower Survey in the box below was drawn from A Comprehensive Survey of Migration Flows and Institutional Capabilities in Libya (ICMPD, 2010) and National Assessment Report on Labour Market Management in Libya (IOM, 2014e).
One of the main findings of the 2001 Manpower Survey suggested a considerable decrease in the number of regular labour migrants in Libya in 1995–2001, with an estimate of 123,000 foreign workers in regular employment in 2001 (compared with about 409,000 legal resident foreigners in 1995 and experts’ assumptions on percentage of foreign workers at the time).
All labour market surveys highlighted the imbalance between the occupation of Libyans and non-Libyans in the different sectors of economic activity. As of 2001, Libyan workers were mainly in the social and public services sectors (about 55%). On the other hand, foreign workers were mainly employed in production activities (52% were in manufacturing, building and construction), scientific activities (20% were presumably in high-skilled professions) and services (21% were in sales and merchandise fields). Furthermore, according to the more detailed and reliable survey in 2001, non-Libyan workers constituted nearly 60 per cent of total employment in building and construction activities and Egypt was by far the most represented country, followed by Iraq, India, the Philippines, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Bangladesh.
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The Population Census of 2006 experienced several problems mainly due to the implementation of the optical character reading technology for data entry, which necessitated the adoption of an extensive data editing process and estimation of results. The main census tables are disseminated through the Demographic and Economic Module of the CARIM Database,14 as follows:
• POP03 – Population by citizenship 9 Distribution of non-Libyan population by country of nationality and sex
• POP04 – Population born in the country by citizenship, age and sex 9 Distribution of non-Libyan population by nationality (grouped
countries), age and sex
• POP11 – Population by citizenship and family status 9 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 15 years and
over, by marital status and sex
• POP14 – Population by citizenship and level of education 9 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 10 years and
over, by educational status and sex
• POP19 – Working age population, by type of activity and nationality 9 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 15 years and
over, by type of activity and sex
9 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 15 years and over, by economic status, gender and shabya (district)
• POP21 – Working age population, by profession and nationality 9 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population, economically active
and aged 15 years and over, by major and sub-major occupation and sex
The series of census tables reported by CARIM is reproduced in Tables 13–19. However, apart from some small inconsistencies between the available tables and the slight change in the reported total value of foreign population, the coverage of the overall presence of foreigners in Libya at the time seems unrealistic, in the sense of an undercount.
14 Anticipating here what should be part of Section C1.3, the Demographic and Economic Module of CARIM Database is a tool irregularly updated with tables at the national or subnational levels, covering a wide range of statistics on migration and related phenomena. These tables are collected through a network of correspondents belonging to the national institutions of the 18 Mediterranean and sub-Saharan countries covered by the Consortium and presented under a series of collections and different formats and contents, depending on the availability of data from countries. The original data is obtained through data collection and processing methods, which vary according to the country.
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According to different tables and timetables of releasing the total foreign population in Libya, from the results of the 2006 Census, there were 349,040 foreigners (probably preliminary data) and 359,540 foreigners (final data).
Eighty-five per cent of enumerated foreigners were nationals of other Arab countries, in particular Egypt (about 46%), Sudan (11%), Morocco (6%) and Tunisia (4%). Eleven per cent were from other non-Arab African countries, in particular Chad (6%). They were prevalently men (about 69%), with exceptions mainly for Morocco (with about 63% of women) and the less represented European countries, the United States and Canada (in average with about 70% of women).
The same source states about 200,000 foreign workers and about 90,000 inactive foreigners out of the total population of about 2 million, aged 15 years and over.
Finally, according to the ad hoc population survey in 2012, there were 187,400 foreigners in the country. However, this figure reported by the BSC was unprovable, as this covered a limited area of Libyan territory.
Furthermore, an episodic table on remittances data from the Central Bank of Libya is also available in the CARIM Database, as follows:
• ECO01 – Remittances by expatriates (total) 9 Net current transfers of the Libyan balance of payments, 2004–2007
The data, which is shown in the statistical annex, does not appear reliable.
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C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AvAILABLE AT ThE INTERNATIONAL
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C1. DATA AND STATISTICS AvAILABLE FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIzATIONS
The list of data or statistics on migration to/from Libya produced or simply disseminated by the international organizations presented within this section as well as in the statistical annex is based on the source of information (e.g. the organization publishing the data).
Under this section, the contents of each dataset are introduced, evaluated and shortly referred for the main findings (within a text box). Some data is further considered in Chapter D, depending on the existence of alternative or similar data (e.g. the data on people of Libyan origin or with Libyan citizenship residing abroad, which is available from different sources) and other reasons.
The tables presented in Annex V generally provide the historical series and particularly the most recent reference years for the concerned measurement/topic available in the data sources of origin. Generally, the tables present full details on the countries of citizenship, birth, origin/destination or the countries reporting data on Libyan migrants taken from the original source. In some cases, such as the data on residence permits issued to Libyans, the tables focus on selected reporting countries like the United Kingdom because of the aim to show the kind of information and detail which can be available in the original source.
Ci.i internationaL organizations
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
The main migration information related to Libya available from the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) are published in Migration Profile for Libya, part of Migration Profiles Common Set of Indicators (UN DESA, 2014a). The “sheet” for Libya is fully reported in Annex III. The country sheets, which are established jointly with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), often represent estimates and are split in four parts dealing with the following: global legal instruments, population indicators, development indicators and international migration stocks (for the
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general categories of migrants, refugees and students, including an age pyramid for migrant stocks). Data is provided for the reference years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013.
UN provides more complete/detailed estimates on stocks of migrants in Libya and migrants of Libyan origin abroad as well as yearly migration flows through a series of datasets accessible at UN DESA’s thematic web page,15 as follows:
• Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (UN DESA, 2013a)
9 International migrant stock at midyear by sex and major area, region and country, for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (Table 1 of the database)
• Refugees stock at midyear by major area, region and country, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (Table 6 of the database)
9 Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision – Migrants by Age and Sex (UN DESA, 2013a)
• International migrant stock at midyear by age and sex and by major area, region, country or area, for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (Tables 1–4 of the database)
9 Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin (UN DESA, 2013b)
• Total migrant stock at midyear by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013, by sex (Tables 1–2 of the database)
The estimates of these datasets are based on official statistics on the foreign-born or the foreign population, classified by country of origin. These estimates are obtained from population censuses combined with statistics on the number and composition of international migrants available from administrative registers and nationally representative surveys in the countries of destination (reporting countries), or from imputation based on a regional level. In some cases, data also includes the refugees counted by UNHCR.
• United Nations Global Migration Database (UN DESA, 2014b)
9 Population stocks by country of citizenship and/or country of birth by sex and age, from early 1990 to 2008 – with data availability depending on reporting country
The data contained in this database derives from numerous sources, including the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) Demographic Yearbook, tabulations collected by the Population Division and official national publications. Given
15 See www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/international-migration/index.shtml
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the use of different sources, the Population Division reports about possible discrepancies from the concepts and definitions set by the UN international recommendations on migration statistics (e.g. UN DESA, 1998) and other international standards. Therefore, the organization advices for the cautionary use of data drawing conclusions on level, trends and characteristics of international migration. In any case, there is no data with Libya as reporting country.
• International Migration Flows to and from Selected Countries: The 2010 Revision (Web-based database) (UN DESA, 2011)
9 Migrant flows by country of origin or country of destination, from early 1990 to 2010 – with availability of data depending on reporting country
The origin and limitations of data reported above apply here, too. In particular, there is no data with Libya as reporting country.
Data relevant to Libya extracted from most the datasets above is presented in Tables 21–24.
Concentrating on the UN data on stocks only, the table on immigration to Libya shows a change from about 460,000 migrants in 1990 to about 755,000 in 2013, with a major increase in the last few years (from 2010 to 2013) compared with the two previous decades. The overall percentage of female migrants was quite stable during the same period (1990–2013) and at different age groups; however, it presents important variations at the level of single country of citizenship. From 1990 to 2013, the Occupied Palestinian Territory was the most represented country, with the proportion of its nationals in Libya strangely remaining the same (37.1%) in 2000, 2010 and 2013. This trend of a constant proportion was observed in all countries.
On the other hand, concerning the data on emigration of Libyans or people born in Libya, depending on the reporting county of destination, the total varies from about 80,000 in 1990 to about 142,000 in 2013, with an increase mainly between 2000 and 2010 (about 50,000 units). According to this data, people of Libyan origin are mainly in Italy, the United Kingdom, Israel, Viet Nam and Egypt. Among these top countries, Israel appears because of Jewish Israeli citizens born in Libya, almost all are elderly now, who moved from Libya to Israel in the past (MPC, 2013a). On the other hand, the presence of an important number of Libyan citizens in Viet Nam (about 11,300 in 2013) was not confirmed by the Libyan counterpart consulted for this study.
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Always considering first the stock of international migrants at the international level, the World Bank also provides estimates in the Libya Sheet of the Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 (World Bank, 2010), fully presented in Annex III. In this sheet, the stocks of foreign immigrants in Libya and people of Libyan origin abroad are presented, including the following:
• The total number of migrants and the top countries of origin and residence of migrants, the latter without indications of values, for the year 2010 (presumably midyear); and
• The total number of physicians and nurses born in Libya and the total number of physicians trained in the country and residing abroad, probably for mid-2000.
Besides, the same sheet presents the total values of remittance inflows and outflows for 2003–2009. This can be complemented by the longer series made available elsewhere by the World Bank, so for the periods 1977–2012 for the outflows and 2003–2009 for inflows.
According to the World Bank Libya Sheet, there were 682,000 immigrants and 110,000 emigrants in total in 2010. Furthermore, as indicated in the sheet, immigrants accounted for 10.4 per cent and emigrants represented 1.7 per cent of the total migrant population of Libya. Among immigrants, 35.5 per cent were females. Egypt, Tunisia, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and the Syrian Arab Republic were the top countries of origin for immigration to Libya, while Israel, the United Kingdom, Chad, the United States, Jordan, Egypt, Germany, Turkey, Canada and Italy were listed as the top destination countries for emigration from Libya.
The sheet also provides estimates on the emigration of professionals in the health sector for the year 2000 – 800 physicians trained in the country (10.6% of total), 585 physicians born in the country (8.4%) and 391 nurses born in the country (2.2%) emigrated from Libya.
The World Bank information above on stocks of migrants is very limited and does not indicate if this is based on the country of citizenship or country of birth. Finally, this study clarified that the source of data is a previous revision of UN Trends in International Migrant Stock.
The focus on the skilled migrants in the health sector is particularly important for Libya, because of the shortages of workers and the policies or simple initiatives for staffing in this sector (e.g. under the START Project implemented by IOM). However, unfortunately, the data derived from elaborations under the projects implemented by the organization in the past is episodic, without enough elements of assessment, and quite outdated by now.
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(Office of the) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
At the central level, UNHCR releases statistics on a regular basis through mainly the following publications:
• Asylum Trends (in Europe and the most developed countries) (published at midyear or yearly);
• Global Trends (published at midyear);
• Statistical Yearbook (published at the beginning of the year).
More complete information is accessible through the Statistical Online Population Database.
The UNHCR data is collected on a monthly basis, depending on the topic and reporting country. The availability is generally from year 2000 to 2013 (provisional values, as of time of accessing the last publications or the database) and shorter periods for the last/current year (as for the “statistical snapshots” available in the UNHCR Libya Fact Sheet of April 2014 or in the UNHCR Libya web page as of July 2014, with main totals for dates in 2014). UNHCR widely applies estimates based on 10-year recognition of asylum-seekers or other criteria.
The following list may represent the type and time reference of information available from UNHCR (UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database (2014), UNHCR Statistical Yearbook 2012 (2013) and UNHCR Global Trends 2013 (2014)) on entire calendar years, as of July 2014:
• Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons, returnees (including refugees and internally displaced persons), stateless persons, and others of concern to UNHCR by country/territory of asylum or country/territory of origin, 2000–2013 (end of year) (type respectively Table 1 and Table 2 in the last issues of Statistical Yearbook and Global Trends);
• Refugees and people in a refugee-like situation, excluding asylum-seekers, and changes by country/territory of asylum or country/territory of origin, 2000–2013 (type respectively Table 3 and Table 4 in the publications mentioned above);
• Asylum applications and refugee status determination (RSD) by country/territory of asylum or/and country/territory of origin, 2000–2013 (type respectively Table 9, Table 11 and Table 12 in the publications mentioned above);
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• Demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR and refugees and people in refugee-like situations by type of location, 2000–2013 (end of year) (type Table 13 and Table 14 in Statistical Yearbook and Global Trends);
• Refugees, including people in a refugee-like situation, by type of accommodation and major locations, 2000–2013 (end of year) (type Table 17 in the publications mentioned above).
Despite the different origins of UNHCR data, adoption of estimates and complex data generation processes, the extractions for Libya from UNHCR data sources allow for close and fast monitoring of the evolution of asylum-seekers, refugees and other population of concern to UNHCR for both the Libyan citizens with any of these statuses abroad – in principle in all countries worldwide – and for many non-Libyans seeking asylum or in an irregular/mixed migration situation in Libya (cfr. Tables 26–37). Some values available from various dissemination means reflecting the different timing and progressive improvement of statistical production are anyway acceptable.
On the other hand, the data on recognized refugees in Libya suffers from the fact that the RSD in the country is not systematically implemented by UNHCR. Furthermore, the preference of asylum-seekers for reaching the more protective systems of European countries could probably be the reason for the lower number of applications addressed to the UNHCR local offices in Libya, thus underestimating the dimension of the refugee phenomenon and distorting the information on people looking for protection (DRC, 2013). In any case, results on the demographic characteristics and other information, such as the location of the people counted or estimated by the UNHCR statistics offices in Libya or abroad, are very limited (cfr. Tables 36 and 37).
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Table 3: Statistical snapshot on refugees, asylum-seekers, and other people of concern to UNHCR in Libya and originating from Libya, 1 January 2014
residing inlibyaa
Originating from Libyaa
Refugeesb 25,561 3,322
Asylum-seekersc 6,608 2,091
Returned refugeesd – –
Internally displaced persons (IDPs)e 53,579 53,579
Returned internally displaced personsf 5,350 5,350
Stateless personsg – –
Varioush – 3
total 91,098 64,345
Source: UNHCR/Governments. Compiled by UNHCR, Field Information and Coordination Support Section (2014d).
Notes:• a Country or territory of asylum or residence. In the absence of government estimates,
UNHCR has estimated the refugee population in most developed countries based on 10 years of asylum-seekers recognition.
b Persons recognized as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention/1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention, in accordance with the UNHCR Statute, persons granted a complementary form of protection and those granted temporary protection. It also includes persons in a refugee-like situation whose status has not yet been verified.
c Persons whose application for asylum or refugee status is pending at any stage in the procedure.
d Refugees who have returned to their place of origin during the first six months of 2013. (Source: Country of origin and asylum)
e Persons who are displaced within their country and to whom UNHCR extends protection and/or assistance. Persons who are in an IDP-like situation are also included.
f IDPs protected/assisted by UNHCR who have returned to their place of origin during the first six months of 2013.
g Refers to persons under the statelessness mandate of UNHCR. h Persons of concern to UNHCR not included in the previous categories but to whom
UNHCR extends protection and/or assistance. • The data is generally provided by governments, based on their own definitions and
methods of data collection. • A dash (–) indicates that the value is zero, not available or not applicable.
According to the data presented in Table 3 and in Tables 26 and 27 in Annex V, the number of Libyans abroad with recognized refugee status strongly increased in 2011 (4,384 at the end of the year) and 2012 (5,251). The latest estimate at the beginning of 2014 (about 3,300, provisional) is still higher than the ones before the crisis. However, the refugee phenomenon is more important within Libya, with the number of such people reaching about 25,600 at the beginning of 2014 as an effect of recognition of refugee status given to the many people who arrived from the Syrian Arab Republic since 2011.
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Concerning the asylum-seekers, Libya generally does not appear among the countries more represented in the applications lodged in recent years. However, 1,726 and 2,118 applications were recorded in 2012 and 2013, respectively, in the 38 European countries providing data on a monthly basis (UNHCR, 2013a). The value for 2013 represents only 0.5 per cent of the total and Libya is rank 36th as the country of origin. The total asylum-seekers (pending cases) at the end of 2012 and 2013 were respectively 1,866 and 2,044 (cfr. Tables 3 and 27). On the other hand, in the same period, more applications were lodged within Libya by people coming from countries like Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic, at least in part in transit in the country, with about 6,500 total pending cases at the end of 2012 (cfr. Table 26).
Besides, there was a strong reduction in the number of internally displaced persons – from about 458,000 in 2011 to about 177,500 in 2012 and about 5,000 in 2013.
As anticipated, UNHCR also significantly entered in the emergency operations – jointly with IOM – following the war in 2011 and the most recent unrests.
International Organization for Migration
According to its mandate and prevalent recent activities, IOM collects, elaborates and/or disseminates data on migration phenomena relevant to Libya on an ad hoc basis mainly on the following:
• Stock of migrants present in Libya;
• Arrivals of people at the main border points at times of emergency, and their returns, evacuations and repatriations, depending on cases;
• Arrivals at the countries of origin of migrants returning home following the crisis, also for profiling exercises and needs assessments in the communities where they returned;
• Detection and rescue of irregular migrants, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea;
• Stranded and trafficked migrants and other people seeking assistance for their voluntary return to the country of origin; and
• Other topics and measurements on an occasional basis, such as the arrivals of migrants at neighbouring countries outside the crisis periods.
Concerning the stock of migrants living in Libya, IOM mainly provided estimates for a time just before the start of the crisis in February 2011, with details on selected countries of citizenship. These estimates, which appear in the publication “Libyan Crisis: One Month into IOM’s Response” (IOM, 2011d)
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and are reported here in the following box and Table 7, was well recognized at the international level, among others by Altai Consulting (2013a), as the best appraisal of the presence of all categories of migrants in Libya. Despite the plausibility or at least the wide acceptance of the estimate of 2.5 million foreign migrants overall, breakdown by citizenship appears too vague, with about 1.3 million people (more than 50%) attributed to a residual category of migrants including “a large population of sub-Saharan Africans, mainly from Niger, Chad, Mali, Nigeria and Ghana”. Egypt was the most represented country, with 1 million people, while Tunisia was included in the residual category. In addition, some other IOM publications generically refer this estimate as migrant workers and with a different incidence of Egyptians (e.g. the report “Libya Crisis: IOM Response and Appeal” (IOM, 2014i)16), or indicated about 1.8 million of migrant workers in Libya (Migrants Caught in Crisis: The IOM Experience in Libya (IOM, 2012b)17).
Registration of data and compilation of statistics on migrants and other people fleeing Libya at moments of crisis were important activities in 2011 and 2014. During the 2011 crisis, IOM – together with UNHCR – centralized the contributions of individual donors for assisting the affected population and managing their return or resettlement. Data on foreigners who left Libya by country of arrival and country of citizenship were directly collected with the support of national authorities at the Tunisian, Algerian, People from Niger, Chadian, Sudanese and Egyptian borders as well as in Italy and Malta. As a summary and milestone on measuring migration outflows from Libya, information as in Table 418 was continuously updated and published in situation reports successively issued during the operations and the Migration Crisis from Libya website19 as well as in reports prepared by IOM and other organizations in 2012–2013. More importantly, the registration of these people ensured that unprecedented solutions for repatriation were undertaken. The successful experience in 2011 was replicated and among the best practices during the 2014 unrest, although there was lower incidence of migration and repatriation/resettlement in the latter event and so far the need for humanitarian aid is not that high.
Despite the usefulness of data management and publication of information during these crisis periods, the Migration Crisis from Libya website is no longer updated. If the situation reports on the last crisis period are accessible through the IOM Libya website,20 the Organization should update some tools on the Migration Crisis website or introduce minor changes, such as highlighting the 2011 crisis and removing inactive features like receiving alerts.
16 “Before the crisis, Libya was reported to have according to the local, regional and international media and migrants’ own embassies, approximately 2.5 million migrant workers in Libya, with nearly two-thirds of them being from Egypt, and a high number from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.”
17 “Given that there were approximately 1.8 million migrant workers in Libya, […].”18 Table 4 was compiled for the purposes of the study using data published in different IOM publications. 19 The Migration Crisis from Libya website (www.migration-crisis.com/libya/main) was active during the
preparation of the study.20 The IOM Libya website (www.iom.int/cms/libya) was active during the preparation of this study.
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Profiling exercises and needs assessments following the return of migrants from Libya were undertaken by IOM, as a result of the 2011 crisis, in almost all neighbouring countries and in many other countries like Ghana, Burkina Faso and Bangladesh.21 The information from this kind of operations may be relevant to the migration management of Libya in order to know the expectations and conditions for the return of the same people or the prospects for the arrival of migrants belonging to the same community.
From the main IOM data, there were 2.5 million immigrants present in Libya at the beginning of 2014, including Egyptians (1 million), Pakistanis (80,000), Sudanese (59,000), Bangladeshis (63,000), Filipinos (26,000), Vietnamese (10,500), Nepalese (2,000) and all other countries of citizenship (a residual value of 1,259,000 people).
During the unrest and massive outflows in 2011, 422,912 Libyans and 796,915 foreigners escaped from Libya to the neighbouring countries in the periods between February 2011, 8 June 2011 and January 2012, mainly to Tunisia (345,489 Tunisians and third-country nationals) and Egypt (263,554 Egyptians and third-country nationals).
From the little information on IOM activities in Libya between the two crises that was possible to gather for the study, 1,094 stranded migrants were given return and reintegration support in 2013, bringing the total number of assisted migrants to 13,275 between 2006 and 2013 (IOM, 2014d).
Concerning the unrests in 2014, as of end of September in that year, more than 150,000 Libyans, including migrants, had sought refuge abroad and fled the country. Moreover, there were over 200,000 migrant workers in Libya, of whom 7,000 were vulnerable and in need of evacuation assistance, transit or border reception, health services and psychosocial support (IOM, 2014h).
21 This is particulary cited in the publication Humanitarian Response to the Libyan Crisis: February–December 2011 Report (IOM, 2012a).
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Table 4: Foreign nationals who fled from Libya during the 2011 unrest, by country of arrival and country of citizenshipa
Country of arrival Country of nationality number %Egypt Egypt 173,873 22.0
Third country 89,681 11.3
subtotal 263,554 33.3Tunisia Tunisia 137,000 17.3
Third country 208,489 26.3
subtotal 345,489 43.7Algeria Algeria 1,666 0.2
Third country 12,296 1.6
subtotal 13,962 1.8Niger Niger 79,720 10.1
Third country 5,699 0.7
subtotal 85,419 10.8Chad Chad 50,874 6.4
Third country 808 0.1
subtotal 51,682 6.5Sudan All 2,800 0.4
Italy All 27,000 3.4
Malta All 1,574 0.2
total All 791,480b 100.0 Third country 316,973 40.0
Sources: Daily Statistical Report 28/11/2011 (IOM, 2011e), Humanitarian Response to the Libyan Crisis: February–December 2011 Report (IOM, 2012a, for the period up to December 2011) and Migrants Caught in Crisis: The IOM Experience in Libya (IOM, 2012b, for the period up to January 2012).
Notes:a Period from February 2011 to January 2012. Data compiled from different publications
(see Sources). b A total of 796,915 is most frequently reported by IOM, probably covering cases where
the country of citizenship was not indicated and periods after January 2012.
Concerning the detection of irregular migrants trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea or even the Sahara, IOM mainly intervenes in collecting data on people the Organization is allowed to access and in informing about the outcomes of operations of national authorities generally through press releases. As a recent, new activity, IOM supported an initiative for trying to count the deaths of irregular migrants wordlwide (IOM, 2014j). Despite the partial measurement, the figures on deaths occurring in the Mediterranean Sea may represent another important component in the exercises for estimating the migratory flows from Libya on an annual basis, in particular for years when the irregular trips by boat are frequent (Altai, 2013a).
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Given the priority on emergency operations, no detailed information was provided by IOM Libya on the assistance and return services for migrants in Libya. However, the registration of these cases should be available and thus inform about the exact type of services, the profiles and experiences of assisted migrants, and of course their destinations. Despite the eventual limited number of involved migrants, these operations could represent a relevant opportunity for gathering follow-up information on such a category of former migrants in Libya and informing the Libyan authorities towards migration management measures.
Among other occasional measurements, IOM may provide information on the assistance given to rejected (refouled) migrants, and some follow-up information on migrants deported from Libya or spontaneously returning to their countries of origin with the logistical support of IOM country offices in the regions of West and Central Africa and the Sahel.
EUROSTAT
In the case of the European Statistical System (EUROSTAT) Population (populat) Database shown in the following schema, first the domain International Migration and Asylum (migr) constitutes a very relevant tool for measuring some aspects of migration on any third country, in this case – for instance – on the flows from and to Libya.
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The domain “migr” is composed by six collections, and is in principle relevant to the migration trends in a third country like Libya for the following main types of tables within each collection:22
• Collection: International migration flows (migr_flow)
9 Tables on yearly international immigrants by citizenship, country of birth or country of previous usual residence in combination with sex and age group;
9 Tables on yearly international emmigrants by citizenship, country of birth or country of next usual residence in combination with sex and age group.
• Collection: Acquisition and loss of citizenship (migr_acqn)
9 Table on acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former citizenship (migr_acqn).
• Collection: Population by citizenship and by country of birth (migr_stock)
9 Tables on population by citizenship or country of birth in combination with sex and age group;
9 Table on population by sex, citizenship and broad group of country of birth (migr_pop5ctz).
• Collection: Residence permits (migr_res)
9 Tables on first permits issued during the year: i) by reason (distinguished in family, education, remunerated activities, other reasons), length of validity (3–5 months, 6–11 months, 12+ months) and citizenship; or ii) by reason, age, sex and citizenship;
9 Tables on valid residence permits by: i) reason, length of validity and citizenship; or ii) by age, sex and citizenship on 31 December of each year.
• Collection: Enforcement of immigration legislation (migr_eil)
9 Tables on third-country nationals who were refused entry at the external borders, found to be illegally present, ordered to leave and returned following an order to leave.
22 The detailed list of tables relevant to Libya within each collection is proposed in Annex IV. In fact, the exact list of relevant tables changes depending on the considered third country and the relevance of migration phenomena and flows with the EU Member States. The collection Asylum (migr_asy) is not considered here.
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According to the summary description, this set of tables mainly features detailed information on the country or territory of reference23 of the people subject to the movement or the administrative procedure, the calendar year as reference period,24 and the reason for migration movements (for the residence permits collection). Data is generally available as follows:
• Tables on international migration flows, population and acquisition/loss of citizenship from 1995 to 1998;
• Since the year 2008, for the tables on residence permits and enforcement of immigration legislation.
This dataset generally applies only to the 28 EU Member States as reporting countries, at least in terms of availability of data.25
The EUROSTAT dataset widely derives from the implementation of EU Regulation 826/2007 on the collection of statistics on migration and international protection (EU, 2007), which requires the EU Member States to provide data on migration-related matters stated above within a given deadline and according to harmonized concepts and definitions. Concerning the latter, the requirements widely respect the UN recommendations (UN DESA, 1998 and 2008), for instance with reference to the “usual residence” and “short- and long-term migration,” as well as specific standards established within the EU framework. In fact, some of these EU tables aim to measure the impact of migration policies and the introduction of new conditions for migrants such as the Blue Cards for highly skilled workers. Therefore, the requirements clearly set, for instance, the conditions for defining the coverage of data collection (e.g. first permits26) and the specific, predefined categories applicable to each type of permission.
The progressive enlargement of the EU, the coverage of calendar years prior to the implementation of EU Regulation 862/2007, the initial implementation period of the same regulation and the reference to the EU context give some constraints to the EUROSTAT data. On the other hand, the many extractions for Libya (Tables 38–51 in Annex V) present in general a good degree of availability, detail and comparability over time and between countries (cfr. for instance, Figures 1 and 2, Table 5 and other tables with specific combinations of categories of variables and/or focus on one reporting country only). Finally, they may be particularly informative and useful for countries like Libya.
23 That is, country of citizenship, country of previous citizenship, country/territory of birth or country/territory of next/previous residence, depending on the table.
24 The beginning of the year is used as reference time for the stock data. 25 Some datasets used in this document were from data collection exercises undertaken by EUROSTAT jointly
with other international organizations. In these cases, data from reporting countries that are non-EU Member States should be accessed outside the EUROSTAT source.
26 In the data collection on residence permits, the first permits include all new permits as well as the permits renewed after more than six months from the date of expiration of the previous one.
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Figure 1: valid residence permits issued to libyans in the european union and the United Kingdom by reason and length of validity, 2013 (end of year)
Source: EUROSTAT Database (see Population theme – International migration and asylum domain – table on all valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship, 31 December of each year (migr_resvalid)).
The data extracted from the EUROSTAT Database on international migration for the study provides the following main findings:
• Increase of immigration flows and stocks of Libyans in countries like Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom in 2011 and/or following few observation years, with – for instance – the change in the number of usual residents from 4,827 to 7,970 in Germany and from 207 to 1,321 in Turkey between early 2011 and early 2013;
• About 700 acquisitions of citizenship of an EU Member State by Libyans on average in the last five years, mainly by men (about 60%);
• Shared reduction in the number of yearly residence permits issued for a first time from 2008 (first year of observation or data collection) to 2011 and then an increase after 2011; for instance, 8,046, 3,296 and 6,201 permits were granted respectively in 2008, 2011 and 2013 in the EU as a whole, with the United Kingdon, Germany, France and Italy as top countries;
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• General increase of valid permissions, with the same top countries above; family reunification and education for long periods were the main reasons reported during the last observation in 2013, as indicated in Figure 1 too;
• Varying but substantial number of Libyans among those who were refused entry at external borders (around 500 in 2013), were found illegally present (about 2,500 in 2013) and were ordered to leave (around 2,000 in 2012–2013), with higher observations in Italy, Malta, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic and Sweden for almost all the cases.
table 5: First residence permits issued to libyans in the united kingdom by specific reason and length of validity, 2013
Main reason/Specific reason total From 3 to 5 months
From 6 to 11 months
12 months or over
All reasons 2,772 311 687 1,774Family 1,207 33 302 872
Person joining an EU citizen 22 0 0 22
Spouse/partner joining an EU citizen
22 0 0 22
Child joining an EU citizen 0 0 0 0
Other family member joining an EU citizen
0 0 0 0
Person joining a non-EU citizen 1,185 33 302 850
Spouse/partner joining a non-EU citizen
506 15 134 357
Child joining a non-EU citizen 675 18 167 490
Other family member joining a non-EU citizen
4 0 1 3
Education 1,328 218 381 729Study : : : :
Other educational reasons : : : :
Remunerated activities 64 5 4 55
Highly skilled workers 16 0 0 16
Researchers 1 0 0 1
Seasonal workers 0 0 0 0
Other remunerated activities 47 5 4 38
EU Blue Card 0 0 0 0
Other reason 173 55 0 118International protection status 0 0 0 0
Refugee status and subsidiary protection
0 0 0 0
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Main reason/Specific reason total From 3 to 5 months
From 6 to 11 months
12 months or over
Humanitarian reasons 0 0 0 0Residence only 0 0 0 0Other reasons not specified 173 55 0 118Unaccompanied minors 0 0 0 0Victims of trafficking in human beings
0 0 0 0
Source: EUROSTAT Database (see Population theme – International migration and asylum domain – tables on first permits issued for family reasons (migr_resfam), education reasons (migr_resedu), remunerated activities (migr_resocc) and other reasons (migr_resoth), by reason, length of validity and citizenship.
Note: The colon (:) in some cells means “not available” or “no data”.
Furthermore, data on Libya migration (generally emigration from Libya) may be available within the same EUROSTAT Database through the Population and Housing Census (cens) domain. However, in this case the information may be available with 10-year breaks of census enumeration (or possibly the census-type counts of countries that have discontinued the traditional census-taking method), and apparently the 2010 census round results are not available yet. Given these reasons, the extractions and analysis of data from this domain are omitted here.
OECD and UNESCO
Moving to another international entity, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) also disseminates comprehensive and comparative data on a broad range of demographic and labour market characteristics of immigrants living in its 34 member countries and several non-OECD countries. The OECD online dataset is composed of two parts:
• OECD International Migration Database (OECD, 2014a), which includes the following information (presented through tables), with an annual series generally covering the years 1990–2011:27
− Inflows of foreign population by nationality; − Outflows of foreign population by nationality; − Asylum-seekers by nationality; − Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth; − Stock of foreign population by nationality; − Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality; − Inflows of foreign workers by nationality; − Stock of foreign-born labour by country of birth; − Stock of foreign labour by nationality.
27 Unlike in EUROSTAT, the stock data in the OECD Database is given for the end of the year. For instance, for a given country, a population figure for year t in the EUROSTAT Database may correspond to year t-1 in the OECD Database.
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Figure 2: Acquisition of citizenship by Libyans in selected OECD countries, 2000–2012a
Sources:EUROSTAT Database, table on acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former citizenship (migr_acq); OECD International Migration Database, table on acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality.
Note: a Including estimates for missing values.
• Database on Immigrants in OECD and non-OECD Countries: DIOC (OECD, 2014b), which includes two main collections of raw data with mainly census results on the following:
− Immigrants in 34 OECD countries by different combinations of country of birth, citizenship, sex, age, education, economic status and occupation for the years 2000/2001 and 2005/2006 (data for 2010/2011 is to be released soon);
− Immigrants in 66 non-OECD countries of destination for the year 2000/2001 (data for 2010/2011 is to be released soon).
Most of the OECD data is taken from the individual contributions of national correspondents constituting the Continuous Reporting System on Migration (Système d’observation permanente des migrations, SOPEMI28), which means that the data has not necessarily been harmonized at the international level.
Despite some difference in wording of titles, some OECD tables overlap with the tables of the UN Population Division, the World Bank, EUROSTAT and UNHCR.29 Compared with EUROSTAT, the OECD dataset covers a wider group of developed countries, including non-EU countries such as the Russian Federation, the United
28 SOPEMI covers most OECD member countries as well as the Baltic States, Bulgaria and Romania. 29 As an example, the OECD table on stock of foreign-born population by country of birth corresponds to the
EUROSTAT table on population by sex, age group and country of birth.
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States, Canada and Japan, in a more systematic way and uses the country of birth criterion more than the country of citizenship to identify the immigrant population. However, the OECD dataset is smaller in terms of number, variety and details of tables. In accordance with that, the OECD data on Libya accessed for this assessment was compared with EUROSTAT data and then integrated in selected tables on flows (Tables 39 and 40, Annex V), stocks (Tables 42 and 43, Annex V) and acquisition of citizenship (Table 44, Annex V).
On the other hand, the last three tables of the first OECD collection dealing with labour migration are completely new, not covered by EUROSTAT. However, they currently present almost no detail on Libya as country of citizenship or country of birth, making the census results, in principle every 10 years and with different reference times, the unique solution for profiling the socioeconomic status of Libyans or Libyan-born people in this wide group of developed countries worldwide.
Among the recent OECD publications, Connecting with Emigrants: A Global Profile of Diasporas (OECD, 2012) presents country sheets showing the main features of immigrants to OECD countries originating from any country worldwide (in fact, with more details and data than in the database, although on Libyans aged 15 years and over). The sheet for Libya, which is presented in Annex III of this publication, shows some inconsistency with the data available in the database. The total and summary indicators of Libya-born by sex and in the main destination countries are of course restricted to the OECD countries and few years far in the time, namely 2000 and 2005/2006.30 Apart from that, this sheet proposes an ad hoc measurement on the percentage of Libyans who would like to move abroad permanently if they had the opportunity to do so, taken from the Gallup World Poll Survey 2008–2010.
Compiling national data from another yearly joint data collection,31 OECD and the UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) provide data respectively on the following:
• Students from Libya in tertiary education (ISCED 5-6) in selected OECD countries by country of study and category for 2007–201132 (OECD, 2014c);
• Internationally mobile Libyan students worldwide by country of study for 1999–201233 (UNESCO, 2014).
30 Further international migration (panel) datasets by origin, destination, sex and education level having the OECD countries as destination (datasets HCM, DLM and DM, respectively as from Brücker, 2013, Docquier et al., 2009 and Docquier and Marfouk, 2006, in Bibliography) were not accessed for the purposes of this study.
31 Joint UNESCO/OECD/EUROSTAT (UOE) Data Collection on Education Systems.32 School academic years from 2006/2007 to 2010/2011, apart from few reporting countries indicated in the
footnote of table.33 School academic years from 1998/1999 to 2011/2012, apart from few reporting countries indicated in the
footnote of table.
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The table published by OECD (Table 54) offers in principle the possibility to distinguish between foreign students and international/mobile students enrolled, with the latter data trying to present a better view on international mobility of students. Foreign students are defined as non-citizens of the country where they study (category a), and international students are defined either as students who are not permanent or usual residents of their country of study (category b) or alternatively as students who obtained their prior education in a different country (category c). However, beginning in 2008, international mobile students with prior education outside the reporting country and non-resident students are reported together. On the other hand, the UIS presents no data on foreign students enrolled in tertiary education but only data on internationally mobile students (Table 55).
In the case of Libyan students abroad, in Table 54, an anomaly can be noted in the first observation year of estimates of students with prior education abroad for Germany, Ireland and Switzerland only.34 Apart from that, the complete data series of both tables have several estimates, possible specific computations (probably in terms of students per year equivalent) and apparent implausibility for selected countries of destination, which could be explained by the policies of host countries and the effects of the 2011 crisis in Libya. This may be evident with the trend on students in Malaysia drastically increasing in 2009 and significantly decreasing already two years later.
Limiting the presentation of data introduced in this subsection on OECD data to the new topics only, the Gallup World Poll Survey 2008–2010 revealed that 29 per cent of Libyans would desire, at the time of survey, to emigrate (compared with 21% within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region). This applies to 26 per cent of women, 32 per cent of young people (aged 15–24 years) and 31 per cent of highly educated people.
Concerning tertiary education, as shown in the UIS data (Table 55), which has wider geographical coverage and more observations, the total number of Libyans who moved abroad to pursue tertiary education was around more than 7,000 in 2010 and 2011. Most of these Libyans were in the United Kingdom (about 2,700 or 38–40% of total); Malaysia and the United States (more than 1,000); and then France, Canada and Australia (3–4%, but with a fast increase in the latter). Moreover, the table shows the increasing presence of Libyan students in other Arab countries like the United Arab Emirates and Jordan.
34 The comparison of series with a corresponding table from the UIS (Table 55) allows for considering these values as for the internationally mobile Libyan students.
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Frontex and European Asylum Support Office
Frontex, the agency responsible for controlling the EU external borders, collects data from the EU Member States quarterly and annually on the following topics:
• Detections of illegal border-crossing between border crossing points (Table 1A in the source);
• Detections of illegal border-crossing at border crossing points (Table 1B in the source);
• Detections of suspected facilitators (Table 2 in the source);
• Detections of illegal stay (Table 3 in the source);
• Refusals of entry (Table 4 in the source);
• Asylum applications (Table 5 in the source);
• Use of false travel documents (Table 6 in the source);
• Return decisions for illegally staying third-country nationals (Table 7A in the source);
• Effective returns of illegally staying third-country nationals (Table 7B in the source).
The information is generally available by country of citizenship, type of border/place and other details. Although this data collection is frequently updated, it is only partially disseminated to the public. However, the well-defined localization of illegal flows from Libya to Europe makes it more convenient to access directly the statistics produced by Italy and Malta (cfr. Section C2.2).
The European Asylum Support Office (EASO) assists the EU Member States in dealing with all asylum matters, including setting up and maintaining mechanisms for early warning, preparedness and crisis management. The EASO collection also includes data on the migrants’ intention of applying for asylum. The available data could be relevant to the asylum or intention of applying for asylum of Libyans or foreigners, but in principle without information on the last country of origin. In any case, the EASO data is not published and thus not collected for this study. This remains eventually accessible for Libyan authorities, upon request, although as with Frontex data Libyan authorities could have interest in and opportunity to ask relevant statistics directly from the involved EU Member States.
Other international organizations
Concerning some other organizations, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is present in Libya, too; however, no data on Libya was found in the 2012 Global Report.
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As a part of the Interactive Map on Migration (i-Map)35 and other initiatives (cfr. Section 1.4), the ICMPD covers Libya, too. However, there is no country report yet under the different frameworks, and the report A Comprehensive Survey of Migration Flows and Institutional Capabilities in Libya (ICMPD, 2010) published before the 2011 crisis still represents the best output by this institution.
Ci.2 other internationaL entities and initiatives
As from the previous chapter, the MPC/CARIM disseminates tables on migration collected from Libya and its neighbouring countries (see Section B2), and compiles and publishes tables on an occasional basis. According to the MPC/CARIM estimates, there were about 100,000 emigrants of Libyan origin in the main countries of destination in 2009 (MPC, 2013a and 2013b).
Apart from the MPC/CARIM or even IOM, the literature review for this study highlights a wide series of episodic estimates and data (main total figures, often of limited reliability) generally irregularly produced and reported, or reported as mobility happens and upon registration of exact migration movements to and from Libya. This particularly concerns the total number of migrants in Libya and the flows or events linked to irregular migration, rescue operations, and deaths of migrants in the Mediterranean or the zones towards the land borders of Libya. Among the various cases, Fortress Europe – in a blog data – reports on detections of irregular migrants and other topics based on a continuous census of international press, while UNITED for Intercultural Action reports data collected from the media, researchers and its own network (for a complete list, see IOM, 2014j).
In the past decades, some international entities such as NGOs or research centres were particularly active in studying migration or migration-related phenomena (e.g. human rights) pertaining to Libya and possibly collecting data on these issues. As for some international organizations mentioned previously, studies and data collection are undertaken for better understanding of the situation and providing support for migrants, in particular irregular/mixed migrants group, or simply raising awareness of them and the need for intervention from the Libyan authorities, the international community and the public.
As major and recent initiatives of qualitative measurements have been undertaken by these international entities, it seems opportune to highlight two studies on mixed migration already mentioned in Chapter A, although other relevant studies are listed in Bibliography.
First is the study published in 2013 by the DRC on mixed migration in the areas of Tripoli and Sabha (a city in south-western Libya, along the migratory routes from Niger and Algeria). The study, which was based – as its main components – on a collection of data carried out through questionnaires administrated among
35 See www.imap-migration.org.
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1,031 mixed migrants and interviews with key informers, intended to alleviate the lack of understanding about the different groups of migrants in Libya and can be a basis for future studies. The dataset from the survey provides information on the origin, experiences, demographic and socioeconomic profiles, living and security conditions, livelihoods and prospects of this community of migrants.
The DRC study “We Risk Our Lives for Our Daily Bread”: Findings of the Danish Refugee Council Study of the Mixed Migration in Libya highlights the following main findings:
• The lack of understanding about the different groups of mixed migrants present in Libya, their origins, reasons for moving to Libya and future intentions;
• The adverse treatment of mixed migrants in Libya; for instance, they have to go through a difficult procedure on acquiring permit prior to entry, they are subject to tight security, they have to endure harsh living and working conditions, and they are not informed about their rights and responsibilities while in Libya;
• The interest of a large proportion of migrants in short-term or even seasonal migration if a suitable work is available and safe living conditions will be provided;
• The need for practical coordination of national and international actors for actions in favour of mixed migrants, with attention paid to the migration-security concerns of Libyan authorities.
The other study was undertaken by Altai Consulting (2013a) on behalf of UNHCR, in parallel with a rapid assessment of the labour market and an assessment of socioeconomic conditions of urban refugees in Libya. Even this study was based on literature review, already available data and new data collection, which consists of interviews with about 500 mixed migrants, representatives of national institutions and international organizations, and other key respondents in Libya, as well as representatives of UNHCR, IOM and NGOs in Niger, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somaliland, Italy and Malta. The aim of the study was to provide enough information for adequately defining support programmes on mixed migration and improving the relationship of stakeholders with the Libyan Government.
The study Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads. Mapping of Migration Routes from Africa to Europe and Drivers of Migration in Post-revolution Libya (Altai, 2013a) offered mostly an in-depth review of drivers of recent mixed migration to Libya and a detailed mapping of routes, costs and modalities of the irregular migrants’ journeys as well as their living and working conditions in Libya.
Among the main findings, the study highlighted the following:
• The grave vulnerabilities and risks represented at all stages by the irregular migration journeys to, through and from Libya;
• The variety of presence of migrants in Libya, and their experiences, conditions and propensity to move on (cfr. Figure 3);
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• The large prevalence of irregular migrants, with the small number of involuntary migrants, female migrants and unaccompanied minors;
• The almost equal composition of regular and irregular migrants in the case of seasonal migration;
• The major populations of semi-nomadic tribes crossing borders;
• The selective attitude of migrants with respect to information such as the risks of clandestine migration movements;
• The lack of hope for return for most of the irregular migrants stranded in Libya keen to go back to their countries of origin;
• The complexity of the smuggling industry, with the existence of strong networks within Libya and across countries.
Figure 3: Propensity to settle in Libya according to employment and integration levels
Source: Altai Consulting, Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads. Mapping of Migration Routes from Africa to Europe and Drivers of Migration in Post-revolution Libya, 2013.
Furthermore, the Altai study proposed some methodologies for estimating the inflows and the stock of migrants in Libya. One methodology consists of a field-based screening exercise conducted through a network of individuals over a period of 6–12 months at the cities closest to each border crossing or close to the border crossings themselves (ideally Morzouk, Ghat or Tobrouk) combined with the collection of other data (e.g. the number of migrants entering at the
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detention centres). Another methodology for estimating the stock of migrants involves a mapping exercise (that is, an informal small-scale census) undertaken a number of times throughout the year in the main migrant communities in urban centres by a large team of researchers with good access to local migrant communities. These researchers should interview the community leaders as well as migrants waiting for work at crossroads and in detention centres. Both the proposals are hereby endorsed, apart from the suggestion to consider the centre sampling technique. However, it would be more valuable if any of these methodologies would be undertaken in collaboration with Libyan government authorities (see Section D3.).
C2. DATA AND STATISTICS REpORTED BY OThER COuNTRIES
C2.1 neighBouring Countries and other Countries of origin/destination of Migrants in afriCa
and asia
The countries neighbouring Libya as well as many other countries in the MENA region, sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are important for Libya mainly for legal migration (immigration of foreigners) and irregular/mixed migration. Despite the lack of official statistics, this was evident from observation and agreed estimates before the 2011 crisis and after that, with the return of previous immigrants or eventually the arrival of new ones. Moreover, Tunisia, Egypt and Algeria are important for the emigration of Libyans affected by the crisis.
Concerning the legal migration of foreigners and migration of Libyans to/from Libya, the involved foreign countries do not have satisfactory systems of registration and reporting. Yearly statistics on flows and stocks are generally not determined. Data on residence permits and work permits granted to foreigners is not made available regularly, fully and publicly. Data on permissions for working abroad issued by the countries of origin, where adopted, has a limited coverage (e.g. more data is available on migrant workers belonging to the public administration sector than on those moving through direct arrangements for jobs in private companies).
Recent experiences and steps for possibly more reliable, frequent and comparable statistics in the MENA region represented by the MEDSTAT programme witnessed limited progress in better using administrative data. On the other hand, MEDSTAT significantly contributed to launching the unique round of regionally coordinated migration surveys based on model questionnaires (MED-HIMS programme).
Concerning the neighbouring countries of Libya, the contents of the CARIM Database as of June 201436 allows for identifying statistics available – or possibly
36 For the purposes of this study, the CARIM Database was consulted in spring 2014. Updating of the database was discontinued due to the suspension of CARIM in June 2012 but should be soon further integrated with the data collected in the last few years already used for the different analytical reports.
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available – which may be relevant for measuring migration in Libya. The database presents more tables for Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt than Niger and mostly Sudan and Chad. Therefore, the tables available for the first three countries are listed in Annex VI grouped under the following domains:
• MOV – Movements (for arrivals/departures, asylum applications and work permits);
• POP – Population (for population and refugees in the country and expatriates registered in the consulates);
• RET – Survey of return migrants;
• ECO – Remittances sent by expatriates.
The following main aspects feature the datasets extracted for Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt as well as the ones of Niger, Chad and Sudan not represented in detail in the annex:
• There is a very varying situation in general and for the tables presented within each domain, depending on the country.
• Better data on yearly arrivals/departures is available, although these measurements generally do not distinguish the international travellers from the different categories of migrants. However, in some tables from Tunisia, the residence status of people crossing the borders can be distinguished. Despite the possible count of multiple border crossings by a person during a calendar year, compiling this kind of statistics represents a good practice, with hopefully further application for approximating the yearly migration flows between Libya and Tunisia.
• Short and discontinued historical series and old data is presented, with only few tables disseminated in 2011 or 2012 and so more recent data often refers to at least 4–5 years ago. Concerning the three North African countries considerd in detail, the CARIM Database misses the main results of the last censuses of Egypt (2006) and Algeria (2008).37
• The situation for Tunisia is better, due to the availability of the 2004 Population Census results, in particular the tables on population by country of birth or country of citizenship and other variables. Despite the old reference time, these tables widely include the economic status and education level and the stock of migrants returned in the five years prior to the census, showing breakdown by country of origin and other variables and so represent an important expectation for the results of the last census undertaken in April 2014.38
37 This is due to the suspension of CARIM – see previous footnote.38 According to Tunisia’s National Institute of Statistics, the preliminary results of the 2014 Census relevant
to migration will be published at the beginning of 2015. Furthermore, the Ministry of Interior and Local Development of Tunisia should be able to provide adequate information on border crossings according to the residence status of passengers from 2010 onwards.
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In accordance with the migration policies adopted in the past in Libya, the number of Libyan nationals from the latest censuses reported in the CARIM Database in Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt was quite low – respectively 10,213 (in 2004), 1,351 (1998) and 2,128 (1996).39 These Libyan emigrants were mostly men in Egypt (57%), and equally shared between males and females and particularly concentrated in the 15–29 years old category in Tunisia.
From the border crossings data, the figures on yearly arrivals at and departures from Tunisia distinguishing the residence status of travellers for the years 2004–2009, at least according to the contents of CARIM Database at time of consultation, seem of most immediate and relevant utilization. According to this data (Tables 56 and 57), the yearly arrivals of Libyans to Tunisia were in the order of 1.7 million and the departures of Libyans from Tunisia were approximately 1.6 million (average during the period, considering the period from October 2007 to December 2008 as one year). Movements of Libyan residents were in the order of few hundreds every year, with positive or negative balance, depending on the year. On the other hand, the departures of Tunisians non-resident in their own country from Tunisia to Libya (formally not necessarily as country of residence) within the same six-year period varied considerably, from a maximum of 13,400 in 2004 to a minimum of 2,400 in 2005 and then values up to 11,100 departures.40
Despite the limited relevance of emigration of Libyans in the past, the availability of these and improved statistics for the latest calendar years and the future on a regular basis from countries like Tunisia may allow for measuring the effects of a part of migration of Libyans, excluding undercounts of census operations and irregular migration. Moreover, these sources may represent the solution for a better evaluation of migration of foreigners to/from Libya through the so-called “mirror statistics”.
According to a summary inventory of international sources, the availability of statistics relevant to measuring migration in Libya by the country of origin of migrant beyond the group of neighbouring countries (e.g. the Gambia, Nigeria, Somalia, Eritrea, Syrian Arab Republic, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines) is worst. Once again, the censuses represent the main possible source, but with a series of conditions such as the effective measuring of migration through the census enumeration (that is, the adoption of questionnaires with specific questions or modules on migration) and the constraints of the decennial frequence (and often the postponement) of such operations.
For all the concerned countries, counts and statistics established at the level of embassies and other government services in Libya and abroad could help in the direction of specific investigations on and partial measurements of migration in Libya. However, apart from the crisis period and the possible closing of
39 Further considerations on the relevance of tables published by CARIM as well as some main results are given within the list of tables in Annex VI.
40 Based on these concrete cases, during a given calendar year, a person may cross the borders between Libya and Tunisia more than once and so be recorded more than once in the count for the same direction for that year.
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diplomatic missions in Libya or suspension of visas, the cases reported in many recent studies witness the uncertainity of such evaluations (cfr. in particular the reporting of estimates of Egyptian migrants in Libya, incredibly varying from 1 million to 3 million).
C2.2 european Countries and other Countries worLdwide
In the area of legal migration, the EU Member States and other countries worldwide belonging to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the OECD may, in general, provide data such as the flows and stocks of migrants, acquisition of citizenship, applications for asylum and recognition of refugee status on a yearly basis, as well as data on the socioeconomic situation and even the integration of migrants at the time of censuses or specialized surveys. Migration from these countries to Libya and migration of Libyans towards these countries make a varying interest, depending on the partner country; at the same time, these statistics represent an important source of information, especially on the emigration of Libyans and emigration of irregular migrants towards Europe.
As from Section C1.2, most data is collected by all countries at the same time and made available mainly by EUROSTAT, OECD, UN DESA and UNHCR, with attention to adopting common concepts and definitions and thus achieving international comparability despite the use of different sources, depending on the conditions of each country. This is the principle of EU Regulation 876/2007. However, providing details on single countries of origin/destination, birth or citizenship of migrants is complicated for many countries, and therefore it is not mandatory under the EU Regulation.
Apart from what is collected and may be considered using the data sources of international organizations already covered in Section C1.1, other statistics from EU Member States appear relevant for monitoring the evolution of migration pertaining to Libya. This particularly applies to Malta and mostly to Italy, the countries of destination of irregular migration flows from Libya. In fact, in the last years the departures of migrants from Libya by boat constitute a relevant phenomenon for the country of origin (transit) as for the countries of first and possibly secondary destination. Despite the varying occurrence of flows and the evolution of operations overseeing that, these flows are covered enough through rescue operations or at countries of arrivals. The data on disembarkations of irregular migrants collected for this study and presented in Table 6 witness a variety of sources and some conflict between figures, the availability of data according to the occurrence of disembarkation or periods of rescue missions, and finally indefinite reporting systems. However, the table gives the alternative, although difficult, path for obtaining information on the specific topic. In fact, as from Section C1.1, Frontex does not collect data with the detail of involved countries, generally publishes aggregated data and anyway has first to receive the data from the national ministerial agencies.
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Tabl
e 6:
Dis
emba
rkati
ons a
nd d
eath
s of i
rreg
ular
mig
rant
s try
ing
to re
ach
Italy
and
Mal
ta, 2
008–
2014
Type
of
info
rmati
on:
Mig
rant
s res
cued
at s
ea a
nd/o
r dis
emba
rked
in It
aly
mig
rant
s res
cued
at
sea
and/
or
dise
mba
rked
in
mal
ta
illeg
al b
orde
r cr
ossi
ngs i
n th
e ce
ntra
l m
edite
rran
ean
rout
ea
peop
le
died
tryi
ng
to re
ach
euro
pe b
y bo
atb
sour
ce:
italia
n m
oi,
Dept
. of P
ublic
se
curit
y
Italia
n M
oI, D
ept.
of
publ
ic s
ecur
ity
italia
n m
oi,
Dept
. for
Civ
il Li
berti
es a
nd
Imm
igra
tion
Italia
n N
avy
mal
tese
min
istr
y of
Hom
e Aff
airs
M
inis
trie
s of I
nter
ior
of It
aly
and
Mal
tava
rious
so
urce
sc
repo
rted
by:
ISM
U, 2
014
iOm
ital
yco
unci
l of
Eur
ope,
201
4AI
DA/E
CRE,
20
14iO
m it
aly
Fron
tex,
201
4aIO
M, 2
014j
2008
36,9
5139
,800
2009
11,0
00
2010
4,50
0
2011
62,6
9262
,692
62,6
9264
,300
1,50
0*
From
Lib
ya o
nly
28,4
31
2012
13,2
7113
,267
12,0
0015
,900
500*
2013
Tota
l42
,925
42,9
2542
,925
2,80
040
,300
700*
Min
ors
8,83
68,
336
Wom
en5,
477
5,47
7
From
Lib
ya o
nly
5,25
0
62
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ATA
AN
D S
TATI
STIC
S O
N M
IGRA
TIO
N IN
LIB
YA A
VAIL
ABL
E AT
TH
E IN
TERN
ATIO
NA
L LE
VEL
Type
of
info
rmati
on:
Mig
rant
s res
cued
at s
ea a
nd/o
r dis
emba
rked
in It
aly
mig
rant
s res
cued
at
sea
and/
or
dise
mba
rked
in
mal
ta
illeg
al b
orde
r cr
ossi
ngs i
n th
e ce
ntra
l m
edite
rran
ean
rout
ea
peop
le
died
tryi
ng
to re
ach
euro
pe b
y bo
atb
sour
ce:
italia
n m
oi,
Dept
. of P
ublic
se
curit
y
Italia
n M
oI, D
ept.
of
publ
ic s
ecur
ity
italia
n m
oi,
Dept
. for
Civ
il Li
berti
es a
nd
Imm
igra
tion
Italia
n N
avy
mal
tese
min
istr
y of
Hom
e Aff
airs
M
inis
trie
s of I
nter
ior
of It
aly
and
Mal
tava
rious
so
urce
sc
repo
rted
by:
ISM
U, 2
014
iOm
ital
yco
unci
l of
Eur
ope,
201
4AI
DA/E
CRE,
20
14iO
m it
aly
Fron
tex,
201
4aIO
M, 2
014j
Six
mos
t re
pres
ente
d co
untr
ies
of
citiz
ensh
ip
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
: 11,
307
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
: 11
,307
Eritr
ea: 9
,834
Eritr
ea: 9
,834
Som
alia
: 3,2
63So
mal
ia: 3
,263
Egyp
t: 2
,728
Nig
eria
: 2,6
80
Paki
stan
: 1,7
53G
ambi
a: 2
,619
Tuni
sia:
833
Paki
stan
: 1,7
53
34,0
00
18 O
ct.–
31 D
ec.
7,00
0
2014
By 1
2 M
ay36
,627
By 2
4/31
Aug
. 10
6,00
047
4
By 1
5 Se
pt.
129,
258
From
Lib
ya o
nly
111,
271
By 3
0 Se
pt.
138,
796d
Min
ors
15,1
6622
,017
63
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Type
of
info
rmati
on:
Mig
rant
s res
cued
at s
ea a
nd/o
r dis
emba
rked
in It
aly
mig
rant
s res
cued
at
sea
and/
or
dise
mba
rked
in
mal
ta
illeg
al b
orde
r cr
ossi
ngs i
n th
e ce
ntra
l m
edite
rran
ean
rout
ea
peop
le
died
tryi
ng
to re
ach
euro
pe b
y bo
atb
sour
ce:
italia
n m
oi,
Dept
. of P
ublic
se
curit
y
Italia
n M
oI, D
ept.
of
publ
ic s
ecur
ity
italia
n m
oi,
Dept
. for
Civ
il Li
berti
es a
nd
Imm
igra
tion
Italia
n N
avy
mal
tese
min
istr
y of
Hom
e Aff
airs
M
inis
trie
s of I
nter
ior
of It
aly
and
Mal
tava
rious
so
urce
sc
repo
rted
by:
ISM
U, 2
014
iOm
ital
yco
unci
l of
Eur
ope,
201
4AI
DA/E
CRE,
20
14iO
m it
aly
Fron
tex,
201
4aIO
M, 2
014j
Wom
en12
,149
15,4
64
Six
mos
t re
pres
ente
d co
untr
ies
of
citiz
ensh
ip
Eritr
ea: 3
0,67
8Sy
rian
Ara
b Re
publ
ic:
32,6
81
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
: 28,
554
Eritr
ea: 3
2,53
7
Mal
i: 8,
073
Mal
i: 8,
532
Nig
eria
: 6,1
17N
iger
ia: 6
,951
Gam
bia:
5,6
05G
ambi
a: 6
,179
Som
alia
: 3,9
46O
ccup
ied
Pale
stini
an
Terr
itory
: 4,2
23
By 3
1 D
ec.
3,27
9*
Sour
ces:
Indi
cate
d w
ithin
the
tabl
e.N
otes
: * Es
timat
e.
a Incl
udin
g A
pulia
and
Cal
abri
a.
b Als
o in
clud
ing
deat
hs o
f irr
egul
ar m
igra
nts
tryi
ng to
reac
h G
reec
e an
d Sp
ain,
alth
ough
the
maj
ority
of c
ases
con
cern
s It
aly.
c In
clud
ing
med
ia, n
ation
al a
utho
ritie
s, IO
M, U
NH
CR, U
nite
d St
ates
Bor
der
Patr
ol, a
mon
g ot
hers
. d In
clud
ing
18,0
95 m
igra
nts
prel
imin
arily
repo
rted
as
from
sub
-Sah
aran
Afr
ican
cou
ntri
es.
65
ASSESSM
ENT O
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ND
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INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
D. SuMMARY AND CONCLuSION
D1. SuMMARY ON ThE AvAILABLE DATA REGISTRATION SYSTEMS AND STATISTICS ON
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
Despite the constraints of only few interviews with the representatives of Libyan authorities and international organizations, the assessment carried out on the management and dissemination of data and statistics on international migration in Libya allowed for gathering and analysing important information available through direct contacts, many reference documents and online tools. Moreover, it allowed for establishing a dialogue with IOM and BSC on the opportunities, needs and possible steps towards an improvement of the current situation.
Specifically concerning the data registration and statistics, first of all it was possible to identify the most important procedures and systems under the Libyan government services relevant to international migration, as follows:
• Civil status (MoI)
• Exit visas and permissions (MoI)
• Consular registration (MoFA, Department of Consular Affairs and Department of Expatriates)
• Entry visas (MoI/DPC and Department of Immigration, and MoFA/Department of Visas, Department of Consular Affairs and Directorate of Protocol)
• Residence permits (MoI/DPC)
• Work permits (MoLCB/FRU)
• Labour Offices registration (MoLCB)
• Work inspections (MoLCB/Inspection Unit)
• Medical examination (Ministry of Health)
• Acquisition of citizenship (MoI)
• Apprehensions, detentions and deportations of irregular migrants (MoI/DCIM)
• National statistical system (BSC and GIA)
On the other hand, the project allowed for an inventory of many statistics on international migration to/from Libya available on a regular or an ad hoc basis at the international level through data collections or estimations undertaken by international organizations, other international entities, research centres and other countries, in particular the EU and OECD countries. The inventory of all that is summarized in Schema 2, while the whole set of gathered and consulted tables is presented in Annex V.
66
D. S
UM
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RY A
ND
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NCL
USI
ON
Sche
ma
2: S
umm
ary
inve
ntor
y of
ava
ilabl
e st
atisti
cs o
n in
tern
ation
al m
igra
tion
in L
ibya
41
Cate
gory
of
mig
rant
sIn
flow
s/St
ay in
Lib
yaO
utflo
ws/
Stay
abr
oad
Libyan regular migrants
Flow
s
1.
Liby
an im
mig
rant
s fr
om
sele
cted
cou
ntri
es a
broa
d by
m
ain
vari
able
s (e
urO
stAt
–
prox
y)
2.
Dep
artu
res
of L
ibya
ns fr
om
sele
cted
nei
ghbo
urin
g co
untr
ies b
y m
ain
vari
able
s (n
eigh
bour
ing
coun
trie
s –
prox
y/oc
casi
onal
)
Stoc
ks
3.
Liby
an p
opul
ation
by
mai
n va
riab
les
poss
ibly
refe
rred
to
mig
ratio
n ba
ckgr
ound
(GIA
, BS
C –
prox
y/oc
casi
onal
thro
ugh
surv
eys
or c
ensu
ses,
in th
e ca
se o
f inv
estig
ation
abo
ut
mig
ratio
n hi
stor
y)
Flow
s
4.
Liby
an e
mig
rant
s in
sel
ecte
d co
untr
ies
abro
ad b
y m
ain
vari
able
s (U
N D
ESA
– p
roxy
/oc
casi
onal
, eu
rOst
At)
5.
Arr
ival
s of
Lib
yans
to n
eigh
bour
ing
coun
trie
s by
mai
n va
riab
les
(nei
ghbo
urin
g co
untr
ies –
pro
xy/o
ccas
iona
l)
6.
Firs
t res
iden
ce p
erm
its is
sued
to L
ibya
ns in
the
EU c
ount
ries
by
diffe
rent
var
iabl
es
(eu
rOst
At –
rece
nt d
ata
cole
ction
)
Stoc
ks
7.
Liby
an e
mig
rant
s (in
sel
ecte
d co
untr
ies)
abr
oad
by m
ain
vari
able
s (U
N D
ESA
, eu
rOst
At, O
ECD
– o
ccas
iona
l)
8.
Liby
an e
mig
rant
s in
nei
ghbo
urin
g co
untr
ies
by m
ain
vari
able
s (n
eigh
bour
ing
coun
trie
s – o
ccas
iona
l/ce
nsus
)
9.
Liby
an w
orke
rs in
Wes
tern
and
nei
ghbo
urin
g co
untr
ies
by m
ain
vari
able
s (U
N D
ESA
, O
ecd,
eu
rOst
At –
occ
asio
nal/
cens
us)
10.
Valid
resi
denc
e pe
rmits
for
Liby
ans
livin
g in
the
EU c
ount
ries
by
diffe
rent
var
iabl
es
(eu
rOst
At)
11.
Liby
an s
tude
nts
purs
uing
terti
ary
educ
ation
abr
oad
(uO
e, O
ecd)
12.
Acq
uisi
tions
of c
itize
nshi
p of
EU
and
oth
er c
ount
ries
by
Liby
ans,
by
mai
n va
riab
les
(eu
rOst
At, O
ECD
)
41
Sele
cted
inte
rnati
onal
org
aniz
ation
s in
bol
d fa
ce a
re d
ata
sour
ces
that
are
mos
t use
ful f
or th
is c
ase
of L
ibya
.
67
ASSESSM
ENT O
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ND
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ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Cate
gory
of
mig
rant
sIn
flow
s/St
ay in
Lib
yaO
utflo
ws/
Stay
abr
oad
Libyan mixed migrants
Flow
s
13.
Liby
an ir
regu
lar
mig
rant
s re
turn
ing
unde
r AV
RR
prog
ram
mes
by
mai
n va
riab
les
(iOm
, un
hcr
– oc
casi
onal
)
14.
Liby
ans
who
retu
rned
from
the
EU a
nd E
urop
ean
Free
Tra
de
Ass
ocia
tion
(EFT
A) c
ount
ries
an
d to
Lib
ya, f
ollo
win
g an
ord
er
to le
ave
(eu
rOst
At)
Stoc
ksN
ot a
pplic
able
.
Flow
s
15.
Liby
an a
sylu
m-s
eeke
rs, r
efug
ees
and
othe
r pe
ople
of c
once
rn to
UN
HCR
by
mai
n va
riab
les
(un
hcr,
EU
ROST
AT –
pro
xy)
16.
Liby
ans
refu
sed
entr
y to
EU
and
EFT
A c
ount
ries
by
grou
nd fo
r re
fusa
l (eu
rOst
At)
Stoc
ks
17.
Liby
an a
sylu
m-s
eeke
rs, r
efug
ees
and
othe
r pe
ople
of c
once
rn to
UN
HCR
by
mai
n va
riab
les
(un
hcr
– pr
oxy)
18.
Liby
ans
foun
d to
be
illeg
ally
pre
sent
in th
e EU
and
EFT
A c
ount
ries
by
age
grou
p (e
urO
stAt
)
Non-Libyan regular migrants
Flow
s
19.
Non
-Lib
yan
imm
igra
nts
from
se
lect
ed c
ount
ries
by
mai
n va
riab
les
(EU
ROST
AT –
pro
xy)
Stoc
ks
20.
Non
-Lib
yan
imm
igra
nts
by m
ain
vari
able
s (G
IA, B
SC, U
N D
ESA
–
prox
y/oc
casi
onal
thro
ugh
surv
eys
or c
ensu
ses)
Flow
s
21.
Non
-Lib
yan
emig
rant
s in
sel
ecte
d co
untr
ies
by m
ain
vari
able
s (E
URO
STAT
– p
roxy
)St
ocks
Not
app
licab
le.
68
D. S
UM
MA
RY A
ND
CO
NCL
USI
ON
Category of migrants Inflows/Stay in Libya Outflows/Stay abroad
Non
-Lib
yan
mix
ed m
igra
nts
Flows
22. Non-Libyan asylum-seekers, refugees and other people of concern to UNHCR by main variables (unhcr – proxy)
23. Apprehensions of irregular migrants by main variables (dcim – proxy/totals/occasional)
Stocks
24. Non-Libyan immigrants by selected countries of citizenship (iOm – proxy/occasional, that is, estimate for before the 2011 crisis, covering both regular and mixed migrants)
25. Non-Libyan asylum-seekers, refugees and other people of concern to UNHCR by main variables (unhcr – proxy)
26. Qualitative data on mixed migrants living in selected areas of Libya (drc, Altai Consulting – occasional)
Flows
27. Disembarkations of irregular migrants arriving by boat to Italy and Malta by main variables (italy, malta, Frontex, IOM, UNHCR – proxy/occasional)
28. Deportations of irregular migrants by main variables (dcim – proxy/totals/occasional)
29. Arrivals of mixed migrants to border points or other destinations at moments of crisis in Libya (iOm, unhcr, neighbouring countries – occasional/crisis)
StocksNot applicable.
D2. GApS, NEEDS AND OppORTuNITIES
d2.1 data registration systeMs
According to this preliminary assessment, the Libyan administrative systems relevant to international migration present grave gaps at the level of registration and management of data on both the citizens and foreigners. This situation relies on different reasons that might be ascribed to government and public administration authorities. Indeed, it is mainly due to a limited control of external borders, the absence of a structured migration policy, the lack of deposited practices for this kind of operations, the recent huge reorganization of national services, the functioning of services and local offices, and the discontinuity of responsibility and activities. In some cases, the procedures are feasible in principle and there are also laws or rules stated at different hierarchical levels; however, there are no adequate practical means or capabilities for its implementation (e.g. the reporting of apprehensions of irregular migrants to the DCIM headquarters or the communication between local Labour Offices and the MoLCB headquarters). Among other indirect reasons, other assessments of Libyan institutional frameworks for migration highlighted the fear of ministerial
69
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
services of stepping over the line and assuming the others’ responsibilities and the high influence of politics on decisions towards innovation (IOM, 2014e).
Furthermore, there are relevant practical constraints and lack of information systems, which limit the coverage and quality of administrative procedures. This is especially true for the services and offices located in specific governorates and in specific places like remote border points. In most cases, the whole procedures for processing the applications for permissions or simply the recording of personal data are conducted only on paper (e.g. the registration of work permits and job-seekers by the FRU and most Labour Offices, respectively, and what determines very limited exchanges among the Labour Offices and between these entities and the MoLCB headquarters).
Other important constraints for the administrative registration of migration in Libya reside in the lack of knowledge of procedures or the unfair attitude of migrants or their reference persons in the country towards reporting their movements to the authorities. As main examples, it can be recalled that the migrants have the habit of not declaring their definitive departures and the employers of work-permit holders skipping the successive application for residence permits. In fact, since many foreign migrants do not know the necessary procedures, they find it feasible to enter, reside or work in Libya without any authorization, or even use fraudulent permissions obtained through criminal recruitment networks. Other migrants simply lack practical conditions and opportunities for undertaking the procedures of renewing permissions. The wide proportion of migrants in Libya in an indefined migration process (possibly irregular migrants transiting through the country) and the lack of an asylum system naturally emphasize the lack of administrative registration.
On the other hand, the recent series of international initiatives addressing the socioeconomic development, management and stabilization process, and assessing the systems of Libya are increasing the awareness among Libyan ministerial agencies of the usefulness of well-defined and strictly adopted measures and new means as well as the important role they play to improve the management and registration of migration. Regarding this last point, it is relevant to underline the direct and indirect proposals provided to improve the management and registration of migration, including the introduction of the following:
• An integrated border management system (reported in IOM, 2014f);
• An electronic registration system for the border crossing control and visa issuing at border points offices (IOM, 2014f);
• Libyan consular services in key locations in neighbouring countries useful to facilitate the visa process for seasonal and other temporary migrants and provide the possibility to allow entry into Libya with identification documents other than passports (IOM, 2015);
70
D. S
UM
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RY A
ND
CO
NCL
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ON
• An online portal informing about procedures for legal migration into Libya (IOM, 2015);
• An online portal for processing the applications of employers for foreign recruitment (IOM, 2014e);
• Seasonal or circular migration programmes (IOM, 2015);
• Involvement of foreign countries’ consular services in Libya in facilitating Libyan employers’ search for foreign labour (IOM, 2015);
• An electronic registration system for long-term foreign residents (IOM, 2014e);
• A system of electronic work permits (IOM, 2014e);
• A database of foreign labour migrants present in Libya, with data on education levels, economic activities, skills, occupations and so on (IOM, 2014e);
• Databases of job-seekers and employers at the level of local Labour Offices (IOM, 2014e);
• Communication mechanisms between the local Labour Offices (IOM, 2015); a database of irregular migrants for facilitating and following their medical controls and other purposes (IOM, 2014f and 2015);
• The extension of electronic registration systems in other detention centres (IOM, 2015).
Box 2 describes the features that a migration management and information system (MMIS) should have in general. Obviously, the concretization of such an innovation at a large scale and in such peculiar and evolving context of Libya is particularly challenging. Apart from a stable situation, it asks for a series of conditions such as a comprehensive migration policy, a high-level commitment, an effective collaboration between national agencies, changes in the attitude of officials responsible for the procedures as well as possibly the migrants, adequate means, and the collaboration of the private sector, international organizations and other countries. However, this can be obtained only in the long term, and precisely for this reason at least some components should be addressed as soon as possible, in combination with changes in policies and procedures. Therefore, at this stage it is highly opportune to analyse in detail the data collected or potentially available from each relevant national service as well as the possibility and conditions for linking some procedures and/or administrative registers.
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ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
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N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Box 2: Features of an efficient migration management and information system
Migration management at the State level may be adequately operated only through an integrated electronic system able to ensure the registration, linkage, management, and reporting of migration data derived from the administrative procedures and effective international movements. Such a migration management and information system (MMIS) should possibly cover both the citizens and non-citizens of the involved country and be composed of different modules, according to the availability of basic registers or databases on international migration, protection, mobility and other related sectors (e.g. border crossing, visas, residence permits) and the attribution of responsibilities at the central and local levels.
The MMIS should allow for monitoring the whole migration or migration-related process of different categories of population as far as possible according to the legal provisions of the country. Thus, for instance, in the case of a foreigner seeking authorization to enter and stay, the system should register: the personal data and the dates of application, granting, renewal and expiration of entry visas; the effective border crossings; the application, granting and expiration of residence permits; the registration in a labour office database of job-seekers; and so on. Moreover, the system should record changes in status (e.g. the reason for holding a residence permit) and ID or permission documents (e.g. a new passport number) as well as coverage (e.g. databases of falsified identification documents).
An efficient MMIS should integrate modules useful to promptly inform about its contents and analyse specific aspects of migration for the benefit of single national agencies and mostly the inter-institutional and inter-State entities in charge of migration management and monitoring. Thus, for instance, the system should support the definition of yearly quota of migrant workers from foreign countries (where applicable) and allow at any moment for the identification of overstayers through the registration of border crossing of visa and residence permit holders or the size and composition of migrants held in identification and shelter centres.
Different national authorities should be able to access the system according to well-established rules and restrictions, depending on the mandate of each agency. Special care should be given to the protection of individual records, more in general, of data disclosure issues. Moreover, it should be flexible enough to ensure that it can be extended or linked with the registers maintained by other national institutions (e.g. a social protection register) or international organizations, and can be adapted on a continuous basis, according to relevant legislation and policy.
In terms of needs, among national institutions directly contacted for this project, the DCIM requested the refurbishment of premises, computerization of offices and work modalities, better communication facilities including access to the Internet, and training of staff on the provision of services and implementation of procedures respecting international standards. The introduction of information systems and an effective collaboration within each institution and between the different institutions and their units were also reported as the highest priorities by the relevant departments of the MoLCB interviewed for the assessment of labour market management. This was recommended in IOM (2014e) as well as in other reports (e.g. IOM, 2014f and 2015). Among other institutions, according to another IOM assessment (2014f), the departments or agencies responsible for border control do not have enough equipment and vehicles for monitoring the borders – tools that could already discourage or reduce irregular migration. Finally, similar priority needs should apply to the other involved national agencies.
72
D. S
UM
MA
RY A
ND
CO
NCL
USI
ON
d2.2 statistiCs and data anaLysis
The availability of statistics through Schema 2 and the set of detailed tables presented in Annex V may look huge. However, it is not satisfactory in terms of frequency, coverage, quality and comparability of data.
First of all, most of the inventoried statistics were not produced by Libyan institutions but were obtained from sources available at the international level, almost exclusively international organizations, the EU Member States and other developed countries that are more relevant, frequent and reliable in general.
Second, in accordance with the above, these statistics are more relevant to the emigration of Libyans than the other migration phenomena pertaining to Libya. These numbers partially cover the other main components of irregular emigration and return migration of Libyans (which is of limited relevance), regular migration of foreigners to/from Libya (low/medium relevance), and mixed migration of foreigners to, through and from Libya (high relevance).
Third, an important part of these statistics is based on different concepts and definitions. Moreover, they may derive from estimations or approximations, may be available on an occasional basis only (e.g. through the decennial censuses or surveys rarely implemented) and may have very limited reliability (what applies in particular to Libyan statistics on stocks of foreign migrants). In short, this part of available statistics has limited usefulness, for the purposes of monitoring migration over the course of time and even for occasional evaluations.
Finally, another group of available statistics comes from emergency operations following the crisis, mostly the concentration of people escaping Libya at borders with the neighbouring countries.
It may be useful to take into account two examples based on recent measurements that are presented in Tables 7 and 8. In the case of stocks of foreign migrants in Libya (Table 7), from the last Libyan census results (listed in the table as GIA) to the UN DESA and IOM estimates, too varying total levels and compositions by country of citizenship can be observed. Moreover, based on UN DESA estimates, the percentage distribution by country of citizenship is constant over time (cfr. Section C1.2), while IOM estimates are available for one point in time only and do not present details about migrants from some relevant neighbouring countries like Chad, Niger and Tunisia. Finally, details on other variables such as sex, age, economic status or shabya (district) are available but rather unreliable (e.g. the last census results from GIA, cfr. Section B2.) or not available at all (e.g. IOM estimates).
73
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
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N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
In the case of stocks of migrants of Libyan origin abroad (Table 8), the comparison between the most recent population data available at the international level is compromised by the adoption of different concepts and the acquisition of citizenship of the host country by Libyans abroad. As a matter of fact, data refers to Libya as the country of birth (this is the only solution for countries like Israel, the United States, Canada and Australia, at least according to the consulted version of the OECD Database) or country of citizenship of concerned migrants. The UN DESA data is useful because in principle its coverage is global. However, the numbers are estimates, indicating Italy has the most number of Libyan emigrants who presumably are mainly people born in Libya with no more ties with the country. On the other hand, taking into account the valid residence permits from the EUROSTAT Database (Table 8), the values are lower but identify clearly only those who are Libyan citizens. In fact, as discussed in Section C1.2, data collection on residence permits recently launched by EUROSTAT may be very relevant to Libyan emigration, even if restricted to a group of reporting countries only. Then complication would remain with the apparent progressive removal of Libyans from the statistics of destination countries, at least for countries like the United Kingdom, data for which shows a significant number of Libyans who have been naturalized (cfr. Table 44).
74
D. S
UM
MA
RY A
ND
CO
NCL
USI
ON
Tabl
e 7:
Sto
ck o
f for
eign
mig
rant
s in
Liby
a by
cou
ntry
of o
rigin
– c
ompa
rison
bet
wee
n in
vent
orie
d in
tern
ation
al so
urce
s for
rece
nt y
ears
Stoc
k of
fore
igne
rsSt
ock
of im
mig
rant
sAl
l mig
rant
sg
iAU
N D
ESA
estim
ates
IOM
esti
mat
esAp
ril 2
006
Rank
(Wei
ght)
Mid
-201
0M
id-2
013
Rank
(Wei
ght)
Begi
nnin
g of
201
1to
tal
359,
540
tota
l69
9,14
475
5,97
4to
tal
2,50
0,00
0of
who
mof
who
mof
who
mEg
ypt
164,
348
(1)
Occ
upie
d Pa
lesti
nian
Te
rrito
ry25
9,39
028
0,47
5(1
)Eg
ypt
1,00
0,00
0
Suda
n43
,680
(2)
Som
alia
94,7
6810
2,47
1(2
)Pa
kist
an80
,000
Occ
upie
d Pa
lesti
nian
Te
rrito
ry28
,596
(3)
Iraq
62,0
7767
,123
(3)
Suda
n59
,000
Chad
20,6
83(4
)Sa
udi A
rabi
a32
,159
34,7
73(4
)Ba
ngla
desh
63,0
00M
oroc
co19
839
(5)
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
25,1
6827
,214
(5)
Phili
ppin
es26
,000
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
17,0
17(6
)Ye
men
19,3
8220
,957
(6)
Viet
Nam
10,5
00Tu
nisi
a14
,124
(7)
Egyp
t19
,042
20,5
90(7
)N
epal
2,00
0N
iger
ia11
,614
(8)
Jord
an18
,501
20,0
05(8
)Ir
aq6,
498
(9)
Suda
n13
,080
14,1
43(9
)
Alg
eria
4,59
3(1
0)In
done
sia
11,8
4312
,806
(10)
Mal
i3,
694
(11)
Leba
non
10,0
3310
,849
(11)
Paki
stan
3,07
5(1
2)Ku
wai
t9,
791
10,5
87(1
2)Jo
rdan
2,05
3(1
3)U
nite
d St
ates
8,96
29,
690
(13)
Indi
a1,
570
(14)
Mal
aysi
a7,
182
7,76
6(1
4)Ph
ilipp
ines
1,42
9(1
5)Ru
ssia
n Fe
dera
tion
6,56
97,
103
(15)
Gha
na1,
195
(16)
Uni
ted
King
dom
6,55
77,
090
(16)
Ukr
aine
1,15
0(1
7)G
erm
any
6,37
36,
891
(17)
Leba
non
966
(18)
Ital
y6,
066
6,55
9(1
8)Ba
ngla
desh
807
(19)
Fran
ce4,
558
4,92
8(1
9)Tu
rkey
713
(20)
Mor
occo
4,44
24,
803
(20)
Bulg
aria
404
(21)
Tuni
sia
2,79
73,
024
(25)
Sour
ces:
G
IA (d
ata
repo
rted
Dem
ogra
phic
and
Eco
nom
ic M
odul
e of
the
CARI
M D
atab
ase
(201
4));
Tren
ds in
Inte
rnati
onal
Mig
rant
Sto
ck: T
he 2
013
Revi
sion
– M
igra
nts
by
Age
and
Sex
(UN
DES
A, 2
013a
); an
d “L
ibya
n Cr
isis
: One
Mon
th in
to th
e IO
M’s
Res
pons
e” (I
OM
, 201
1d).
75
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INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Among other statistics disseminated at the international level, probably the most valuable – taking into consideration the specific peculiarities and improvement needs of each type of statistics – are the following:
• Statistics on residence permits and other procedures, available through the recently established EUROSTAT systems;
• Statistics on asylum-seekers and refugees in Libya and abroad, produced by UNHCR;
• Occasional statistics on foreigners and Libyans escaping the country at the time of crisis, made available mainly by IOM and UNHCR;
• Statistics on disembarkations from Libya, produced by Italy and Malta.
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Tabl
e 8:
Sto
ck o
f m
igra
nts
of L
ibya
n or
igin
abr
oad
by c
ount
ry o
f re
side
nce,
201
3 –
com
paris
on b
etw
een
inve
ntor
ied
inte
rnati
onal
so
urce
s
Stoc
k of
em
igra
nts
Stoc
k of
pop
ulati
on w
ith u
sual
resi
denc
eva
lid re
side
nce
perm
its
un
des
Aeu
rOst
At a
nd O
ecda
eurO
stAt
Mid
-201
3 (B
/C)b
Begi
nnin
g of
201
3 (C
)bBe
ginn
ing
of 2
013
(B)b
Begi
nnin
g of
201
3 (C
)b
Tota
l14
2,19
2
of w
hom
Ital
y38
,548
(B)
Uni
ted
King
dom
23,0
00 (2
012)
18,0
00 (2
012)
Uni
ted
King
dom
7,88
1
Uni
ted
King
dom
20,0
69 (B
)Is
rael
n.a.
15,1
84 (2
012)
Ger
man
y3,
639
Isra
el17
,574
(B,R
)G
erm
any
7,97
0n.
a.It
aly
1,61
0
Viet
Nam
11,2
78 (C
,R)
Aus
tral
ian.
a.2,
900
(201
2)Sw
eden
825
Egyp
t8,
648
(B,R
)It
aly
1,84
135
,928
Fran
ce81
8
Alg
eria
4,66
5 (C
,R)
Turk
ey1,
321
n.a.
Mal
ta78
4
Turk
ey4,
549
(B,R
)Fr
ance
n.a.
n.a.
Switz
erla
nd59
2
Côte
d’Iv
oire
4,12
1 (C
,B)
Swed
en88
81,
756
Spai
n47
5
Cana
da4,
065
(B)
Switz
erla
nd62
1 (2
012)
1,03
3Ir
elan
d35
3
Ger
man
y3,
056 (B
)M
alta
574
(200
8)n.
a.(T
he)
Net
herl
ands
232
Aus
tral
ia2,
581
(B)
Spai
n51
386
6A
ustr
ia21
0
Fran
ce2,
311
(B)
Gre
ece
504
(201
2)50
4 (2
012)
Hun
gary
203
Tuni
sia
2,09
3 (C
)Ir
elan
d46
897
0Po
land
193
Indo
nesi
a1,
979 (C
,R)
Aus
tria
338
467
Czec
h Re
publ
ic18
7
Swed
en1,
791 (B
)Be
lgiu
m21
257
8Sl
ovak
ia18
5
Suda
n1,
604
(B,R
)Cz
ech
Repu
blic
161
145
Gre
ece
167
77
ASSESSM
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COLLECTIO
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STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYAStoc
k of
em
igra
nts
Stoc
k of
pop
ulati
on w
ith u
sual
resi
denc
eva
lid re
side
nce
perm
its
un
des
Aeu
rOst
At a
nd O
ecda
eurO
stAt
Mid
-201
3 (B
/C)b
Begi
nnin
g of
201
3 (C
)bBe
ginn
ing
of 2
013
(B)b
Begi
nnin
g of
201
3 (C
)b
Mor
occo
1,56
9 (C
)H
unga
ry15
031
5Cy
prus
108
Switz
erla
nd1,
083
(B)
(The
) N
ethe
rlan
ds11
987
8D
enm
ark
100
Mal
ta1,
061
(B)
Nor
way
114
(201
2)49
4Be
lgiu
m88
Chad
977
(B,R
)Fi
nlan
d10
817
0Fi
nlan
d83
Net
herl
ands
917
(B)
Den
mar
k10
022
9N
orw
ay79
Uni
ted
Stat
es87
3 (B
)Po
land
2426
6Ro
man
ia35
Jord
an84
8 (C
,R)
Russ
ian
Fede
ratio
n49
(201
1)26
2 (2
011)
Port
ugal
27
Irel
and
713
(B)
Bulg
aria
2019
6Bu
lgar
ia22
Nor
way
441
(B)
Cana
dan.
a.2,
620
(200
6)Cr
oatia
6
Aus
tria
411 (B
)U
nite
d St
ates
n.a.
5,42
2 (2
004)
Slov
enia
2
Sour
ces:
Tr
ends
in In
tern
ation
al M
igra
nt S
tock
: The
201
3 Re
visi
on –
Mig
rant
s by
Age
and
Sex
(UN
DES
A, 2
013a
); EU
ROST
AT D
atab
ase
– Po
pula
tion
them
e –
Inte
rnati
onal
m
igra
tion
and
asyl
um D
omai
n (E
URO
STAT
, 201
4); a
nd O
ECD
Inte
rnati
onal
Mig
ratio
n D
atab
ase
(OEC
D, 2
014a
).N
otes
:a
Und
erlin
ed v
alue
s ar
e fr
om th
e O
ECD
Dat
abas
e.
b Ty
pe o
f dat
a: B
= L
ibya
-bor
n po
pula
tion;
C =
Lib
yans
; R =
incl
udin
g re
fuge
es.
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Table 9: Libyan mobile students pursuing tertiary education in the United Kingdom – comparison between inventoried international sources for recent years
Population categoryyear
(reference time/period)
total
of whom:From 3 to 5
months
From 6 to 11 months
12 months or over
Mobile students Academic year 2006/2007
1,686 (a) – – –
Academic year 2007/2008
1,623 (b) – – –
Academic year 2010/2011
2,623 – – –
Academic year 2011/2012
1,755 (c) – – –
First residence permits issued for education reasona
2012 723 75 173 475 (d)
Valid residence permits for education reason
End-2012 2,293 58 312 1,923
Mobile students (estimate)
End-2012 (solution 1)
2,230 (e=c+d) – – –
End-2012 (solution 2)
1,893 [e'=c+d-(a/5)]
– – –
First residence permits issued for education reasona
2013 1,328 218 381 729 (f)
Valid residence permits for education reason
End-2013 2,739 88 488 2,163
Mobile students (estimate)
End-2013 (solution 1)
2,959 (g=e+f) – – –
End-2013 (solution 2)
2,297 [g'=e+f-(b/5)]
– – –
Sources: UNESCO UIS.Stat (2014), table on inbound internationally mobile students by country of origin; EUROSTAT Database (2014), tables titled “First permits issued for education reasons by reason, length of validity and citizenship” (migr_resedu) and “All valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship on 31 December of each year” (migr_resvalid).
Note: a All permits issued for “study”.
In any case, despite the partial coverage, infrequent updates and other constraints, many statistics inventoried may turn useful for implementing methodological and capacity-building exercises to assess other statistics and to improve the existing ones in order to estimate other migration data. As an example based on
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IGRATIO
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different international data collection systems, Table 9 illustrates two alternative solutions for estimating the number of Libyan mobile students pursuing tertiary education in the United Kingdom at end-2012 and end-2013, using the number of mobile students until the academic year 2011/2012 and the residence permits for education purposes for 2012 and 2013.
Finally, in terms of gaps in data registration and collection, the most important problem concerns the already mentioned lack of production and dissemination of statistics by Libyan institutions. In particular, administrative registers are not used enough, and targeted statistical operations are not implemented regularly and adequately. The inventory here might be partial, but it seems that Libyan institutions produce and disseminate migration statistics less frequently than every 8–10 years. This means that the following needs to be urgently addressed:
• Enhanced awareness of the usefulness of migration statistics;
• Better coordination between partner institutions;
• More tools and staff for the implementation of operations;
• Capacity-building through training and other targeted measures.
In the initial stage, Libya’s overall objective can be regional-level collaboration and alignment with the practices in other North African countries.
Among the government departments or agencies consituting the Libyan national statistical system, despite the recent reorganization, the BSC still aims to improve its own infrastructure and the general setting in order to fulfil its mandate adequately. The most important needs would concern the following aspects: functioning of local offices in the governorates; acquisition of IT equipment; recruitment; stabilization and capacity-building of staff; and funding for fieldwork for major statistical operations. In the first half of 2014, the Bureau set a training programme for the staff responsible for horizontal activities and selected sectors under an international cooperation framework. However, it did not start during the year since nothing specifically addressing the improvement of migration statistics had been set or was already officially planned. Nonetheless, the BSC expects to move on in this sector in 2015–2018, in coordination with the other MENA countries through the participation in the MEDSTAT IV Programme.
Linked to the particularly weak availability of statistics, the analysis of migration data seems very limitedly addressed by Libyan authorities in general. The national agencies should try to address the needs and opportunities emerging from initiatives like the studies undertaken in 2013 by the DRC and Altai Consulting, and should support the geographical and temporal extension of those studies and similar exercises.
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Finally, the consideration of relevance of statistics and data analysis by the government institutions in Libya and targeted measures in order to improve the operations in these areas seem to be fundamental for the challenges and opportunities posed by international migration flows to Libya. With this aim, the effective participation of the country in regionally coordinated initiatives may be an important condition for that, although concrete steps would ask a relatively long period.
D3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMpROvING ThE DATA MANAGEMENT, STATISTICS AND ANALYSIS
ABOuT MIGRATION IN LIBYA
Due to the constraints of this assessment, most of the gaps, needs and opportunities referred to in the previous section are not addressed in detail. However, for the moment it is possible to propose a broad road map for enhancing the collection and management of data and the production and use of statistics in the different areas of international migration pertaining to Libya, for successive phases, in the long term. The recommendations presented here were based on the situation of the country in the spring of 2014 and the level of commitment of the Libyan Government in addressing issues related to migration. Furthermore, some recommendations for the production and dissemination of statistics at the international level are also provided.
Phase 0. Detailed documentation of national systems and completion of assessment of migration data management
As a priority activity for the improvement of migration data registration and management in Libya, it is suggested that the information presented in Chapter B of this report be enhanced and integrated by having the relevant national institutions and agencies answer the assessment questionnaire (see Annex II) and then eventually holding meetings with the respondents and specialized experts. The output of this activity should be an enhanced version of the present report and a comprehensive inventory of all relevant national systems. The inventory should detail the features of each system, such as the coverage of population categories, the data registered through the administrative procedures, the exact modalities, the types and tools of management or use of information, the interoperability and linkage between systems, and so on. The “sheet” of each system could build on the template proposed by IOM in the Guidelines for Migration Profiles (IOM, 2011c).42 This would allow for an application of the same tool considered in other MENA countries for a regional publication on the documentation of the administrative registers and statistics on international migration planned under the MEDSTAT/EMWGMS framework (MEDSTAT, 2014).
42 See Annex III (National Data Sources) of Migration Profiles: Making the Most of the Process for the template.
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IGRATIO
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Phase 1. Creation of a technical working group (TWG) and design of activities and projects in priority working areas
It is suggested that a TWG for the improvement and extension of national systems and statistics on international migration in Libya be created first. This TWG should be composed of representatives from all potentially relevant government agencies and be set, at least initially, under the umbrella of the Legislation and Policy Task Force already operating with support from the START Project (or its follow-up initiative, depending on the duration/extension of project). The TWG should work in close coordination with all relevant entities and initiatives. All relevant international organizations and missions to Libya (e.g. EUBAM) should be associated with the TWG, while other national and international entities like research centres, NGOs and bilateral cooperation agencies should be kept informed and invited to contribute as data users and to some other endeavours, depending on needs and opportunities.
The TWG should meet regularly, every 3–4 months, to review the progress and more frequently in case of specific activities (e.g. definition of projects and activities or preparation or review of output) carried out by inter-service teams. In the current government setting in Libya, without a specific department responsible for migration issues in general, the TWG could be chaired by an agency of the MoI.
The TWG should – as its first main activities – take ownership of documents and outcomes issued during Phase 0 and organize a national consultative and promotion workshop. The workshop should review and discuss the findings of the inventory/assessment report (including the sources and statistics available at the international level) and migration data management implemented in neighbouring countries and in other relevant contexts. It should also raise awareness of migration data management among key national stakeholders and encourage their commitment to this. Finally, the TWG should make a preliminary proposal for the possible improvements useful for assisting further consultations and informing decisions. The proposal should include a range of activities to be possibly launched in the short/medium/long term, depending on further careful evaluations, availability of means and human resources, funding, practical conditions, and mostly developments expected in legislation and policymaking.
At this point, building on the inventory/assessment and the proposal revised after the workshop mentioned previously, the TWG and some key international organizations like IOM should design specific activities/projects in priority working areas (e.g. labour migration, irregular migration) simultaneously at different levels (i.e. systems, statistics and data analysis). This activity could be supported by national development workshops.
The next step should be the submission of the proposed set of projects for funding by the international community, with possibly the organization of
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a donor conference, depending on preliminary possibilities of funding by the organizations closer to the TWG.
Phase 2. Implementation of activities and projects in priority working areas
The next step for developing the Libyan migration systems should be the concrete preparation and implementation of activities and projects in priority working areas.
• Concerning the development of data management systems, perhaps it will be opportune to start working more in-depth on few systems, initially at the level of individual systems only and then progressively extend the activities to other cases in the following years. The objective of this phase should be to make the coverage comprehensive as well as improve the quality of registration and access to it. This can be achieved through the computerization of administrative procedures and recording/managing and exchanging of data between the involved government agencies and offices.
According to the analysis accomplished under this assignment together with the features and information needs on labour migration, the development of a work permits system is recommended as a priority. The proposed portal for processing the applications (cfr. Section D2.1) should be included and linked to the systems for labour matching (involving the local Labour Offices), work inspections, medical examinations, residence permits and visas. This would be particularly beneficial for sharing information on labour supply and demand and coordinating employment of labour migrants, which is a priority need of the Libyan labour market, and also considering the presence of many irregular migrants in Libya who intend to stay and work under favourable conditions. However, the decision will depend on different factors including the situation in the country. Finally, even partial and apparently less ambitious developments, such as the extension of the biometric registration system for irregular migrants to new detention centres, would be of high usefulness.
• Besides, in the case of statistical production, national institutions or agencies should initiate or improve their production of statistics and indicators on a regular basis if possible, and share these with other stakeholders. The output should first aid migration policymaking and management, and should also be disseminated to the public, at least partially.
As a particular case, the national statistics agencies should conceive, prepare and implement relevant surveys or simply introduce measurement tools (e.g. migration modules in general surveys) according to the needs expressed in the framework of TWG and related contexts. This will be
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IGRATIO
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facilitated by the cooperation initiatives such as the regional MEDSTAT Programme and the recent practices of other countries (cfr. Sections A4. and C2.1). Recalling the experiences of other countries, the improvement of migration statistics on the basis of administrative registers as well as the statistical operations may be a relatively difficult process, as it depends mostly on the proactive coordination between national institutions, as well as on the access to administrative records and on political willingness. From this assessment, in the case of Libya, registration and collection of data are not structured at all; however, even in the short term it should be possible to produce more than the current statistics.
Within this phase, the TWG could find it convenient to promote the two operations proposed by Altai Consulting to estimate the inflows and the size of mixed migrants in Libya (cfr. Section C1.2), as well as other quantitative and qualitative surveys useful for providing better and more up-to-date information on migration.
• Finally, in the context of follow-up and analysis of migration data, the national institutions and agencies should start assembling and analysing jointly their statistics, possibly receiving support from international organizations and research entities. Information on migration may be relatively useful even if limited to a topic or category of migrants only (e.g. the work permit holders), apart from the need for operational functioning of entities or staff to manage the system. Moreover, the case of Libya addresses migration data management to mostly cover and distinguish the mixed migration flows, what necessarily may come from various and fragmented sources. Therefore, already within this phase, it is recommended that a national migration profile be produced using the primary national statistics and most statistics available from international organizations that have been inventoried here, alongside the many sources of information available on the Libyan migration framework. As for statistics, working in this area could be eased by the subregional, regional, and global frameworks and tools of reference such as the follow-up initiative to the START Project, the EUROMED Migration project and the IOM Guidelines for Migration Profiles (cfr. Section A4.).
Phase 3. Consolidation and extension of activities and projects in priority/new working areas and setting of an initial migration management and information system (MMIS)
In this phase, consolidation of the previously launched activities together with the enlargement of working areas should occur at different levels.
This first implies the computerization of infrastructure and work modalities at headquarters and local offices of more Libyan institutions and systems. A varying pace of progress may be expected, depending on the number and localization of offices and the connections intervening each time as well as the tasks,
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equipment needs, and availability and capabilities of staff. The development of some systems will necessarily depend on synergy with other wider frameworks and activities (e.g. integrated border management, in the case of a registration system covering border crossings). In parallel, extension of activities in the areas of statistical production and data analysis should be pursued, hopefully facilitated by the progressive digitization of the systems and increased capability to record and manage data. This should serve to refresh the national migration profile so as to improve the evidence basis and coordination, which are useful for better policymaking on migration.
Finally, during this phase all the available/developed components (i.e. IT systems, work procedures, and mechanisms/tools for data management and analysis) should be assembled and harmonized as far as possible in order to create the first version of an MMIS for Libya.
Successive phasesGiven the current situation in Libya as well as any developments concerning migration-related information and measurements, data management and information needs on migration will entail continuous improvements. In case of developments following the proposed road map, for the fourth phase and the successive ones, it is acceptable to imagine further cycles for the consolidation of activities in working areas already launched and the opening of new working areas more or less in parallel. This should progressively enhance the national coordination on migration and the necessary systems and tools.
Schema 3 – Proposed broad road map for the improvement of data management, statistics and analysis on migration in Libya
phase Main activities Tentative duration (months)
0. Detailed documentation of national systems and completion of assessment of migration data management
• Administration of assessment questionnaires to all the relevant national institutions and agencies
• Meetings between national officials and data management experts on the full documentation of systems and description of work procedures and data flows/linkages
• Preparation of inventory of national systems and sources
• Upgrading of the assessment report
6–12
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IGRATIO
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phase Main activities Tentative duration (months)
1. Creation of a TWG and design of activities and projects in priority working areas
• Creation of a TWG for the improvement and extension of national systems and statistics on migration
• Establishment of partnership with relevant frameworks and projects
• Taking ownership of the inventory and assessment report by the TWG
• National workshop(s) for the establishment and review of a proposal for possible improvements
• Consultations and decisions for the identification of specific activities/projects
• Design of specific activities/projects in priority working areas simultaneously at different levels
• Submission of project proposals to international donors and sourcing of funding
18–30
2. Implementation of activities and projects in priority working areas
• Computerization of administrative procedures and registration and management of data for selected systems
• Production and sharing of statistics and indicators on a regular basis if possible, using administrative sources and statistical operations
• Extension of data analysis in selected national services according to the progress in data registration and statistical production
• Preparation of a national migration profile based on national and international data
• Design of specific activites/projects for new working areas
18–30
3. Consolidation and extension of activities and projects and setting up of the first MMIS
• Consolidation of activities/projects already launched and implementation of new activities/projects according to planning
• Setting of an MMIS on the basis of the available IT systems, work procedures, and data management and analysis tools
18–30
4. and succeeding phases
[Successive cycles of consolidation and extension of activities and projects]
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Apart from the stability of Libya and other fundamental preconditions and contributions, the implementation of this kind of proposal would encompass a series of delicate aspects and cross-cutting issues such as the following:
• The formalization of the entity responsible for overseeing and monitoring the whole programme, if different from the Legislation and Policy Task Force. In fact, given the huge funding needs and the support from the international community, perhaps such an entity should assume more the form of a steering committee. More in general, given the wide implications migration has with other sectors, formalization of relationships between the directly involved entities and all other relevant institutions and initiatives should be solved;
• The huge size of international funding and the modalities of its concretization, with features like the pooling of resources under a unique organization or financial programme and the continuous search for funds, for activities to be progressively implemented;
• The different interests that international organizations and other supporting entities could have on the contents and improvement priorities;
• The synergy with existing, planned and future initiatives, and the use of available tools at the national, regional or global level (e.g. statistics available at the international level);
• The exact definition and duration of each phase, the timespan between them, and the long period of operations;
• The involvement and collaboration of population on, for instance, awareness campaigns on changes to selected administrative procedures or the opportunity for timely and systematic registration of migration movements at the right government agencies.
Finally, looking at the entire assessment presented in this report, it is possible to state some general recommendations for the enhancement of statistics available at the international level:
• To UNHCR: Secure more resources needed to enlarge the data collection on population of concern to the organization, refugees and people in refugee-like situations residing in Libya in locations different from Tripoli, with details on sex and age (cfr. Table 36);
• To IOM: Publish detailed statistics on the operations of AVRR programmes implemented in Libya and to use or adapt the Migration Crisis from Libya website as suggested in Section C1.1;
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• To EUROSTAT and the OECD: Extend the availability and documentation of data disseminated online and resolve some discrepancies between values presented in the respective databases (cfr. for instance Table 42);
• To Italy and Malta: Complete, harmonize and disseminate on a regular basis summaries with detailed statistics on rescue operations and disembarkations of irregular migrants, including a distinction by country of provenience (last departure);
• To all countries relevant to migration in Libya: Improve statistics – in terms of frequency, coverage, quality and international comparability – and to cooperate with Libya, among others, by sharing and exchanging data, as a matter of fact, even partial statistics may give benefits to national measurements;
• To the international organizations active in the development of statistics: Reinforce the regional consultative tools and support for national statistical systems for the enhancement and harmonization of statistics on migration and international protection, paying special attention to the specific case of Libya.
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ANNExES
ANNEx I. GLOSSARY OF MIGRATION TERMS
Note: The IOM Glossary is currently under revision, and some definitions may be altered. Extraction from Glossary on Migration, Second Edition (IOM, Geneva, 2011), fully available at http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=698.
Acquisition of nationalityObtaining the nationality of a State by a person who is a non-national by birth, whether on the person’s application, following from a change in personal status, or as the result of the ceding of territory from one State to another. See also loss of nationality, nationality.
Administrative detentionA measure to deprive a person of his or her liberty taken by the competent administrative authority of a State. Legislation in many countries foresees the placement in administrative detention of migrants in an irregular situation, either on their arrival in the territory or with a view to their expulsion. See also detention.
Arrival/departure cardA card which is filled out by an individual prior to or upon arrival in the country of destination and presented (along with passport and, if requested, a visa) to officials at the border checkpoint. In some States, border officials collect the card upon entry, while in other States, the card or portion of it is returned to the traveller and must be presented upon departure from the State. International standards for such cards are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in Annex 9, Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944. See also visa.
Assisted voluntary returnAdministrative, logistical, financial and reintegration support to rejected asylum-seekers, victims of trafficking in human beings, stranded migrants, qualified nationals and other migrants unable or unwilling to remain in the host country who volunteer to return to their countries of origin. See also repatriation, return voluntary repatriation, voluntary return.
AsylumA form of protection given by a State on its territory based on the principle of non-refoulement and internationally or nationally recognized refugee rights. It is granted to a person who is unable to seek protection in his or her country of nationality and/or residence in particular for fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. See also asylum-seeker, refoulement, refugee status determination.
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Asylum-seekerA person who seeks safety from persecution or serious harm in a country other than his or her own and awaits a decision on the application for refugee status under relevant international and national instruments. In case of a negative decision, the person must leave the country and may be expelled, as may any non-national in an irregular or unlawful situation, unless permission to stay is provided on humanitarian or other related grounds. See also non-national, refugee.
Border managementFacilitation of authorized flows of persons, including business people, tourists, migrants and refugees, across a border and the detection and prevention of irregular entry of non-nationals into a given country. Measures to manage borders include the imposition by States of visa requirements, carrier sanctions against transportation companies bringing irregular migrants to the territory, and interdiction at sea. International standards require a balancing between facilitating the entry of legitimate travellers and preventing that of travellers entering for inappropriate reasons or with invalid documentation.
CitizenSee national.
CitizenshipSee nationality.
Consular registrationInscription in a consular register of a national of that State’s principal details (identity, family situation, place of residence, etc.). The object of consular registration is to facilitate the action of the consular mission, particularly the exercise of consular protection.
DeportationThe act of a State in the exercise of its sovereignty in removing a non-national from its territory to his or her country of origin or third state after refusal of admission or termination of permission to remain. See also refoulement.
DetentionRestriction on freedom of movement through confinement that is ordered by an administrative or judicial authority. There are two types of detention: criminal detention, having as a purpose punishment for the committed crime; and administrative detention, guaranteeing that another administrative measure (such as deportation or expulsion) can be implemented. In the majority of countries, irregular migrants are subject to administrative detention, as they have violated immigration laws and regulations that are not considered to be crimes. In many States, a non-national may also be administratively detained pending a decision on refugee status or on admission to or removal from the State.
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DiasporasDiasporas are broadly defined as individuals and members or networks, associations and communities, who have left their country of origin, but maintain links with their homelands. This concept covers more settled expatriate communities, migrant workers based abroad temporarily, expatriates with the nationality of the host country, dual nationals, and second-/third-generation migrants.
Dual/multiple nationalitySimultaneous possession of the nationality of two or more countries by the same person. See also nationality.
EmigrantA person undertaking an emigration. See also emigration, immigrant.
EmigrationThe act of departing or exiting from one State with a view to settling in another. See also immigration.
EntryAny entrance of a non-national into a foreign country, whether voluntary or involuntary, authorized or unauthorized.
Family reunification/reunionProcess whereby family members separated through forced or voluntary migration regroup in a country other than the one of their origin.
Forced migrationA migratory movement in which an element of coercion exists, including threats to life and livelihood, whether arising from natural or man-made causes (e.g. movements of refugees and internally displaced persons as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects). See also internally displaced persons, refugee.
ForeignerA person belonging to, or owing an allegiance to, another State. See also non-national, third-country national.
Habitual/usual residenceA place within a country where a person lives and where he or she normally spends the daily period of rest. See also country of habitual/usual residence, domicile, internal migration.
Illegal migrantSee irregular migrant, undocumented migrant.
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Illegal migrationSee irregular migration.
ImmigrantA person undertaking an immigration. See also emigrant.
ImmigrationA process by which non-nationals move into a country for the purpose of settlement. See also brain gain, emigration.
Internal migrationA movement of people from one area of a country to another area of the same country for the purpose or with the effect of establishing a new residence. This migration may be temporary or permanent. Internal migrants move but remain within their country of origin (e.g. rural to urban migration). See also de facto refugees, habitual/usual residence, internally displaced persons, international migration.
Internally displaced persons/IDPsPersons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border (Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, UN Doc E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2.). See also de facto refugees, displaced person, externally displaced persons, uprooted people.
International migrationMovement of persons who leave their country of origin, or the country of habitual residence, to establish themselves either permanently or temporarily in another country. An international frontier is therefore crossed. See also internal migration.
Involuntary repatriationThe return of refugees, prisoners or war and civil detainees to the territory of their State of origin induced by the creation of circumstances which do not leave any other alternative. Repatriation is a personal right (unlike expulsion and deportation which are primarily within the domain of State sovereignty), as such, neither the State of nationality nor the State of temporary residence or detaining power is justified in enforcing repatriation against the will of an eligible person, whether refugee or prisoner of war or civil detainee. According to contemporary international law, prisoners of war, civil detainees or refugees refusing repatriation, particularly if motivated by fears of political persecution in their own country, should be protected from refoulement and given, if possible, temporary or permanent asylum. See also deportation, forced return, refoulement, repatriation, return, voluntary repatriation, voluntary return.
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Irregular migrantA person who, owing to unauthorized entry, breach of a condition of entry, or the expiry of his or her visa, lacks legal status in a transit or host country. The definition covers, inter alia, those persons who have entered a transit or host country lawfully but have stayed for a longer period than authorized or subsequently taken up unauthorized employment (also called clandestine/undocumented migrant or migrant in an irregular situation). The term “irregular” is preferable to “illegal” because the latter carries a criminal connotation and is seen as denying migrants’ humanity. See also documented migrant, illegal entry, irregular migration, undocumented migrant.
Irregular migrationMovement that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and receiving countries. There is no clear or universally accepted definition of irregular migration. From the perspective of destination countries it is entry, stay or work in a country without the necessary authorization or documents required under immigration regulations. From the perspective of the sending country, the irregularity is for example seen in cases in which a person crosses an international boundary without a valid passport or travel document or does not fulfil the administrative requirements for leaving the country. There is, however, a tendency to restrict the use of the term “illegal migration” to cases of smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons. See also irregular migrant, regular migration, undocumented migrant.
Long-term migrantA person who moves to a country other than that of his or her usual residence for a period of at least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes his or her new country of usual residence. From the perspective of the country of departure, the person will be a long-term emigrant and from that of the country of arrival, the person will be a long-term immigrant. See also permanent settlers, short-term migrant.
Loss of nationalityLoss of nationality may follow an act of the individual (expatriation, deliberate renunciation of nationality by an individual, or automatic loss of nationality upon acquisition of another nationality) or of the State (denationalization). Denationalization is a unilateral act of a State, whether by decision of administrative authorities or by the operation of law, which deprives an individual of his or her nationality. Although there are no uniform provisions for denationalization, some States have developed a number of statutory grounds for it, including: entry into foreign civil or military service, acceptance of foreign distinctions, conviction for certain crimes. Although acquisition and loss of nationality are in principle considered as falling within the domain of domestic jurisdiction, the States must, however, comply with norms of international law when regulating questions of nationality, such as Art. 15(2), Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.” See also acquisition of nationality, nationality.
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MigrantAt the international level, no universally accepted definition for “migrant” exists. The term “migrant” was usually understood to cover all cases where the decision to migrate was taken freely by the individual concerned for reasons of “personal convenience” and without intervention of an external compelling factor; it therefore applied to persons, and family members, moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family. The United Nations defines migrant as an individual who has resided in a foreign country for more than one year irrespective of the causes, voluntary or involuntary, and the means, regular or irregular, used to migrate. Under such a definition, those travelling for shorter periods as tourists and businesspersons would not be considered migrants. However, common usage includes certain kinds of shorter-term migrants, such as seasonal farm-workers who travel for short periods to work planting or harvesting farm products. See also migration.
Migrant flowThe number of migrants counted as moving or being authorized to move, to or from a given location in a defined period of time.
Migrant stockThe number of migrants residing in a country at a particular point in time.
Migrant worker“A person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national” (Art. 2(1), International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990). See also seasonal worker.
MigrationThe movement of a person or a group of persons, either across an international border, or within a State. It is a population movement, encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever its length, composition and causes; it includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes, including family reunification. See also net migration.
Migration managementA term used to encompass numerous governmental functions within a national system for the orderly and humane management for cross-border migration, particularly managing the entry and presence of foreigners within the borders of the State and the protection of refugees and others in need of protection. It refers to a planned approach to the development of policy, legislative and administrative responses to key migration issues.
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Mixed flowsComplex migratory population movements that include refugees, asylum-seekers, economic migrants and other migrants, as opposed to migratory population movements that consist entirely of one category of migrants.
NationalA person, who, either by birth or naturalization, is a member of a political community, owing allegiance to the community and being entitled to enjoy all its civil and political rights and protection; a member of the State, entitled to all its privileges. A person enjoying the nationality of a given State. See also nationality.
NationalityLegal bond between an individual and a State. The International Court of Justice defined nationality in the Nottebohm case, 1955, as “…a legal bond having as its basis a social fact of attachment, a genuine connection of existence, interests and sentiments, together with the existence of reciprocal rights and duties…the individual upon whom it is conferred, either directly by law or as a result of the act of the authorities, is in fact more closely connected with the population of the State conferring the nationality than with any other State.” According to Art. 1, Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 “it is for each State to determine under its own laws who are its nationals. This law shall be recognized by other States in so far as it is consistent with international conventions, international custom, and the principles of law generally recognized with regard to nationality.” The tie of nationality confers individual rights and imposes obligations that a State reserves for its population. Founded on the principle of personal jurisdiction of a State, nationality carries with it certain consequences as regards migration such as the right of a State to protect its nationals against violations of their individual rights committed by foreign authorities (particularly by means of diplomatic protection), the duty to accept its nationals onto its territory, and the prohibition to expel them. See also acquisition of nationality, dual/multiple nationality, loss of nationality, national.
Non-nationalA person who is not a national or citizen of a given State. See also foreigner, third-country national.
OverstayTo remain in a country beyond the period for which entry was granted. Also sometimes used as a noun, e.g. “the undocumented migrant population is evenly divided between overstays and those who entered irregularly”. See also irregular migrant, residence permit, undocumented migrant.
PermitDocumentation, usually issued by a governmental authority, which allows something to exist or someone to perform certain acts or services. In the migration context, reference to residence permits or work permits is common. See also residence permit, visa, work permit.
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Readmission Act by a State accepting the re-entry of an individual (own national, third-country national or stateless person).
RefugeeA person who, “owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.” (Art. 1(A) (2), Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 80 International Migration Law Art. 1A(2), 1951 as modified by the 1967 Protocol). In addition to the refugee definition in the 1951 Refugee Convention, Art. 1(2), 1969 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention defines a refugee as any person compelled to leave his or her country “owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country or origin or nationality.” Similarly, the 1984 Cartagena Declaration states that refugees also include persons who flee their country “because their lives, security or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violations of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order.” See also forced migration, refugee status determination.
Refugee (mandate)A person who meets the criteria of the UNHCR Statute and qualifies for the protection of the United Nations provided by the High Commissioner, regardless of whether or not he or she is in a country that is a party to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 or the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, or whether or not he or she has been recognized by the host country as a refugee under either of these instruments. See also refugee.
Refugee status determinationA process (conducted by States and/or UNHCR) to determine whether an individual should be recognized as a refugee in accordance with applicable national and international law. See also asylum, refugee.
Regular migrationMigration that occurs through recognized, authorized channels. See also irregular migration, undocumented migrant workers/ migrant workers in an irregular situation.
RegularizationAny process or programme by which the authorities in a State allow non-nationals in an irregular or undocumented situation to stay lawfully in the country. Typical practices include the granting of an amnesty (also known as “legalization”) to non-nationals who have resided in the country in an irregular situation for a given length of time and are not otherwise found inadmissible.
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ReintegrationRe-inclusion or re-incorporation of a person into a group or a process, e.g. of a migrant into the society of his or her country of origin or habitual residence.
RemittancesMonies earned or acquired by non-nationals that are transferred back to their country of origin.
RepatriationThe personal right of a refugee, prisoner of war or a civil detainee to return to his or her country of nationality under specific conditions laid down in various international instruments (Geneva Conventions, 1949 and Protocols, 1977, the Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Annexed to the Fourth Hague Convention, 1907, human rights instruments as well as customary international law). The option of repatriation is bestowed upon the individual personally and not upon the detaining power. In the law of international armed conflict, repatriation also entails the obligation of the detaining power to release eligible persons (soldiers and civilians) and the duty of the country of origin to receive its own nationals at the end of hostilities. Even if treaty law does not contain a general rule on this point, it is today readily accepted that the repatriation of prisoners of war and civil detainees has been consented to implicitly by the interested parties. Repatriation as a term also applies to diplomatic envoys and international officials in time of international crisis as well as expatriates and migrants. See also assisted voluntary return, involuntary repatriation, return, voluntary repatriation, voluntary return.
Residence permitA document issued by the competent authorities of a State to a non-national, confirming that he or she has the right to live in the State concerned during the period of validity of the permit. See also overstay, permit, residence.
ReturnIn a general sense, the act or process of going back to the point of departure. This could be within the territorial boundaries of a country, as in the case of returning internally displaced persons (IDPs) and demobilized combatants; or between a host country (either transit or destination) and a country of origin, as in the case of migrant workers, refugees, asylum-seekers, and qualified nationals. There are subcategories of return which can describe the way the return is implemented, e.g. voluntary, forced, assisted and spontaneous return; as well as sub-categories which describe who is participating in the return, e.g. repatriation (for refugees). See also assisted voluntary return, deportation, expulsion, readmission agreement, refoulement, repatriation, voluntary repatriation, voluntary return.
Return migrationThe movement of a person returning to his or her country of origin or habitual residence usually after spending at least one year in another country. This return may or may not be voluntary. Return migration includes voluntary repatriation. See also circular migration, forced return, reintegration, voluntary return.
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Seasonal migrant worker/migrationA migrant worker whose work, or migration for employment, is by its character dependent on seasonal conditions and is performed only during part of the year (Art. 2(2)(b), International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990). See also migrant worker, temporary migrant worker.
Short-term migrantA person who moves to a country other than that of his or her usual residence for a period of at least three months but less than a year, except in cases where the movement to that country is for purposes of recreation, holiday, visits to friends or relatives, business or medical treatment. For purposes of international migration statistics, the country of usual residence of short-term migrants is considered to be the country of destination during the period they spend in it. See also long-term migrant, temporary migrant workers.
Smuggled person/migrantA migrant who is enabled, through providing financial or material benefit to another person, to gain illegal entry into a State of which he or she is not a national or a permanent resident.
Smuggler (of migrants)An intermediary who moves a person by agreement with that person, in order to transport him/her in an unauthorized manner across an internationally recognized state border. See also smuggling.
Smuggling“The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident.” (Art. 3(a), UN Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000). Smuggling, contrary to trafficking, does not require an element of exploitation, coercion, or violation of human rights. See also illegal entry, smuggler (of migrants), trafficking in persons.
Stateless person“A person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law” (Art. 1, UN Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954). As such, a stateless person lacks those rights attributable to nationality: the diplomatic protection of a State, no inherent right of sojourn in the State of residence and no right of return in case he or she travels. See also nationality.
StudentA person following a course of study at an accredited institution.
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Stock (foreign)The number of foreign nationals in a given area on a certain date (e.g. 1 January or 31 December) of the year in question. See also migrant flow.
Trafficker, humanAn intermediary who is involved in the movement of person in order to obtain an economic or other profit by means of deception, physical or psychological coercion for the purpose of exploitation. The intent ab initio on the part of the trafficker is to exploit the person and gain profit or advantage from the exploitation. See also smuggler, trafficking in persons.
Trafficking in persons“The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.” (Art. 3(a), UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000). Trafficking in persons can take place within the borders of one State or may have a transnational character. See also smuggling, trafficker, human, victims of human trafficking.
TransitA stopover of passage of varying length while travelling between two or more countries.
Unaccompanied childrenPersons under the age of majority in a country other than that of their nationality who are not accompanied by a parent, guardian, or other adult who by law or custom is responsible for them. Unaccompanied children present special challenges for border control officials, because detention and other practices applied to undocumented adult non-nationals may not be appropriate for children.
Unaccompanied minorsSee unaccompanied children.
Undocumented migrantA non-national who enters or stays in a country without the appropriate documentation. This includes, among others: a person (a) who has no legal documentation to enter a country but manages to enter clandestinely, (b) who enters or stays using fraudulent documentation, (c) who, after entering using legal documentation, has stayed beyond the time authorized or otherwise violated the terms of entry and remained without authorization. See also illegal entry, irregular migration.
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VisaAn endorsement by the competent authorities of a State in a passport or a certificate of identity of a non-national who wishes to enter, leave, or transit the territory of the State that indicates that the authority, at the time of issuance, believes the holder to fall within a category of non-nationals who can enter, leave or transit the State under the State’s laws. A visa establishes the criteria of admission into a State. International practice is moving towards issuance of machine-readable visas which comply with ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) standards, printed on labels with security features. See also exit visa, permit.
VisitorIn the migration context, the term is used in some national legislation to designate a non-national authorized to stay temporarily on the territory of a State without participating in a professional activity.
Voluntary repatriationReturn of eligible persons to the country of origin on the basis of freely expressed willingness to so return. Most often used in the context of refugees, prisoners of war, and civil detainees. Also, one of the three durable solutions to address the plight of refugees. See also assisted voluntary return, involuntary repatriation, repatriation, return.
Voluntary returnThe assisted or independent return to the country of origin, transit or another third country based on the free will of the returnee. See also assisted voluntary return, forced return, involuntary repatriation, return, return migration, repatriation, spontaneous return, voluntary repatriation.
Work permitA legal document issued by a competent authority of a State giving authorization for employment of migrant workers in the host country during the period of validity of the permit. See also permit.
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ANNEx II. ASSESSMENT quESTIONNAIRE pROpOSED FOR FuTuRE ACTION
Reference tool for assessing the available data sources and procedures adopted by the national services in Libya
(25 July 2014 version)
National agency
Department/unit/sector
Respondent
Function
Phone
Skype
Date
Contact person(s) for requests of clarification: __________________________
A. Topics/areas of responsibility and data management
Please report the topics/areas such as the border crossing/control, visa, immigration, immigration for employment, immigration for study, emigration, emigration for employment, emigration for study, population and civil registration, acquisition/loss of citizenship, irregular migration, forced migration, trafficking in human beings, asylum, return and readmission, integration of migrants, support to diaspora, remittances…
Topic/area and subcategorydata source, register or database
no. namee.g.: Immigration (short/long term, for foreigners)
1 Register of residence permits
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B. Description of data sources
For each relevant data source, register or database, please provide as far as possible the following information:
1. Name of data source, register or database
2. Main legislative provisions involved in the data registration/collection (e.g.: initial provisions, recent evolution, upcoming changes)
3. Procedures involved in the data registration/collection(e.g.: modality for entering/leaving the country, number of registration points, adoption of forms, coding of variables, type and validity of permission/order, attribution of personal identification numbers, application/execution modalities, duration of process, necessary documents, costs, conditions for specific categories of persons such as unaccompanied minors, minor children and other family members, measures for information to the public, feedback from the public, renewal of permission, changes of status – when permission depends on a new reason, notification of movements and de-registrations from system, administrative checks)
4. Reference population, coverage and definitions (e.g.: foreigners/nationals, legal/irregular migrants, other distinctions, subcategories, geographical coverage, relevant definitions)
5. Type of registered/collected information(e.g.: type of event/permission/order, name, sex, date of birth, place/country of birth, citizenship, information on the permission – first issuance / renewal, validity, reason…)
6. Availability, timeliness and reliability of data(e.g.: frequency of registration/updating – if continuously, daily, weekly, …, annually or other, time series, evaluation of data accuracy, reliability and quality, recurrent missing information)
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7. Level of computerization and features of data collection/registration(e.g: fully automated, partially automated, paper records / locally or centrally stored, ICT infrastructure and means, existence of formal instructions for registration, structure and accessibility of the recorded data, software adopted for data registration and processing – if commercial product or self-developed application, data protection issues, planned/wished developments of system)
8. Linkage with other data sources(e.g.: updating of information/status, communication with other sources within and outside the same department/unit/service, common work programs or projects)
9. Production of statistics(e.g.: tables/variables and indicators, reason and frequency of production – if upon request, regularly on annually or other, last reference period/date, methods and tools for data processing and tabulation)
To possibly provide the set of published/available tables with historical series of the main totals/indicators and statistics based on the collected data in the breakdown by main variable (e.g. table on number of residence permits by type/duration, age group and country of citizenship issued during the year 2013)
10. Use and sharing of data/statistics(e.g.: if disseminated/published or not, for which internal and external users – i.e. other national services, the public, mass media, national users, other countries’ agencies and international organizations, frequency and means of publication/transmission, definitions and classifications, compliance with international recommendations extraction of micro data, type of data analysis and reporting)
11. Links/references to public information(e.g.: websites presenting tables, metadata, titles of reports)
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C. Infrastructure, human resources and financial means
Please provide as far as possible the following information, eventually distinguishing by data source or responsible unit/service where applicable.
1. Premises, infrastructure and IT means(e.g.: number, type and general conditions of occupied premises, existence of and accessibility to computer and other machines, communication and data transmission facilities – LAN, Internet, email system, specialized programmes, procurement, maintenance and reparation issues, outsourcing, requirements for the accomplishment of current tasks, planned developments and needs)
2. Staff(e.g.: evolution, repartition by offices/territorial levels, characteristics – age, gender, education level, geographical provenance, skills, type of activity, type of recruitment, …, level of pay, commitment, opinion about salary, mandate, tasks, work premises and conditions, staff turnover, participation in training courses, events, relationship and cooperation with staff of other authorities, knowledge of other countries’ systems, staff needs)
3. Cooperation(e.g.: synergies/collaboration with other national authorities/services, international institutions and bilateral donors, inter-institutional working groups)
4. Budget(e.g.: evolution, repartition by main items – staff, premises, IT equipment, other equipment, …, access to external funding, opinion about budget, areas of more/less concern)
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Annex 1 – List of migration management procedures The following list, which is not exhaustive, intends to help the respondents to the questionnaire in identifying the topics/areas and its sub-categories of responsibility for their department/unit/service.
1 Border control Passport control at the border2 Border control Immigration control at the border3 Border control Registering border crossing and/or border card data4 Border control Apprehension of irregular migrants at borders5 Border control Use of falsified travel documents for entering the country6 Border control Refusal to entry at border7 Visa Issuing visas abroad8 Visa Issuing visas at the border9 Visa Issuing visas inside the country10 Visa Registering foreigners for temporary stay11 Immigration Registering immigrating nationals12 Immigration Registering foreigners for temporary/ permanent residence13 Immigration Issuing or renewing residence permits to foreigners14 Immigration for employment Issuing permits to employers to hire foreigners15 Immigration for employment Issuing or renewing work permits to foreigners16 Immigration for study Issuing permits to foreigners for education purposes17 Emigration Deregistering emigrating nationals18 Emigration Deregistering foreigners for temporary/permanent residence19 Emigration for employment Issuing permits to nationals for employment abroad20 Emigration for study Registering foreign education of nationals21 Irregular migration Apprehension and identification of irregular migrants within the country22 Irregular migration Detention of irregular migrants23 Irregular migration Detection of irregular migrants at exit24 Irregular migration Issuing orders to leave the country to irregular migrants25 Irregular migration Deportation of irregular migrants26 Irregular migration for employment Control over foreigners’ employment27 Irregular migration for employment Issuing sanctions to employers28 Asylum Registering asylum applications29 Asylum Decisions on asylum applications30 Asylum Granting refugees status to asylum-seekers
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31 Asylum Granting other status to asylum-seekers32 Asylum Issuing documents to asylum-seekers or refugees33 Asylum Appeals to negative decisions on asylum application34 Return and readmission of nationals Support to readmitted nationals at borders35 Return and readmission of nationals Processing readmission applications and taking decisions36 Return and readmission of nationals Reintegration of readmitted nationals37 Return and reintegration Facilitating return and integration of foreign migrants in the countries of origin38 Acquisition/loss of citizenship Registering applications for acquisition of citizenship39 Acquisition/loss of citizenship Decisions on acquisition of citizenship40 Acquisition/loss of citizenship Decisions on denunciation of citizenship41 Acquisition/loss of citizenship Decisions on citizenship loss
Annex 2 – Glossary
Please refer to the relevant definitions from the IOM publication Glossary on Migration (Second Edition) in Annex I of the study or its full version at http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=56&products_id=1380
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ANNEx III. MAIN STATISTICAL ShEETS AND SNApShOTS ON MIGRATION IN
LIBYA AvAILABLE FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIzATIONS
“UN Migration Profile for Libya” from UN DESA “Migration Profiles Common Set of Indicators”, 201443
43 Available from http://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/indicators.htm
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deFinitiOns And sOurcesStates parties to United Nations legal instruments: Indicates whether a country has ratified the relevant international instrument and if so, the year of ratification. The relevant instruments are the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees; the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, and the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. In addition, two Protocols relevant to international migration supplement the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, namely the 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children and the 2000 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air. Source: United Nations Treaty Collection. See: http://treaties.un.orgMales: De facto male population as of 1 July of the year indicated. Data are presented in thousands. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Females: De facto female population as of 1 July of the year indicated. Data are presented in thousands. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Total population: De facto population in a country, area or region as of 1 July of the year indicated. Figures are presented in thousands. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Percentage urban population: Urban population as a percentage of the total population. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2012). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision.Percentage rural population: Rural population as a percentage of the total population. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2012). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision.Annual rate of change: Average exponential rate of growth of the population over a given period. It is expressed as a percentage. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Annual rate of natural increase: Crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. Represents the portion of population growth (or decline) determined exclusively by births and deaths. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Crude net migration rate: The ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Total net migration: Net number of migrants, that is, the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants. It is expressed in thousands. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013) World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Total population at end of period: Total population on 30 June of the final year of the period. Data are from the medium variant (see below) of the World Population Prospects. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.
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deFinitiOns And sOurcesPopulation change during period: Total population change over a period, that is, the difference between the population at the end of the period and that at the beginning of the period. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Medium variant: The medium projection variant combines the medium fertility assumption together with normal-mortality and normal international migration assumptions and is a central reference for trends over the longer term that results from the probabilistic approach that simulates future fertility paths for each country. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Zero-migration variant: Under this assumption, the medium variant is modified so that international migration for each country is set to zero starting in 2010-2015. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.Adult literacy rate:The percentage of population aged 15 years and older who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on his/her everyday life. Generally, ‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Institute for Statistics (2012). http://stats.uis.unesco.orgCombined gross enrolment ratio in education: Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. For the tertiary level, the population used is that of the five-year age group following on from the secondary school leaving. Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Institute for Statistics (2012). http://stats.uis.unesco.orgGDP per capita (PPP in USD): Gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser’s prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current international dollars. Source: World Development Indicators - World Bank (2013).Human development index (HDI): A composite measure of achievements in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, access to education and a decent standard of living. For ease of comparability, the average value of achievements in these three dimensions is put on a scale of 0 to 1, where greater is better, and these indicators are aggregated using geometric means. Source: United Nations Development Program (2013). HumanDevelopment Report Office. Remittances: Remittances are defined as the sum of workers’ remittances, compensation of employees, and migrants’ transfers. Regional aggregates were calculated by the United Nations Population Division. All data are reported in current U.S. dollars. Remittance inflows refer to the sum of workers’ remittances, compensation of employees and migrants’ transfers received by the country of enumeration, while outflows refer to remittance outflows by the country of enumeration. Source: World Bank staff calculation based on data from IMF Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook 2012 and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies, and World Bank country desks.
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deFinitiOns And sOurcesRemittance inflows as share of GDP: Source: World Bank staff calculation based on data from IMF Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook 2012 and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies, and World Bank country desks. International migrant stock by age and sex: The midyear (1 July) estimate of the number of people living in a country or area other than that in which they were born. If the number of foreign-born was not available, the estimate refers to the number of people living in a country other than that of their citizenship. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013). See: www.unmigration.orgMigrant stock by origin (2013): The five countries from which the largest numbers of migrants originate for the reporting country. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013).Migrant stock by destination (2013): The five countries in which the largest numbers of migrants originating from reporting country reside. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013).Refugee population by origin (end 2012):Persons by country of origin who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol or under the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa; those granted refugee status in accordance with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Statute; those granted humanitarian status or temporary protection by the State in which they find themselves; those in refugee-like situations; and Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA. Source: UNHCR (2013). 2012 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons. See: www.unhcr.org/statistics Refugee population (destination) (end 2012):Persons by country of destination who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol or under the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa; those granted refugee status in accordance with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Statute; those granted humanitarian status or temporary protection by the State in which they find themselves; those in refugee-like situations; and Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA. Sources: UNHCR (2013). 2012 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons. See: www.unhcr.org/statisticsTertiary students: Student population by country of origin and destination enrolled in programmes with an educational content more advanced than what is offered at ISCED levels 3 and 4. The first stage of tertiary education, ISCED level 5, covers level 5A, composed of largely theoretically based programmes intended to provide sufficient qualifications for gaining entry to advanced research programmes and professions with high skill requirements; and level 5B, where programmes are generally more practical, technical and/or occupationally specific. The second stage of tertiary education, ISCED level 6, comprises programmes devoted to advanced study and original research, and leading to the award of an advanced research qualification. Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Institute for Statistics (2012). http://stats.uis.unesco.org
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Libya Sheet from the World Bank Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011, 201044
44 Available from http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/0,,contentMDK:21352016~menuPK:3145470~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:476883,00.html.
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Libya Country Notes from the OECD publication Connecting with Emigrants: A Global Profile of Diasporas, 201245
45 Available from www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/connecting-with-emigrants_9789264177949-en
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Libya Facts and Figures from the IOM Libya website46
Capital Tripoli
Population (2013) 6.2 million
Area 1,770,000 sq km
Language Arabic
Currency Libyan dinar (LYD)
Human Development Index rank (2012) 64 of 187
Net migration rate (2010–2015) -9.9 migrants/1,000 population
Immigrants (2013) 12.2%
Women as a percentage of immigrants (2013) 34.1%
Population under 15 (2013) 29%
Definitions and sources capital, language and currency based on data from http://untermportal.un.org/portal/welcome
Area refers to the total surface area. Data from United Nations Statistics Division Demographic Statistics 2008.
Population (2013) is based on data from World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) Population Division, 2013).
GDP (purchasing power parity) is the sum value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year valued at prices prevailing in the United States of America.
GDP per capita (PPP) (2013) is GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by the population. GDP PPP is based on data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. Data is in current international dollars.
Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite indicator that measures development and human progress based on health, education and purchasing power. The higher the HDI rank, the higher a country’s level of development. The hdi rank 2013 is based on data from the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report 2014.
Workers’ remittances (USD) (2013) estimates are the sum of workers’ remittances, compensation of employees and migrants’ transfers. The World Bank staff calculation is based on data from the IMF Balance of Payments Statistics database and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies and World Bank country desks.
46 Available from www.iom.int/cms/libya, as of June 2014.
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Net migration rate (2010–2015) is the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons. An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g. 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country is referred to as net emigration (e.g. -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). Net migration rate based on data from the UN DESA Population Division’s World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.
Immigrants as a percentage of the population (2013) is the estimated number of immigrants divided by the total population, expressed as a percentage. The number of immigrants generally represents the number of persons born in a country other than that in which they live. Data is from UN DESA Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013).
Women as a percentage of all Immigrants (2013) is the percentage of women migrants among all immigrants. Data is from UN DESA Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013).
Population under 15 (2013) refers to the percentage of persons below 15 years old with respect to the total population. Data is from UN DESA Population Division’s World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.
Adult HIV prevalence (2013) refers to the percentage of adults aged 15 to 49 years old infected with HIV. It is calculated by dividing the number of adults aged 15 to 49 years who have HIV in a given year by the population of adults of the same age group. Data is from www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/globalreport2013/
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ANNEx Iv. DETAILED LIST OF RELEvANT TABLES OF EuROSTAT “MIGR” DOMAIN
Detailed list of tables of EUROSTAT Database, Theme Population (populat)47, Domain International Migration and Asylum (migr), relevant for Libya within each collection, excluding Collection Asylum (migr_asy). The list mainly applies to emigration from Libya to the EU Member States (cfr. the availability of data in the tables presented in the statistical annex). Italic denotes the tables with less relevance.
• International migration flows (migr_flow)
− Immigration (migr_immi)
9 International immigrants by citizenship, sex and age group (Table migr_imm1ctz)
9 International immigrants by country of birth, sex and age group (migr_imm3ctb)
9 International immigrants by previous usual residence, sex and age group (migr_imm5prv)
9 International immigrants by citizenship and sex: native-born and foreign-born (migr_imm6ctz)
− Emigration (migr_emi)
9 Emigration by sex, age group and citizenship (migr_emi1ctz) 9 Emigration by sex, age group and country of birth (migr_emi4ctb) 9 Emigration by sex, age group and country of next usual residence
(migr_emi3nxt)
• Acquisition and loss of citizenship (migr_acqn)
9 Acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former citizenship (migr_acq)
9 Loss of citizenship by sex and new citizenship (migr_lct)
• Population by citizenship and by country of birth (migr_stock)
9 Population by sex, age group and citizenship (migr_pop1ctz) 9 Population by sex, age group and country of birth (migr_pop3ctb) 9 Population by sex, citizenship and broad group of country of birth
(migr_pop5ctz)
47 Available from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/browse-statistics-by-theme
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• Residence permits (migr_res)
− Residence permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship (migr_resval)
9 First permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship (migr_resfirst) 9 First permits issued for family reasons by reason, length of validity and
citizenship (migr_resfam) 9 First permits issued for education reasons by reason, length of validity
and citizenship (migr_resedu) 9 First permits issued for remunerated activities by reason, length of
validity and citizenship (migr_resocc) 9 First permits issued for other reasons by reason, length of validity and
citizenship (migr_resoth) 9 Change of immigration status permits by reason and citizenship
(migr_reschange) 9 All valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship on
31 December of each year (migr_resvalid) 9 Long-term residents by citizenship on 31 December of each year
(migr_reslong)
− Residence permits by reason, age, sex and citizenship (migr_resage)
9 First permits by reason, age, sex and citizenship (migr_resfas) 9 All valid permits by age, sex and citizenship on 31 December of each
year (migr_resvas) 9 Long-term residents by age, sex and citizenship on 31 December of
each year (migr_reslas)
− EU Blue cards (migr_resbcard)
9 EU Blue Cards by type of decision, occupation and citizenship (migr_resbc1)
9 Admitted family members of EU Blue Cards holders by type of decision and citizenship (migr_resbc2)
• Enforcement of Immigration Legislation (migr_eil)
9 Third-country nationals refused entry at the external borders – annual data (rounded) (migr_eirfs)
9 Third-country nationals found to be illegally present – annual data (rounded) (migr_eipre)
9 Third-country nationals ordered to leave – annual data (rounded) (migr_eiord)
9 Third-country nationals returned following an order to leave – annual data (rounded) (migr_eirtn)
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ANNEx v. STATISTICAL TABLES
General Information AuthorityTable 10: Distribution of workers by educational qualification, group of citizenship and sex, Libya, 2001
Educational qualification
libyans Non-Libyansmales Females total males Females total
Illiterate 61,220 13,137 74,357 33,709 511 24,220
No primary school certificate
47,565 4,659 52,224 19,376 290 19,666
Primary school certificate
71,182 13,479 84,661 10,711 230 10,941
Preparatory school certificate
88,701 17,753 106,454 9,457 314 9,771
Intermediate institute
75,413 43,717 119,130 14,844 1,117 15,961
Secondary certificate
145,231 125,398 276,029 17,987 2,513 20,500
University degree 53,513 40,900 94,413 14,651 2,236 16,887
Master’s and doctorate
3,546 436 3,982 4,289 584 4,873
total 546,371 259,479 805,850 115,024 7,795 122,819
Source: GIA, Manpower Survey 2001 (reported in IOM, 2014e).
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Table 11: Distribution of workers by main sectors of occupation, group of citizenship and sex, Libya, 2001
Sector of economic activity
libyans Non-Libyansmales Females total males Females total
Agriculture and forestry
56,272 3,864 60,136 7,561 29 7,590
Manufacturing industries
74,938 16,430 91,368 21,102 199 21,301
Electricity, gas and water
30,373 2,288 32,661 637 4 641
Building and construction
10,852 1,125 11,977 17,537 87 17,624
Wholesale and retail trade and services
83,506 5,068 88,574 16,284 670 16,954
Transportation 32,213 3,353 35,566 710 52 762
Administrative and social service
225,551 220,076 445,627 34,407 6,455 40,862
Others* 32,666 7,275 39,941 16,786 299 17,085
total 546,371 259,479 805,850 115,024 7,795 122,819
Source: GIA, Manpower Survey 2001 (reported in IOM, 2014e).Note: *“Others” includes itinerant vendors, workers in the transformation industry, employees
in financial institutions and other unspecified activities.
Table 12: Distribution of foreign employees by job classification and sex, Libya, 2001
Job classification males Females total Total (%)Working alone 13,957 154 14,111 11.5
Self-employed 3,497 55 3,552 2.9
Expatriate contract 32,179 4,374 36,553 29.8
Local contract with the right to transfer 3,517 212 3,729 3.0
Local contract without the right to transfer 14,931 2,043 16,974 13.8
Without contract 46,943 957 47,900 39.0
total 115,024 7,795 122,819 100.0
Source: GIA, Manpower Survey 2001 (reported in IOM, 2014e).
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Table 13: Distribution of non-Libyan population by country of nationality and sex, Libya, 2006
country total males FemalesNon-Libyan Arab region 304,863 209,135 95,728Jordan 2,053 1,080 973
Morocco 19,839 7,409 12,430
Algeria 4,593 2,464 2,129
Tunisia 14,124 7,315 6,809
Egypt 164,348 129,738 34,610
Sudan 43,680 30,155 13,525
Syrian Arab Republic 17,017 10,203 6,814
Lebanon 966 474 492
Occupied Palestinian Territory 28,596 15,034 13,562
Iraq 6,498 3,361 3,137
Other Arab 3,149 1,902 1,247
western europe 722 249 473Italy 160 58 102
United Kingdom 165 38 127
Germany 68 26 42
Greece 106 42 64
Malta 46 23 23
Portugal 4 – 4
France 65 26 39
Spain 30 11 19
Other Western European 78 25 53
Africa 40,801 30,089 10,712Chad 20,683 13,667 7,016
Mali 3,694 2,581 1,113
Ghana 1,195 955 240
Nigeria 11,614 9,925 1,689
Gambia 214 163 51
Ethiopia 78 50 28
Senegal 333 271 62
Benin 89 66 23
Togo 75 63 12
Burkina Faso 224 199 25
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country total males FemalesOther African 2,602 2,149 453
eastern europe 2,334 843 1,491Bulgaria 423 130 293
Poland 148 44 104
Romania 72 19 53
Russian Federation 107 43 64
Czech Republic 19 3 16
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 130 41 89
Ukraine 1,150 436 714
Other Eastern European 285 127 158
Asia 8,203 4,965 3,238Turkey 713 475 238
Pakistan 3,075 1,833 1,242
India 1,570 928 642
Bangladesh 807 531 276
Philippines 1,429 676 753
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 29 27 2
Republic of Korea 67 58 9
China 75 73 2
Taiwan Province of China 32 30 2
Japan 7 5 2
Other Asian 399 329 70
Americas 85 17 68Cuba 1 1 0
United States of America 46 7 39
Canada 21 7 14
Brazil 7 0 7
Argentina 2 0 2
Other Americas 8 2 6
Other countries 2,532 1,641 891Unspecified 0 0 0total 359,540 246,939 112,601
Source: GIA, Libya Population Census of 30 April 2006. Extracted from CARIM Database, Libya, POP03 – Population by citizenship (updated: 20 September 2009), on 18 April 2014.
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Tabl
e 14
: Dis
trib
ution
of n
on-L
ibya
n po
pula
tion
by n
ation
ality
(gro
uped
cou
ntrie
s), a
ge a
nd se
x, L
ibya
, 200
6
Sex/
Age
Nati
onal
ity
tota
lAr
ab n
on-L
ibya
Afric
aAs
iaeu
rope
an
(Eas
tern
and
W
este
rn)
Amer
icas
Aust
ralia
and
N
ew Z
eala
ndO
ther
co
untr
ies
Mal
es a
nd fe
mal
es0–
420
,797
3,56
249
352
20
207
25,1
135–
919
,743
3,06
760
566
12
202
23,6
8610
–14
17,8
842,
128
614
512
016
920
,848
15–1
926
,730
3,36
155
246
11
214
30,9
0520
–24
41,8
206,
373
448
541
026
248
,958
25–2
942
,562
6,82
765
914
54
124
250
,440
30–3
435
,545
5,38
289
231
57
433
342
,478
35–3
928
,694
3,86
885
638
213
224
934
,064
40–4
422
,973
2,35
681
346
912
019
026
,813
45–4
918
,363
1,69
299
260
815
219
521
,867
50–5
414
,071
800
701
446
131
104
16,1
3655
–59
8,36
860
140
024
98
168
9,69
560
–64
4,04
135
913
296
31
404,
672
65–6
91,
899
207
3048
20
212,
207
70–7
470
710
710
161
013
854
75–7
936
756
59
00
744
480
–84
176
361
20
00
215
85+
123
190
20
01
145
Uns
peci
fied
00
00
00
00
tota
l30
4,86
340
,801
8,20
33,
056
8515
2,51
735
9,54
0
134
AN
NEX
ES
Sex/
Age
Nati
onal
ity
tota
lAr
ab n
on-L
ibya
Afric
aAs
iaeu
rope
an
(Eas
tern
and
W
este
rn)
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icas
Aust
ralia
and
N
ew Z
eala
ndO
ther
co
untr
ies
Of w
hich
, mal
es0–
410
,500
1,73
225
628
20
108
12,6
265–
99,
956
1,56
631
131
11
102
11,9
6810
–14
9,11
21,
083
324
291
098
10,6
4715
–19
19,0
992,
407
294
220
012
221
,944
20–2
433
,945
5,40
524
914
00
183
39,7
9625
–29
34,6
785,
747
383
461
016
741
,022
30–3
426
,843
4,41
750
891
04
247
32,1
1035
–39
20,9
573,
030
517
881
116
824
,762
40–4
416
,321
1,82
849
116
91
011
618
,926
45–4
912
,073
1,30
967
622
72
113
714
,425
50–5
47,
204
614
505
184
51
798,
592
55–5
94,
587
445
305
108
21
505,
498
60–6
42,
281
255
111
340
030
2,71
165
–69
1,05
813
124
190
012
1,24
470
–74
303
577
01
010
378
75–7
911
124
30
00
314
180
–84
6625
10
00
092
85+
4114
02
00
057
Uns
peci
fied
00
00
00
00
tota
l20
9,13
530
,089
4,96
51,
092
179
1,63
224
6,93
9
Sour
ce:
GIA
, Lib
ya P
opul
ation
Cen
sus
of 3
0 A
pril
2006
. Ext
ract
ed fr
om C
ARI
M D
atab
ase,
Lib
ya, P
OP0
4 –
Popu
latio
n bo
rn in
the
coun
try
by c
itize
nshi
p, a
ge a
nd
sex
(upd
ated
: 19
Sept
embe
r 20
09),
on 1
8 A
pril
2014
.
135
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Table 15: Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population, aged 15 years and over, by marital status and sex, Libya, 2006
Nationality/sex
marital statustotalNever
married married Divorced Widowed Unspecified
Non-LibyansTotal 137,617 144,746 1,502 6,028 0 289,893
Females 19,391 52,277 960 5,567 0 78,195
Males 118,226 92,469 542 461 0 211,698
Libyans
Total 1,957,519 1,535,868 27,738 131,194 0 3,652,319
Females 890,810 772,349 22,888 119,787 0 1,805,834
Males 1,066,709 763,519 4,850 11,407 0 1,846,485
Libyans and non-LibyansTotal 2,095,136 1,680,614 29,240 137,222 0 3,942,212
Females 910,201 824,626 23,848 125,354 0 1,884,029
Males 1,184,935 855,988 5,392 11,868 0 2,058,183
Source: GIA, Libya Population Census of 30 April 2006. Extracted from CARIM Database, Libya, POP11 – Population by citizenship and family status (updated: 19 September 2009), on 18 April 2014.
136
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 16
: Dis
trib
ution
of L
ibya
n an
d no
n-Li
byan
pop
ulati
on a
ged
10 y
ears
and
ove
r, by
edu
catio
nal s
tatu
s and
sex,
Lib
ya, 2
006
liby
ans
Non
-Lib
yans
tota
lto
tal
mal
esFe
mal
esto
tal
mal
esFe
mal
esto
tal
mal
esFe
mal
esEl
emen
tary
or
prop
ortio
n74
1,35
539
2,29
534
9,06
046
,810
31,6
1815
,192
788,
165
423,
913
364,
252
Abl
e to
read
and
wri
te43
1,42
821
7,09
221
4,33
650
,402
38,0
0212
,400
481,
830
255,
094
226,
736
Illite
rate
483,
082
133,
149
349,
933
67,2
3248
,806
18,4
2655
0,31
418
1,95
536
8,35
9
Inte
rmed
iate
dip
lom
a30
9,10
215
9,75
614
9,34
613
,294
9,18
44,
110
322,
396
168,
940
153,
456
Seco
ndar
y or
pr
opor
tion
927,
827
500,
805
427,
022
50,7
7037
,298
13,4
7297
8,59
753
8,10
344
0,49
4
Prep
arat
ory
or
prop
ortio
n96
1,45
554
0,95
542
0,50
056
,018
41,2
4014
,778
1,01
7,47
358
2,19
543
5,27
8
Mas
ter’
s de
gree
9,58
77,
926
1,66
11,
526
1,14
538
111
,113
9,07
12,
042
Post
-gra
duat
e di
plom
a5,
989
4,18
91,
800
588
352
236
6,57
74,
541
2,03
6
Bach
elor
cer
tifica
te29
3,13
215
6,25
913
6,87
318
,198
11,5
856,
613
311,
330
167,
844
143,
486
Doc
tora
te P
hD5,
381
4,37
41,
007
1,79
71,
464
333
7,17
85,
838
1,34
0
Oth
ers
21,0
043,
339
17,6
653,
037
764
2,27
324
,041
4,10
319
,938
Uns
peci
fied
5,87
03,
616
2,25
41,
069
887
182
6,93
94,
503
2,43
6
tota
l4,
195,
212
2,12
3,75
52,
071,
457
310,
741
222,
345
88,3
964,
505,
953
2,34
6,10
02,
159,
853
Sour
ce:
GIA
, Li
bya
Popu
latio
n Ce
nsus
of
30 A
pril
2006
. Ex
trac
ted
from
CA
RIM
Dat
abas
e, L
ibya
, PO
P14
– Po
pula
tion
by c
itize
nshi
p an
d le
vel
of e
duca
tion
(upd
ated
: 20
Sept
embe
r 20
09),
on 1
8 A
pril
2014
.
137
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Tabl
e 17
: Dis
trib
ution
of L
ibya
n an
d no
n-Li
byan
pop
ulati
on a
ged
15 y
ears
and
ove
r, by
type
of a
ctivi
ty a
nd se
x, L
ibya
, 200
6
liby
ans
Non
-Lib
yans
Liby
ans a
nd n
on-L
ibya
nsm
ales
Fem
ales
tota
lm
ales
Fem
ales
tota
lm
ales
Fem
ales
tota
lEc
onom
ical
ly a
ctive
Empl
oyed
940,
133
388,
153
1,32
8,28
618
2,99
29,
124
192,
116
1,12
3,12
539
7,27
71,
520,
402
Seek
ing
wor
k w
ith
prev
ious
wor
k6,
060
748
6,80
844
732
479
6,50
778
07,
287
Seek
ing
wor
k fo
r th
e fir
st ti
me
252,
215
88,5
7134
0,78
66,
164
1,56
77,
731
258,
379
90,1
3834
8,51
7
Subt
otal
1,19
8,40
847
7,47
21,
675,
880
189,
603
10,7
2320
0,32
61,
388,
011
488,
195
1,87
6,20
6
Econ
omic
ally
inac
tive
Wor
king
hou
sew
ife0
35,3
6935
,369
02,
675
2,67
50
38,0
4438
,044
Hou
sew
ife0
810,
183
810,
183
052
,139
52,1
390
862,
322
862,
322
Stud
ent
430,
362
428,
019
858,
381
15,0
4011
,274
26,3
1444
5,40
243
9,29
388
4,69
5
Retir
ed16
4,37
115
,071
179,
442
1,35
024
11,
591
165,
721
15,3
1218
1,03
3
Dis
able
d27
,923
31,6
5459
,577
676
642
1,31
828
,599
32,2
9660
,895
Oth
ers
25,4
218,
066
33,4
875,
029
501
5,53
030
,450
8,56
739
,017
Subt
otal
648,
077
1,32
8,36
21,
976,
439
22,0
9567
,472
89,5
6767
0,17
21,
395,
834
2,06
6,00
6
tota
l1,
846,
485
1,80
5,83
43,
652,
319
211,
698
78,1
9528
9,89
32,
058,
183
1,88
4,02
93,
942,
212
Sour
ce:
GIA
, Lib
ya P
opul
ation
Cen
sus
of 3
0 A
pril
2006
. Ext
ract
ed fr
om C
ARI
M D
atab
ase,
Lib
ya, P
OP1
9 –
Wor
king
age
pop
ulati
on, b
y ty
pe o
f acti
vity
and
nati
onal
ity
(upd
ated
: 20
Sept
embe
r 20
09),
on 1
8 A
pril
2014
.
138
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 18
: Dis
trib
ution
of L
ibya
n an
d no
n-Li
byan
pop
ulati
on a
ged
15 y
ears
and
ove
r, by
eco
nom
ic st
atus
, gen
der a
nd sh
abya
, Lib
ya, 2
006
Al-S
haby
a*
Econ
omic
ally
acti
ve p
opul
ation
Non
-eco
nom
ical
ly a
ctive
pop
ulati
on
liby
ans
Non
-Lib
yans
liby
ans
Non
-Lib
yans
mal
esFe
mal
esto
tal
mal
esFe
mal
esto
tal
mal
esFe
mal
esto
tal
mal
esFe
mal
esto
tal
Al B
utna
n30
,865
16,4
4847
,313
3,33
733
23,
669
18,9
8231
,073
50,0
5558
12,
718
3,29
9
Dar
nah
33,3
6421
,705
55,0
692,
700
298
2,99
818
,503
29,2
9747
,800
532
1,69
82,
230
Al J
abal
al
Akh
dar
38,9
6722
,934
61,9
015,
657
418
6,07
523
,878
38,0
9861
,976
921
1,92
52,
846
Al M
arj
37,3
7719
,717
57,0
945,
256
223
5,47
920
,931
38,4
7059
,401
446
1,41
61,
862
Beng
hazi
116,
421
39,1
4415
5,56
520
,581
1,55
722
,138
114,
311
164,
367
278,
678
4,25
011
,619
15,8
69
Al-W
ahat
33,5
2012
,559
46,0
799,
406
385
9,79
120
,275
38,8
6359
,138
644
1,80
22,
446
Al-K
ufra
7,75
63,
454
11,2
102,
422
175
2,59
76,
216
10,3
0316
,519
531
1,17
91,
710
Surt
35,4
4316
,736
52,1
799,
502
514
10,0
1622
,797
41,3
4064
,137
963
1,91
82,
881
Mis
rata
h10
5,11
025
,147
130,
257
20,9
8296
421
,946
64,4
3713
8,76
320
3,20
01,
428
3,83
45,
262
Al M
arqa
b91
,520
31,7
2912
3,24
911
,890
431
12,3
2150
,380
107,
636
158,
016
784
1,50
42,
288
Trip
oli
218,
316
87,1
9130
5,50
733
,297
3,52
136
,818
148,
186
244,
479
392,
665
4,16
710
,247
14,4
14
Al-J
afar
a92
,766
47,8
1914
0,58
517
,882
1,06
518
,947
54,2
5493
,983
148,
237
1,39
22,
931
4,32
3
AzZ
awiy
ah60
,507
35,5
0896
,015
11,4
5554
512
,000
33,6
3956
,380
90,0
1994
12,
408
3,34
9
Al-N
ikah
t A
l-Kha
mes
59,9
9841
,784
101,
782
10,0
9452
210
,616
34,1
3251
,518
85,6
5069
72,
308
3,00
5
139
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Al-S
haby
a*
Econ
omic
ally
acti
ve p
opul
ation
Non
-eco
nom
ical
ly a
ctive
pop
ulati
onli
byan
sN
on-L
ibya
nsli
byan
sN
on-L
ibya
nsm
ales
Fem
ales
tota
lm
ales
Fem
ales
tota
lm
ales
Fem
ales
tota
lm
ales
Fem
ales
tota
lA
l Jab
al a
l G
harb
i62
,962
34,3
7397
,335
10,0
1038
710
,397
37,3
1763
,805
101,
122
394
1,18
31,
577
Nal
ut18
,793
13,3
7232
,165
4,24
517
04,
415
10,9
4216
,429
27,3
7126
754
681
3
Sabh
a40
,814
25,3
9466
,208
9,66
276
310
,425
28,8
6637
,194
66,0
601,
534
2,77
04,
304
Wad
i al H
ayat
14,1
999,
104
23,3
033,
920
176
4,09
69,
869
13,7
1923
,588
249
476
725
Mur
zuq
14,7
4811
,022
25,7
703,
502
132
3,63
49,
681
13,2
2122
,902
305
791
1,09
6
Gha
t4,
166
2,85
17,
017
807
4184
82,
839
4,12
26,
961
241
279
520
tota
l1,
117,
612
517,
991
1,63
5,60
319
6,60
712
,619
209,
226
730,
435
1,23
3,06
01,
963,
495
21,2
6753
,552
74,8
19
Sour
ce:
GIA
, pre
limin
ary
resu
lts o
f the
Lib
ya P
opul
ation
Cen
sus
of 3
0 A
pril
2006
. Ext
ract
ed fr
om C
ARI
M D
atab
ase,
Lib
ya, P
OP1
9 –
Wor
king
age
pop
ulati
on, b
y ty
pe o
f ac
tivity
and
nati
onal
ity (u
pdat
ed: 2
0 Se
ptem
ber
2009
), on
18
Apr
il 20
14.
Not
e:
*Sha
bya
is L
ibya
n ad
min
istr
ative
div
isio
n, e
quiv
alen
t to
a di
stri
ct.
140
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 19
: Dis
trib
ution
of L
ibya
n an
d no
n-Li
byan
pop
ulati
on, e
cono
mic
ally
acti
ve a
nd a
ged
15 y
ears
and
ove
r, by
maj
or a
nd s
ub-m
ajor
oc
cupa
tions
and
sex,
Lib
ya, 2
006
Maj
or a
nd su
b-m
ajor
occ
upati
ons
liby
ans
Non
-Lib
yans
Liby
ans a
nd n
on-L
ibya
nsto
tal
Fem
ales
mal
esto
tal
Fem
ales
mal
esto
tal
Fem
ales
mal
esA
dmin
istr
ative
man
ager
ial w
orke
rs1,
702
106
1,59
696
888
1,79
811
41,
684
Man
ager
s, s
uper
viso
rs a
nd b
uild
ing
cont
ract
ors
(not
in g
over
nmen
t)5,
966
541
5,42
524
911
238
6,21
555
25,
663
Spec
ialis
ts in
phy
sica
l sci
ence
, m
athe
mati
cs, c
ompu
ters
and
eng
inee
ring
22,1
012,
031
20,0
701,
564
981,
466
23,6
652,
129
21,5
36
Life
sci
entis
ts a
nd s
peci
alis
ts in
hea
lth16
,651
8,65
47,
997
3,13
11,
264
1,86
719
,782
9,91
89,
864
Spec
ialis
ts in
edu
catio
n an
d in
stru
ction
359,
630
241,
640
117,
990
7,71
12,
609
5,10
236
7,34
124
4,24
912
3,09
2
Tech
nica
l and
rela
ted
wor
kers
40,0
769,
953
30,1
231,
124
167
957
41,2
0010
,120
31,0
80
Tech
nica
l ass
ista
nts
in e
ngin
eeri
ng, m
ath
and
com
pute
r63
,526
4,31
159
,215
5,36
013
55,
225
68,8
864,
446
64,4
40
Tech
nica
l ass
ista
nts
in li
fe s
cien
ce a
nd
heal
th31
,970
21,3
7610
,594
1,56
71,
098
469
33,5
3722
,474
11,0
63
Sale
smen
in s
cien
tific
equi
pmen
t ind
ustr
y7,
166
3,70
73,
459
211
4916
27,
377
3,75
63,
621
Spec
ialis
ts in
insu
ranc
e se
rvic
es12
,429
1,33
211
,097
112
1399
12,5
411,
345
11,1
96
Cler
ical
sup
ervi
sors
320,
721
51,7
8726
8,93
42,
414
648
1,76
632
3,13
552
,435
270,
700
Cler
ical
ser
vice
s15
,298
2,86
612
,432
234
7316
115
,532
2,93
912
,593
Wor
kers
in p
erso
nal s
ervi
ces
62,2
781,
742
60,5
362,
533
337
2,19
664
,811
2,07
962
,732
Mar
kete
rs a
nd s
ales
men
51,1
882,
083
49,1
0514
,161
344
13,8
1765
,349
2,42
762
,922
Sale
s of
sci
entifi
c ag
ricu
ltura
l m
anuf
actu
ring
equ
ipm
ent
11,7
6710
011
,667
2,36
15
2,35
614
,128
105
14,0
23
141
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Maj
or a
nd su
b-m
ajor
occ
upati
ons
liby
ans
Non
-Lib
yans
Liby
ans a
nd n
on-L
ibya
ns
tota
lFe
mal
esm
ales
tota
lFe
mal
esm
ales
tota
lFe
mal
esm
ales
Agr
icul
tura
l and
fore
stry
wor
kers
109,
413
18,4
9290
,921
40,5
2791
339
,614
149,
940
19,4
0513
0,53
5
Cons
truc
tion
wor
kers
19,3
190
19,3
1959
,241
059
,241
78,5
600
78,5
60
Met
al w
orke
rs29
,457
1729
,440
13,0
404
13,0
3642
,497
2142
,476
Mac
hine
ry fi
tter
s an
d re
late
d w
orke
rs82
113
668
533
84
334
1,15
914
01,
019
Oth
er c
raft
sman
3,84
294
32,
899
5,21
391
5,12
29,
055
1,03
48,
021
Stati
onar
y en
gine
and
rela
ted
equi
pmen
t op
erat
ors
9,01
04
9,00
62,
163
02,
163
11,1
734
11,1
69
Colle
ctor
s an
d w
orke
d m
achi
nes
9,63
585
38,
782
1,56
931
1,53
811
,204
884
10,3
20
Dri
vers
and
mov
ing-
mac
hine
wor
kers
49,3
961
49,3
952,
283
02,
283
51,6
791
51,6
78
Initi
al o
ccup
ation
s in
sal
es a
nd s
ervi
ces
49,6
8210
,676
39,0
068,
660
964
7,69
658
,342
11,6
4046
,702
Agr
icul
tura
l and
hun
ting
wor
kers
5,77
214
25,
630
5,70
935
5,67
411
,481
177
11,3
04
Min
ers
and
quar
rym
en12
,183
1,66
710
,516
10,1
7416
410
,010
22,3
571,
831
20,5
26
Wor
kers
not
cla
ssifi
able
by
occu
patio
n14
,095
3,74
110
,354
850
9175
914
,945
3,83
211
,113
Seek
ing
wor
k fo
r th
e fir
st ti
me
340,
786
88,5
7125
2,21
57,
731
1,56
76,
164
348,
517
90,1
3825
8,37
9
gra
nd to
tal
1,67
5,88
047
7,47
21,
198,
408
200,
326
10,7
2318
9,60
31,
876,
206
488,
195
1,38
8,01
1
Sour
ce:
GIA
, Li
bya
Popu
latio
n Ce
nsus
of
30 A
pril
2006
. Ex
trac
ted
from
CA
RIM
Dat
abas
e Li
bya
POP2
1 –
Wor
king
age
pop
ulati
on b
y pr
ofes
sion
and
nati
onal
ity
(upd
ated
: 19
Sept
embe
r 20
09),
on 1
8 A
pril
2014
.
142
AN
NEX
ES
Central Bank of Libya
Table 20: Net current transfers of the Libyan balance of payments, 2004–2007 (million Libyan dinar)
items 2004 2005 2006 2007Total -3,261.0 830.7 -435.2 -275.6General government -2,263.0 146.7 162.5 -684.8Other sectors -998.0 -684.0 -1,167.3 -960.4Oil sector -273.0 -339.0 -367.0 -380.0Workers’ transfers abroad -928.0
-354.0 -800.3 -580.4Others 203.0
Source: Central Bank of Libya. Extracted from CARIM Database, Libya, ECO01 – Remittances by expatriates (total) (updated: 20 September 2009), on 18 April 2014.
UN DESA
Table 21: Migrant stock, Libya and other North African countries, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (midyear)
Type of dataa 1990 2000 2010 2013
World 154,162.0 174,515.7 220,729.3 231,522.2 Africa 15,630.9 15,591.3 17,125.7 18,644.5 North Africa 2,408.2 1,872.5 1,925.7 1,862.8 Libya C 457.5 558.8 699.1 756.0
As % of North Africa
19% 30% 36% 41%
Males 295.1 360.4 458.0 498.2 Females 162.4 198.4 241.2 257.7
Females, as % of both sexes
35% 35% 34% 34%
Algeria C R 274.0 250.1 245.0 270.4 Egypt B R 175.6 169.1 280.7 297.4 Morocco C 57.6 53.1 50.1 50.8 Sudanb B R 1,402.9 801.9 612.7 446.7 Tunisia C 38.0 36.2 33.6 36.5 Western Sahara
I 2.7 3.3 4.5 4.9
Source: Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision, United Nations database, POP/
DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013 (UN DESA, 2013).Notes:
a This column indicates whether the data used to produce the estimates refer to the foreign-born population (B) or to foreign citizens (C). It also indicates in which cases the number of refugees, as reported by UNHCR, was added to the estimate of international migrants (R). Estimates for countries or areas having no data on the number of international migrants were obtained by imputation (I).
b The estimates for 1990 and 2000 refer to Sudan and South Sudan.
143
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Tabl
e 22
: Mig
rant
stoc
k by
sex
and
age,
Lib
ya, 1
990,
200
0, 2
010
and
2013
(mid
year
)
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
l%
Fem
ales
tota
l%
Fem
ales
tota
l%
Fem
ales
tota
l%
Fem
ales
0–4
32,6
6353
.2
39,2
2055
.3
41,1
2054
.7
47,5
8153
.1
5–9
28,5
1153
.2
34,2
3455
.3
40,4
6557
.1
43,3
7455
.9
10–1
431
,399
53.3
38
,355
55.4
43
,922
53.7
46
,633
53.1
15–1
943
,480
51.3
46
,512
53.4
53
,812
49.9
56
,529
49.4
20–2
458
,733
44.5
58
,515
46.2
65
,575
43.8
68
,916
43.6
25–2
964
,892
34.2
67
,431
35.6
75
,331
37.0
79
,571
37.0
30–3
456
,988
25.8
67
,002
26.8
79
,813
29.2
84
,932
29.5
35–3
944
,678
19.7
59
,625
20.5
74
,965
23.0
80
,743
23.3
40–4
432
,220
16.0
46
,463
16.7
65
,356
18.8
70
,969
19.0
45–4
922
,248
15.0
34
,132
15.6
51
,447
16.5
56
,544
16.5
50–5
414
,532
16.2
24
,016
16.9
39
,188
16.8
43
,249
16.5
55–5
910
,455
19.8
17
,665
20.6
29
,111
21.0
32
,232
20.1
60–6
48,
723
30.7
13
,644
31.9
21
,007
30.9
23
,348
29.1
65+
7,96
042
.6
11,9
5644
.2
18,0
3244
.6
21,3
5342
.4
tota
l45
7,48
235
.5
558,
770
35.5
69
9,14
434
.5
755,
974
34.1
Sour
ce:
Tren
ds in
Inte
rnati
onal
Mig
rant
Sto
ck:
The
2013
Rev
isio
n, U
nite
d N
ation
s da
taba
se, P
OP/
DB/
MIG
/Sto
ck/R
ev.2
013
(UN
DES
A,
2013
).
144
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 23
: Mig
rant
stoc
k by
sex
and
coun
try
of c
itize
nshi
p, L
ibya
, 199
0, 2
000,
201
0 an
d 20
13 (m
idye
ar)
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
wor
ld45
7,48
210
0.0
35.5
558,
770
699,
144
755,
974
100.
034
.1Af
rica
73,0
3915
.033
.312
5,05
215
6,46
616
9,18
522
.133
.6A
lger
ia1,
553
0.5
49.8
2,60
23,
255
3,52
00.
750
.6
Chad
872
0.1
26.3
622
780
843
0.1
30.2
Com
oros
1,23
10.
18.
83,
114
3,89
54,
212
0.3
16.3
Cong
o75
0.0
8.0
293
365
395
0.0
29.9
Côte
d’Iv
oire
595
0.1
21.0
432
541
585
0.1
29.1
Dem
ocra
tic R
epub
lic
of th
e Co
ngo
284
0.0
28.5
316
394
426
0.0
26.5
Djib
outi
695
0.1
28.6
1,03
11,
292
1,39
70.
231
.4
Egyp
t8,
391
1.8
33.9
15,2
1819
,042
20,5
902.
734
.3
Eritr
ea1,
024
0.2
37.5
1,43
71,
798
1,94
40.
337
.6
Ethi
opia
1,62
00.
545
.11,
327
1,66
01,
795
0.3
42.8
Gha
na61
10.
116
.044
655
860
30.
123
.4
Gui
nea-
Biss
au20
10.
02.
022
728
230
50.
00.
7
Keny
a37
60.
017
.024
330
533
00.
139
.7
Mal
i68
90.
114
.224
630
733
20.
027
.4
Mau
rita
nia
434
0.0
18.7
260
325
351
0.0
25.4
Mor
occo
1,50
70.
556
.53,
550
4,44
24,
803
1.1
58.4
Nig
er27
60.
03.
626
032
535
10.
023
.1
Nig
eria
1,67
60.
214
.62,
066
2,58
42,
794
0.3
27.2
Sene
gal
1,09
70.
114
.781
21,
016
1,09
90.
115
.5
145
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
Sier
ra L
eone
118
0.0
49.2
173
216
234
0.0
38.0
Som
alia
3,92
11.
040
.075
,738
94,7
6810
2,47
112
.932
.6
Sout
h A
fric
a54
40.
131
.846
958
763
50.
134
.5
Sout
h Su
dan
4,75
71.
034
.21,
287
1,61
11,
742
0.2
34.0
Suda
n38
,630
8.1
34.2
10,4
5413
,080
14,1
431.
934
.1
Uni
ted
Repu
blic
of
Tan
zani
a44
60.
013
.019
324
126
10.
030
.3
Tuni
sia
1,41
60.
338
.52,
236
2,79
73,
024
0.5
44.6
Asia
255,
514
55.6
35.3
390,
793
488,
478
528,
025
67.6
33.0
Afg
hani
stan
678
0.1
13.6
233
291
315
0.0
33.3
Arm
enia
512
0.2
48.4
186
233
252
0.0
43.3
Bahr
ain
1,09
20.
345
.170
287
894
90.
128
.3
Bang
lade
sh31
90.
015
.790
51,
134
1,22
60.
05.
5
Chin
a1,
368
0.1
13.4
2,23
02,
788
3,01
50.
433
.2
Indi
a2,
290
0.4
29.5
3,51
04,
390
4,74
70.
526
.7
Indo
nesi
a4,
232
0.4
14.9
9,46
511
,843
12,8
061.
019
.4
Iran
(Isl
amic
Rep
ublic
of)
384
0.1
34.1
299
374
404
0.0
30.0
Iraq
3,88
31.
248
.149
,611
62,0
7767
,123
9.9
37.8
Japa
n4,
160
0.9
36.4
729
912
986
0.2
42.5
Jord
an9,
676
2.1
36.0
14,7
8518
,501
20,0
052.
734
.2
146
AN
NEX
ES
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
Kaza
khst
an40
40.
149
.358
272
878
70.
122
.9
Kuw
ait
6,01
01.
231
.97,
825
9,79
110
,587
1.0
25.0
Leba
non
6,62
11.
742
.38,
018
10,0
3310
,849
1.9
44.3
Mal
aysi
a6,
986
1.2
27.6
5,73
97,
182
7,76
60.
722
.8
Om
an1,
247
0.2
28.5
1,22
81,
536
1,66
10.
224
.1
Paki
stan
1,10
50.
222
.41,
783
2,23
02,
411
0.3
29.7
Occ
upie
d Pa
lesti
nian
Te
rrito
ry15
2,38
634
.737
.020
7,30
825
9,39
028
0,47
536
.733
.7
Phili
ppin
es1,
931
0.5
41.7
3,19
73,
999
4,32
40.
953
.4
Qat
ar82
00.
233
.51,
025
1,28
31,
387
0.1
26.5
Repu
blic
of K
orea
807
0.1
22.2
519
650
703
0.1
35.0
Saud
i Ara
bia
12,9
872.
328
.525
,701
32,1
5934
,773
3.8
27.9
Sing
apor
e19
90.
032
.248
560
865
70.
133
.0
Sri L
anka
711
0.1
29.7
266
334
361
0.1
45.2
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
15,0
263.
235
.020
,115
25,1
6827
,214
3.6
34.2
Tajik
ista
n13
40.
011
.949
261
666
60.
125
.5
Thai
land
2,76
50.
212
.02,
066
2,58
42,
794
0.2
19.0
Turk
ey2,
199
0.2
17.0
1,83
72,
299
2,48
60.
329
.6
Turk
men
ista
n59
0.0
6.8
173
216
234
0.0
26.1
Uni
ted
Ara
b Em
irate
s1,
324
0.2
26.3
2,01
32,
517
2,72
20.
435
.8
Uzb
ekis
tan
244
0.0
16.4
273
342
370
0.0
14.6
Yem
en10
,965
2.2
32.2
15,4
9319
,382
20,9
572.
530
.4
147
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
euro
pe10
8,53
825
.838
.634
,454
43,1
1046
,613
8.2
45.2
Alb
ania
316
0.0
25.6
220
273
295
0.0
36.9
Aus
tria
2,04
60.
540
.654
668
273
70.
255
.2
Bela
rus
703
0.2
43.2
552
690
746
0.1
46.9
Belg
ium
1,92
00.
437
.648
961
366
30.
147
.4
Bosn
ia a
nd H
erze
govi
na67
0.0
37.3
240
299
323
0.0
36.5
Den
mar
k79
70.
237
.655
969
975
60.
137
.7
Finl
and
539
0.2
46.6
602
754
815
0.1
43.4
Fran
ce8,
828
1.9
34.7
3,64
34,
558
4,92
80.
841
.1
Ger
man
y27
,696
5.8
34.1
5,09
36,
373
6,89
11.
348
.0
Gre
ece
3,73
31.
043
.01,
896
2,37
42,
567
0.5
48.0
Hun
gary
351
0.1
40.7
246
307
332
0.1
54.2
Ital
y13
,306
2.8
34.3
4,84
86,
066
6,55
91.
144
.6
Mon
aco
177
0.0
40.1
199
251
271
0.0
38.0
(The
) Net
herl
ands
3,05
10.
736
.11,
284
1,60
51,
735
0.3
50.7
Nor
way
303
0.1
28.1
243
305
330
0.1
44.5
Pola
nd1,
164
0.2
31.6
492
616
666
0.2
62.6
Rom
ania
646
0.1
35.4
432
541
585
0.1
61.5
Russ
ian
Fede
ratio
n26
,607
8.1
49.4
5,25
06,
569
7,10
31.
242
.4
Spai
n1,
284
0.3
34.9
526
659
713
0.1
45.2
Swed
en1,
022
0.2
32.4
543
679
734
0.1
38.4
148
AN
NEX
ES
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
Switz
erla
nd5,
073
1.1
35.6
676
846
915
0.2
49.7
Ukr
aine
190
0.0
36.3
635
794
859
0.2
55.6
Uni
ted
King
dom
8,71
91.
832
.95,
240
6,55
77,
090
1.2
42.1
Latin
Am
eric
a an
d th
e ca
ribbe
an85
00.
244
.969
987
594
60.
243
.1
Braz
il39
10.
145
.318
623
325
20.
046
.8
El S
alva
dor
459
0.1
44.7
513
642
694
0.1
41.8
nor
th A
mer
ica
20,0
304.
335
.29,
229
11,5
4612
,484
1.9
38.4
Cana
da94
70.
230
.12,
066
2,58
42,
794
0.4
38.3
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f Am
eric
a19
,083
4.2
35.4
7,16
38,
962
9,69
01.
438
.4
Oce
ania
1,50
10.
334
.854
367
973
40.
135
.7A
ustr
alia
1,50
10.
334
.854
367
973
40.
135
.7
Sour
ce:
Tren
ds in
Inte
rnati
onal
Mig
rant
Sto
ck: T
he 2
013
revi
sion
, Uni
ted
Nati
ons
data
base
, PO
P/D
B/M
IG/S
tock
/Rev
.201
3 (U
N D
ESA
, 201
3).
149
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Tabl
e 24
: Mig
rant
stoc
k of
Lib
yan
orig
in b
y se
x an
d co
untr
y of
resi
denc
e, 1
990,
200
0, 2
010
and
2013
(mid
year
)
Type
of
data
a
Orig
in
base
d on
b
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
wor
ld80
,565
100.
047
.085
,570
134,
704
142,
192
100.
047
.7M
ore
deve
lope
d re
gion
sc25
,627
31.8
42.5
30,6
9676
,650
80,3
9456
.548
.6Le
ss d
evel
oped
regi
onsd
54,9
3868
.249
.154
,874
58,0
5461
,798
43.5
46.6
Afric
a17
,390
21.6
45.7
19,1
5022
,452
24,4
7217
.244
.2A
lger
iaC
RI
1,98
22.
543
.32,
325
4,22
64,
665
3.3
45.3
Chad
B R
E1,
096
1.4
46.0
1,28
693
297
70.
747
.9
Côte
d’Iv
oire
C B
E5,
379
6.7
40.7
5,30
33,
996
4,12
12.
940
.1
Egyp
tB
RE
3,12
93.
945
.34,
575
8,16
18,
648
6.1
42.4
Mad
agas
car
CE
420.
138
.138
3231
0.0
38.7
Mau
rita
nia
C R
E14
20.
240
.113
929
730
00.
233
.3
Mor
occo
CI
1,78
02.
254
.21,
642
1,54
91,
569
1.1
51.2
Nig
erB
RE
100
0.1
41.0
150
160
163
0.1
42.9
Seyc
helle
sB
E2
0.0
0.0
14
40.
010
0.0
Sout
h A
fric
aB
RE
890.
116
.968
137
152
0.1
19.7
Sout
h Su
dan
B R
I0
0.0
–0
177
145
0.1
40.7
Suda
neB
RE
2,37
42.
948
.62,
465
1,70
11,
604
1.1
48.3
Tuni
sia
CE
1,22
51.
557
.11,
153
1,07
92,
093
1.5
50.3
Uga
nda
B R
E50
0.1
60.0
51
00.
0–
150
AN
NEX
ES
Type
of
data
a
Orig
in
base
d on
b
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
Asia
37,1
6746
.150
.835
,363
35,1
5036
,860
25.9
48.3
Cypr
usf
BE
570.
140
.410
420
026
90.
242
.8
Indo
nesi
aC
RI
13,8
6017
.252
.04,
480
1,92
11,
979
1.4
37.1
Isra
elB
RE
19,1
8023
.851
.519
,423
17,2
9417
,574
12.4
55.1
Jord
anC
RE
338
0.4
46.4
1,18
31,
006
848
0.6
40.2
Leba
non
B R
I15
40.
246
.853
630
331
40.
241
.4
Phili
ppin
esC
RE
340.
035
.345
4749
0.0
38.8
Turk
eyB
RE
2,80
63.
541
.93,
081
4,18
04,
549
3.2
40.1
Viet
Nam
C R
I73
80.
947
.46,
511
10,1
9911
,278
7.9
43.9
euro
pe19
,015
23.6
42.7
20,8
1469
,394
72,7
4551
.248
.8A
ustr
iaB
E25
40.
340
.931
939
341
10.
341
.4
Bosn
ia a
nd H
erze
govi
naI R
I32
0.0
43.8
2514
120.
041
.7
Bulg
aria
BE
340.
035
.399
194
207
0.1
46.9
Czec
h Re
publ
icC
E25
0.0
28.0
4918
018
40.
125
.0
Den
mar
kB
E71
0.1
35.2
170
218
239
0.2
39.3
Faro
e Is
land
sB
E3
0.0
0.0
33
30.
00.
0
Finl
andg
BE
290.
06.
961
150
183
0.1
33.3
Fran
ceB
E1,
354
1.7
46.2
1,44
12,
236
2,31
11.
648
.6
Ger
man
yB
E1,
438
1.8
25.2
2,69
83,
021
3,05
62.
135
.8
Gre
ece
CE
747
0.9
26.1
189
237
245
0.2
22.9
Hun
gary
B R
E33
20.
455
.421
832
034
70.
234
.6
151
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Type
of
data
a
Orig
in
base
d on
b
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
Icel
and
BE
0–
–0
22
0.0
0.0
Irel
and
BE
840.
142
.956
264
071
30.
545
.7
Ital
yB
E5,
450
6.8
49.8
3,37
132
,043
38,5
4827
.151
.7
Latv
iaB
E2
0.0
50.0
37
60.
050
.0
Lith
uani
aB
E1
0.0
0.0
11
10.
010
0.0
Mal
taB
E43
50.
546
.961
890
51,
061
0.7
31.9
(The
) Net
herl
ands
BE
201
0.2
35.3
409
702
917
0.6
27.4
Nor
way
hB
E58
0.1
10.3
7229
644
10.
335
.8
Pola
ndB
E43
30.
538
.831
626
625
70.
232
.3
Port
ugal
BE
30.
033
.311
2930
0.0
16.7
Rom
ania
BE
80.
037
.519
2727
0.0
40.7
Russ
ian
Fede
ratio
nB
E37
30.
550
.933
926
526
20.
237
.0
Serb
iai
BE
540.
144
.421
925
226
30.
245
.6
Slov
akia
B R
E7
0.0
14.3
1944
400.
027
.5
Slov
enia
BE
80.
050
.027
3536
0.0
41.7
Swed
enB
E29
30.
435
.837
41,
364
1,79
11.
327
.0
Switz
erla
ndB
E63
60.
839
.871
897
11,
083
0.8
41.9
Uni
ted
King
dom
BE
6,65
08.
342
.38,
464
24,5
7920
,069
14.1
51.6
152
AN
NEX
ES
Type
of
data
a
Orig
in
base
d on
b
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
Latin
Am
eric
a an
d th
e ca
ribbe
an38
10.
537
.336
145
246
60.
333
.0
Arg
entin
aB
E11
30.
139
.810
772
680.
039
.7
Boliv
ia (P
luri
natio
nal S
tate
of
)B
E2
0.0
0.0
57
70.
014
.3
Braz
ilB
E0
0.0
–0
9697
0.1
48.5
Chile
BE
170.
058
.822
2628
0.0
28.6
Colo
mbi
aB
E3
0.0
66.7
33
30.
066
.7
Cost
a Ri
caB
RE
120.
050
.08
1010
0.0
50.0
Cuba
BE
110.
018
.26
55
0.0
20.0
Dom
inic
an R
epub
licB
E27
0.0
11.1
3337
380.
010
.5
Ecua
dor
B R
E4
0.0
0.0
516
180.
00.
0
Mex
ico
B R
E35
0.0
34.3
1321
240.
033
.3
Nic
arag
uaB
RE
180.
050
.013
1617
0.0
29.4
Pana
ma
BE
110.
045
.523
3034
0.0
20.6
Peru
BE
40.
025
.04
56
0.0
50.0
Vene
zuel
a (B
oliv
aria
n Re
publ
ic o
f)B
E12
40.
237
.911
910
811
10.
132
.4
153
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Type
of
data
a
Orig
in
base
d on
b
1990
2000
2010
2013
tota
lTo
tal (
%)
% F
emal
esto
tal
tota
lto
tal
Tota
l (%
)%
Fem
ales
nor
th A
mer
ica
5,23
96.
540
.98,
283
4,74
64,
938
3.5
46.9
Cana
daB
E59
30.
750
.92,
503
3,90
44,
065
2.9
52.3
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f Am
eric
aB
E4,
646
5.8
39.7
5,78
084
287
30.
621
.8
Oce
ania
1,37
31.
745
.71,
599
2,51
02,
711
1.9
46.3
Aus
tral
iaj
BE
1,32
51.
645
.81,
499
2,39
22,
581
1.8
46.0
New
Zea
land
BE
480.
141
.710
011
813
00.
152
.3
Sour
ce:
Tren
ds in
Inte
rnati
onal
Mig
rant
Sto
ck: T
he 2
013
revi
sion
, Uni
ted
Nati
ons
data
base
, PO
P/D
B/M
IG/S
tock
/Rev
.201
3 (U
N D
ESA
, 201
3).
Not
es:
a Th
is in
dica
tes
whe
ther
the
data
use
d to
pro
duce
the
estim
ates
refe
r to
the
fore
ign-
born
pop
ulati
on (B
) or t
o fo
reig
n ci
tizen
s (C
). It
als
o in
dica
tes
in w
hich
cas
es
the
num
ber
of re
fuge
es, a
s re
port
ed b
y U
NH
CR, w
as a
dded
to th
e es
timat
e of
inte
rnati
onal
mig
rant
s (R
). Es
timat
es fo
r co
untr
ies
or a
reas
hav
ing
no d
ata
on
the
num
ber
of in
tern
ation
al m
igra
nts
wer
e ob
tain
ed b
y im
puta
tion
(I).
b Th
is in
dica
tes
whe
ther
the
orig
in is
bas
ed o
n em
piri
cal d
ata
(E) o
r w
as o
btai
ned
by im
puta
tion
(I) b
ased
on
a re
gion
al m
odel
.c
Mor
e de
velo
ped
regi
ons
com
pris
e Eu
rope
, Nor
ther
n A
mer
ica,
Aus
tral
ia a
nd N
ew Z
eala
nd, a
nd Ja
pan.
d Le
ss d
evel
oped
regi
ons
com
pris
e al
l reg
ions
of A
fric
a, A
sia
(exc
ept J
apan
), La
tin A
mer
ica
and
the
Cari
bbea
n pl
us M
elan
esia
, Mic
rone
sia
and
Poly
nesi
a.e
The
estim
ates
for
1990
and
200
0 re
fer
to S
udan
and
Sou
th S
udan
.f
Incl
udin
g no
rthe
rn C
ypru
s.g
Incl
udin
g Å
land
Isla
nds.
h In
clud
ing
Sval
bard
and
Jan
May
en Is
land
s.i
Incl
udin
g U
NSC
reso
lutio
n 12
44-a
dmin
iste
red
Koso
vo. T
he e
stim
ates
for
1990
and
200
0 re
fer
to S
erbi
a an
d M
onte
negr
o.j
Incl
udin
g Ch
rist
mas
Isla
nd, C
ocos
(Kee
ling)
Isla
nds
and
Nor
folk
Isla
nd.
154
AN
NEX
ES
World Bank
Table 25: Migrant remittance outflows, Libya, 1977–2012
year Amount (USD million)
year Amount (USD million)
year Amount (USD million)
1977 840 1989 472 2001 683
1978 932 1990 446 2002 786
1979 832 1991 409 2003 676
1980 1,052 1992 394 2004 975
1981 1,531 1993 324 2005 914
1982 1,575 1994 283 2006 945
1983 2,032 1995 222 2007 762
1984 1,240 1996 272 2008 964
1985 859 1997 192 2009 1,361
1986 490 1998 208 2010 1,609
1987 466 1999 213 2011 650
1988 497 2000 463 2012 1,971
Source: The World Bank staff calculation based on data from the IMF Balance of Payments Statistics database and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies and World Bank country desks. See Migration and Development Brief 12 for the methodology for the forecasts.
Notes: • All numbers are in current (nominal) USD.• For a discussion of the definition of remittances, see: D. Ratha, “Workers’ remittances: An
important and stable source of external development finance”, in Global Development Finance 2003 (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2003).
• For latest data and analysis on migration and remittances, please visit http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/0,,contentMDK:21924020~pagePK:5105988~piPK:360975~theSitePK:214971,00.html
Date: April 2013.
155
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Tabl
e 26
: Ref
ugee
s, a
sylu
m-s
eeke
rs, i
nter
nally
dis
plac
ed p
erso
ns (I
DPs)
, ret
urne
es (r
efug
ees a
nd ID
Ps) a
nd o
ther
peo
ple
of c
once
rn to
U
NHC
R w
ith a
sylu
m/r
esid
ence
in L
ibya
, 200
0–20
13 (e
nd o
f yea
r)Po
pula
tion
cate
gory
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
a20
1220
13a
Refu
gees
and
pe
ople
in
refu
gee-
like
situ
ation
s
11,5
4311
,664
11,6
6611
,897
12,1
6612
,166
2,76
04,
098
6,71
39,
005
7,92
310
,130
7,06
525
,556
7,06
525
,561
Refu
gees
b7,
065
25,5
61Pe
ople
in
refu
gee-
like
situ
ation
sc
––
of w
hom
: as
sist
ed b
y U
NH
CR
7,06
525
,561
Asyl
um-s
eeke
rs
(pen
ding
ca
ses)
d
208
1530
5820
020
01,
994
2,77
74,
834
3,31
73,
194
2,89
46,
555
6,57
76,
555
6,60
8
retu
rned
re
fuge
ese
148,
951
1,05
51,
055
–
idps
and
pe
ople
in ID
P-lik
e si
tuati
onsf
93,5
6559
,425
53,5
7959
,425
53,5
79
IDPs
pro
tect
ed/
assi
sted
by
UN
HCR
59,4
2553
,579
Pers
ons
in ID
P-lik
e si
tuati
ons
––
retu
rned
idps
g45
8,04
717
7,45
25,
350
177,
452
5,35
0O
ther
peo
ple
of c
once
rnh
––
156
AN
NEX
ES
Popu
latio
n ca
tego
ry20
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
13a
2012
2013
a
Stat
eles
s pe
rson
s ex
clud
ing
stat
eles
s-lik
e
––
Pers
ons
in
stat
eles
s-lik
e si
tuati
ons
––
Pers
ons
unde
r U
NH
CR’s
st
atel
essn
ess
man
date
i
––
Vari
ousj
––
tota
l po
pula
tion
of
conc
ern
11,7
5011
,679
11,6
9611
,955
12,3
6612
,366
4,75
56,
875
11,5
4712
,322
11,1
1771
3,58
725
1,55
291
,062
251,
552
91,0
98
Sour
ces:
U
NH
CR P
opul
ation
Sta
tistic
s Re
fere
nce
Dat
abas
e (U
NH
CR, 2
013c
) and
UN
HCR
Glo
bal T
rend
s 20
13: W
ar’s
Hum
an C
ost (
UN
HCR
, Gen
eva,
201
4), T
able
1 in
bot
h so
urce
s, fo
r the
last
tw
o co
lum
ns in
this
tabl
e.
Not
es:
a
Prov
isio
nal d
ata.
b
Pers
ons r
ecog
nize
d as
refu
gees
und
er th
e 19
51 U
N C
onve
ntion
/196
7 Pr
otoc
ol, t
he 1
969
OAU
Con
venti
on, i
n ac
cord
ance
with
the
UN
HCR
Sta
tute
, per
sons
gra
nted
a co
mpl
emen
tary
fo
rm o
f pro
tecti
on a
nd th
ose
gran
ted
tem
pora
ry p
rote
ction
. c
This
cat
egor
y is
des
crip
tive
in n
atur
e an
d in
clud
es g
roup
s of
per
sons
who
are
out
side
the
ir c
ount
ry o
r te
rrito
ry o
f ori
gin
and
who
face
pro
tecti
on r
isks
sim
ilar
to t
hose
face
d by
re
fuge
es, b
ut fo
r w
hom
refu
gee
stat
us h
as, f
or p
racti
cal o
r ot
her
reas
ons,
not
bee
n as
cert
aine
d.d
Pers
ons
who
se a
pplic
ation
for
asyl
um o
r re
fuge
e st
atus
is p
endi
ng a
t any
sta
ge in
the
asyl
um p
roce
dure
.e
Refu
gees
who
hav
e re
turn
ed to
thei
r pl
ace
of o
rigi
n du
ring
the
cale
ndar
yea
r. So
urce
: cou
ntry
of o
rigi
n an
d as
ylum
.f
Pers
ons
who
are
dis
plac
ed w
ithin
thei
r cou
ntry
and
to w
hom
UN
HCR
ext
ends
pro
tecti
on a
nd/o
r ass
ista
nce.
Thi
s ca
tego
ry is
des
crip
tive
in n
atur
e an
d in
clud
es g
roup
s of
per
sons
w
ho a
re in
side
thei
r cou
ntry
of n
ation
ality
or h
abitu
al re
side
nce
and
who
face
pro
tecti
on ri
sks
sim
ilar t
o th
ose
face
d by
IDPs
but
who
, for
pra
ctica
l or o
ther
reas
ons,
cou
ld n
ot b
e re
port
ed a
s su
ch.
g ID
Ps p
rote
cted
/ass
iste
d by
UN
HCR
who
hav
e re
turn
ed to
thei
r pl
ace
of o
rigi
n du
ring
the
cale
ndar
yea
r.h
Stat
eles
s pe
rson
s, p
eopl
e in
stat
eles
s-lik
e si
tuati
ons,
peo
ple
falli
ng u
nder
the
UN
HCR
’s st
atel
essn
ess
man
date
and
peo
ple
who
do
not n
eces
sari
ly fa
ll di
rect
ly in
to a
ny o
f the
oth
er
grou
ps b
ut to
who
m U
NH
CR m
ay e
xten
d its
pro
tecti
on a
nd/o
r as
sist
ance
ser
vice
s (s
ee G
loss
ary)
.i
Pers
ons
who
are
not
con
side
red
natio
nals
by
any
Stat
e un
der t
he o
pera
tion
of it
s la
w. T
his
cate
gory
refe
rs to
per
sons
who
fall
unde
r the
age
ncy’
s st
atel
essn
ess
man
date
bec
ause
th
ey a
re s
tate
less
acc
ordi
ng to
this
inte
rnati
onal
defi
nitio
n, b
ut d
ata
from
som
e co
untr
ies
may
als
o in
clud
e pe
rson
s w
ith u
ndet
erm
ined
nati
onal
ity.
j In
divi
dual
s w
ho d
o no
t nec
essa
rily
fall
dire
ctly
into
any
of t
he o
ther
gro
ups
but t
o w
hom
UN
HCR
may
ext
end
its p
rote
ction
and
/or
assi
stan
ce s
ervi
ces.
The
se a
ctivi
ties
mig
ht b
e ba
sed
on h
uman
itari
an o
r ot
her
spec
ial g
roun
ds.
157
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Tabl
e 27
: Ref
ugee
s, a
sylu
m-s
eeke
rs, i
nter
nally
dis
plac
ed p
erso
ns (I
DPs)
, ret
urne
es (r
efug
ees
and
IDPs
) and
oth
er p
eopl
e of
con
cern
to
UN
HCR
orig
inati
ng fr
om L
ibya
, 200
0–20
13 (e
nd o
f yea
r)
Popu
latio
n ca
tego
ry20
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
13a
2012
2013
a
Refu
gees
and
peo
ple
in re
fuge
e-lik
e si
tuati
ons
619
888
1,45
51,
570
1,71
31,
575
1,57
31,
954
2,08
42,
202
2,30
94,
384
5,25
13,
284
5,25
13,
322
Refu
gees
b5,
249
3,32
2
Peop
le in
refu
gee-
like
situ
ation
sc–
–
of
who
m: a
ssis
ted
by U
NH
CR38
25
Asyl
um-s
eeke
rs (p
endi
ng c
ases
)d54
247
492
390
482
076
967
162
376
564
156
61,
505
1,86
62,
044
1,86
62,
091
Retu
rned
refu
gees
e18
201
4635
2225
049
9037
18,9
0961
534
51,
055
–
IDPs
and
peo
ple
in ID
P-lik
e si
tuati
onsf
93,5
6559
,425
53,5
7959
,425
53,5
79
IDPs
pro
tect
ed/a
ssis
ted
by U
NH
CR59
,425
53,5
79
Pers
ons
in ID
P-lik
e si
tuati
ons
––
retu
rned
idps
g45
8,04
717
7,45
25,
350
177,
452
5,35
0
Oth
er p
eopl
e of
con
cern
h*
–3
Stat
eles
s pe
rson
s ex
clud
ing
stat
eles
s-lik
e–
–
Pers
ons
in s
tate
less
-like
situ
ation
s–
–
Pers
ons
unde
r U
NH
CR’s
st
atel
essn
ess
man
date
i–
–
Vari
ousj
–3
Tota
l pop
ulati
on o
f con
cern
1,16
11,
362
2,39
62,
675
2,57
92,
379
2,26
62,
827
2,89
82,
933
2,91
257
6,41
024
4,60
964
,602
245,
049
64,3
45
Sour
ces:
U
NH
CR P
opul
ation
Sta
tistic
s Re
fere
nce
Dat
abas
e (U
NH
CR, 2
013c
) and
UN
HCR
Glo
bal T
rend
s 20
13: W
ar’s
Hum
an C
ost
(UN
HCR
, 201
4a),
Tabl
e 1
in b
oth
sour
ces,
for
the
last
tw
o co
lum
ns in
this
tabl
e.
158
AN
NEX
ES
Not
es:
a Pr
ovis
iona
l dat
a. A
n as
teri
sk (*
) den
otes
val
ues
betw
een
1 an
d 4.
b Pe
rson
s rec
ogni
zed
as re
fuge
es u
nder
the
1951
UN
Con
venti
on/1
967
Prot
ocol
, the
196
9 O
AU C
onve
ntion
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e U
NH
CR S
tatu
te, p
erso
ns g
rant
ed a
com
plem
enta
ry
form
of p
rote
ction
and
thos
e gr
ante
d te
mpo
rary
pro
tecti
on. I
n th
e ab
senc
e of
Gov
ernm
ent fi
gure
s, U
NH
CR h
as e
stim
ated
the
refu
gee
popu
latio
n in
25
indu
stri
aliz
ed c
ount
ries
ba
sed
on 1
0 ye
ars
of in
divi
dual
refu
gee
reco
gniti
on.
c Th
is c
ateg
ory
is d
escr
iptiv
e in
nat
ure
and
incl
udes
gro
ups
of p
erso
ns w
ho a
re o
utsi
de t
heir
cou
ntry
or
terr
itory
of o
rigi
n an
d w
ho fa
ce p
rote
ction
ris
ks s
imila
r to
tho
se fa
ced
by
refu
gees
, but
for
who
m re
fuge
e st
atus
has
, for
pra
ctica
l or
othe
r re
ason
s, n
ot b
een
asce
rtai
ned.
d Pe
rson
s w
hose
app
licati
on fo
r as
ylum
or
refu
gee
stat
us is
pen
ding
at a
ny s
tage
in th
e as
ylum
pro
cedu
re.
e Re
fuge
es w
ho h
ave
retu
rned
to th
eir
plac
e of
ori
gin
duri
ng th
e ca
lend
ar y
ear.
Sour
ce: c
ount
ry o
f ori
gin
and
asyl
um.
f Pe
rson
s w
ho a
re d
ispl
aced
with
in th
eir c
ount
ry a
nd to
who
m U
NH
CR e
xten
ds p
rote
ction
and
/or a
ssis
tanc
e. T
his
cate
gory
is d
escr
iptiv
e in
nat
ure
and
incl
udes
gro
ups
of p
erso
ns
who
are
insi
de t
heir
cou
ntry
of n
ation
ality
or
habi
tual
res
iden
ce a
nd w
ho fa
ce p
rote
ction
ris
ks s
imila
r to
tho
se fa
ced
by ID
Ps b
ut w
ho, f
or p
racti
cal o
r ot
her
reas
ons,
cou
ld n
ot
be re
port
ed a
s su
ch.
g ID
Ps p
rote
cted
/ass
iste
d by
UN
HCR
who
hav
e re
turn
ed to
thei
r pl
ace
of o
rigi
n du
ring
the
cale
ndar
yea
r.h
Stat
eles
s pe
rson
s, p
eopl
e in
stat
eles
s-lik
e si
tuati
ons,
peo
ple
falli
ng u
nder
the
UN
HCR
’s st
atel
essn
ess
man
date
and
peo
ple
who
do
not n
eces
sari
ly fa
ll di
rect
ly in
to a
ny o
f the
oth
er
grou
ps b
ut to
who
m U
NH
CR m
ay e
xten
d its
pro
tecti
on a
nd/o
r as
sist
ance
ser
vice
s (s
ee G
loss
ary)
.i
Pers
ons
who
are
not
con
side
red
natio
nals
by
any
Stat
e un
der t
he o
pera
tion
of it
s la
w. T
his
cate
gory
refe
rs to
per
sons
who
fall
unde
r the
age
ncy’
s st
atel
essn
ess
man
date
bec
ause
th
ey a
re s
tate
less
acc
ordi
ng to
this
inte
rnati
onal
defi
nitio
n, b
ut d
ata
from
som
e co
untr
ies
may
als
o in
clud
e pe
rson
s w
ith u
ndet
erm
ined
nati
onal
ity.
j In
divi
dual
s w
ho d
o no
t nec
essa
rily
fall
dire
ctly
into
any
of t
he o
ther
gro
ups
but t
o w
hom
UN
HCR
may
ext
end
its p
rote
ction
and
/or
assi
stan
ce s
ervi
ces.
The
se a
ctivi
ties
mig
ht b
e ba
sed
on h
uman
itari
an o
r ot
her
spec
ial g
roun
ds.
159
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Table 28: Changes in refugees and people in a refugee-like situation with asylum/residence in Libya, 2012–2013
2012 2013a
Stock at beginning of year 10,130 7,065 of whom: UNHCR-assisted 2,590 7,065 increases Spontaneous arrivals, group recognitions 431 – Spontaneous arrivals, temporary protection – 13,035 Spontaneous arrivals, individual recognitions – 1,715 Resettlement arrivals – – Births – – Other increases 34 –
decreases Voluntary repatriationsb 615 345 Resettlements – 1 Cessations – – Naturalizations – – Deaths 5 – Other decreases 3,481 33
Stock at end of year 7,065 25,561 of whom: UNHCR-assisted 7,065 25,561
Sources: UNHCR, 2013a and 2014a (Table 3 in both sources).Notes:
a Provisional data.b Best estimate, based on reports from the country of asylum and the country of origin.
Table 29: Changes in refugees and people in a refugee-like situation originating from Libya, 2012–2013
2012 2013a
Stock at beginning of year 4,385 5,235 of whom: UNHCR-assisted 19 38increases
Spontaneous arrivals, group recognitions – 1Spontaneous arrivals, temporary protection – 47Spontaneous arrivals, individual recognitions 473 679Resettlement arrivals 37 14Births 2 2Other increases 13 1
decreases Voluntary repatriationsb 1,055 –Resettlements – 7Cessations – –Naturalizations 6 6Deaths – –Other decreases 34 542
Stock at end of year 5,251 3,322 of whom: UNHCR-assisted 38 25
Sources: UNHCR, 2013a and 2014a (Table 4 in both sources).Notes:
a Provisional data.b Best estimate, based on reports from the country of asylum and the country of origin.
160
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 30
: Ref
ugee
s res
idin
g in
Lib
ya b
y co
untr
y of
orig
in, 2
000–
2013
(end
of y
ear)
Coun
try
of o
rigin
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
a
Afg
hani
stan
1
Alg
eria
66
86
66
66
Bosn
ia a
nd
Her
zego
vina
44
44
44
4
Buru
ndi
22
22
33
3
Cam
eroo
n1
12
11
1*
Chad
910
108
88
2120
9019
20
Côte
d’Iv
oire
24
2525
2421
2625
65
55
Dem
ocra
tic R
epub
lic
of th
e Co
ngo
15
55
711
3234
2929
2831
Egyp
t4
33
33
*
Eritr
ea1
44
1972
312
622
976
917
477
480
Ethi
opia
22
419
5337
3930
2323
Gha
na80
Hai
ti1
Iraq
2955
4343
4343
341,
055
2,21
72,
777
2,88
52,
736
2,53
22,
530
Jord
an1
Libe
ria
2415
215
215
314
414
713
441
4032
32
Mau
rita
nia
11
12
22
1
Nig
eria
12
21
130
1
161
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Coun
try
of o
rigin
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
a
Occ
upie
d Pa
lesti
nian
Te
rrito
ry8,
500
8,58
48,
604
8,78
78,
873
8,87
31,
883
1,95
32,
842
3,77
72,
739
2,71
03,
138
4,81
5
Rwan
da2
19
99
95
59
Sier
ra L
eone
102
107
9696
9494
108
9294
Som
alia
2,89
12,
906
2,89
92,
906
2,93
82,
938
488
513
573
643
342
2,21
316
516
7
Suda
n10
103
33
310
181
372
919
834
818
635
651
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
216
,796
Togo
11
11
1
Tuni
sia
2
Uni
ted
Repu
blic
of
Tanz
ania
3
Vari
ous
91
150
Stat
eles
s3
31
11
1
Tota
l (su
m)
11,5
4311
,664
11,6
6611
,897
12,1
6612
,166
2,76
04,
098
6,71
39,
005
7,92
310
,130
7,06
525
,556
Sour
ce:
UN
HCR
Pop
ulati
on S
tatis
tics
Refe
renc
e D
atab
ase
(UN
HCR
, 201
4c);
data
ext
ract
ed o
n 26
July
201
4.N
ote:
a
Prov
isio
nal d
ata.
An
aste
risk
(*) d
enot
es v
alue
s be
twee
n 1
and
4.
162
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 31
: Asy
lum
-see
kers
resi
ding
in L
ibya
by
coun
try
of o
rigin
, 200
0–20
13 (e
nd o
f yea
r)
Coun
try
of a
sylu
m20
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
13a
Afg
hani
stan
11
*A
lger
ia6
77
1*
Ang
ola
11
Bang
lade
sh4
Beni
n1
1Bu
rund
i1
Cam
eroo
n1
11
113
1010
2*
Cent
ral A
fric
an
Repu
blic
11
2
Chad
315
1551
6554
624
825
2525
50Co
ngo
13
3*
Côte
d’Iv
oire
52
138
104
21
*D
emoc
ratic
Rep
ublic
of
the
Cong
o16
05
313
33
4911
968
162
*
Egyp
t7
1326
*Er
itrea
448
4831
144
911
4114
4316
2413
4712
1330
16Et
hiop
ia1
6161
155
199
219
7912
687
7245
7(T
he) G
ambi
a*
Gha
na1
93
11
1*
Gui
nea
11
21
Gui
nea-
Biss
au1
11
1*
Iraq
197
245
394
079
650
153
051
554
753
3Jo
rdan
17
1*
Libe
ria
16
5644
557
21
*M
ali
13
42
22
*M
oroc
co1
15
124
32
25
Nam
ibia
11
1
163
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Coun
try
of a
sylu
m20
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
13a
Nig
er16
4N
iger
ia1
14
69
21
1*
Occ
upie
d Pa
lesti
nian
Te
rrito
ry14
87
1163
Paki
stan
1Rw
anda
77
8Se
rbia
(and
U
NSC
reso
lutio
n 12
44-a
dmin
iste
red
Koso
vo)
11
Sier
ra L
eone
917
3831
91
11
*So
mal
ia3
948
4815
618
518
544
055
759
459
118
30St
atel
ess
1Su
dan
171
119
1967
164
615
8553
731
831
530
268
6Sy
rian
Ara
b Re
publ
ic8
912
837
94To
go1
12
21
11
1*
Tuni
sia
11
*U
krai
ne*
Uni
ted
Repu
blic
of
Tanz
ania
3
Wes
tern
Sah
ara
11
12
Vari
ous
122
Tota
l (su
m)
208
1530
5820
020
01,
994
2,77
74,
834
3,31
73,
194
2,89
46,
555
6,57
7
Sour
ce: U
NH
CR P
opul
ation
Sta
tistic
s Re
fere
nce
Dat
abas
e (U
NH
CR, 2
014c
); da
ta e
xtra
cted
on
26 Ju
ly 2
014.
Not
e:
a Pro
visi
onal
dat
a. A
n as
teri
sk (*
) den
otes
val
ues
betw
een
1 an
d 4.
164
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 32
: Ref
ugee
s orig
inati
ng fr
om L
ibya
by
coun
try
of a
sylu
m/r
esid
ence
, 200
1–20
13 (e
nd o
f yea
r)Co
untr
y of
asy
lum
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
a
Alb
ania
1A
lger
ia12
66
66
66
16
66
Aus
tral
ia4
43
32
13
310
928
127
309
Aus
tria
22
12
22
22
22
56
6Be
laru
s1
*Be
lgiu
m5
1313
109
9*
Braz
il2
22
22
22
22
22
2*
Bulg
aria
11
11
11
*Ca
mer
oon
1Ca
nada
168
184
198
189
199
156
308
323
305
292
246
241
230
Chad
500
500
Chile
11
11
11
11
Cypr
us1
11
11
11
11
11
1*
Czec
h Re
publ
ic2
22
27
Den
mar
k33
3436
3831
3232
2826
2727
2719
Egyp
t8
84
44
33
33
38
55
Finl
and
2119
2325
2728
2324
2519
1314
11Fr
ance
89
119
911
1414
1820
2542
Ger
man
y49
553
565
135
333
947
055
857
163
668
62,
280
141
Gha
naG
reec
e8
11
77
77
89
910
Hun
gary
11
22
88
88
99
1314
*Ic
elan
d1
11
11
11
11
1*
Iraq
1*
Irel
and
8693
6262
6464
129
127
7967
2912
174
Isra
el1
Ital
y2
11
11
12
28
875
142
197
165
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Coun
try
of a
sylu
m20
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
13a
Jord
an1
11
11
11
2Le
bano
n1
11
16
5M
alta
88
811
1110
1010
1117
4068
180
Mor
occo
99
92
21
(The
) Net
herl
ands
3344
5866
8686
130
157
245
303
311
309
325
New
Zea
land
61
28
98
88
88
89
8N
iger
ia1
11
11
11
11
2N
orw
ay16
4763
7777
7775
7980
8381
5038
Paki
stan
16Po
land
11
11
56
6Po
rtug
al1
5Ro
man
ia1
11
11
11
*Sl
ovak
ia1
11
1*
Suda
n1
2*
Swed
en20
2431
4010
511
115
417
720
021
334
635
538
0Sw
itzer
land
362
395
418
421
419
389
321
298
299
264
223
208
199
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
11
12
22
23
58
*Tu
nisi
a1,
049
*U
gand
a12
Ukr
aine
22
22
22
22
11
11
*U
nite
d A
rab
Emira
tes
66
6U
nite
d Ki
ngdo
m48
5212
015
516
917
821
924
051
565
582
8U
nite
d St
ates
of A
mer
ica
5552
3330
2768
6349
5051
115
137
159
Yem
en3
31
11
11
1To
tal (
sum
)88
81,
455
1,57
01,
713
1,57
51,
573
1,95
42,
084
2,20
22,
309
4,38
45,
251
3,28
4
Sour
ce: U
NH
CR P
opul
ation
Sta
tistic
s Re
fere
nce
Dat
abas
e (U
NH
CR, 2
014c
); da
ta e
xtra
cted
on
26 Ju
ly 2
014.
Not
e:
a Pro
visi
onal
dat
a. A
n as
teri
sk (*
) den
otes
val
ues
betw
een
1 an
d 4.
Exc
ludi
ng s
ome
coun
trie
s w
ith *
.
166
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 33
: Asy
lum
-see
kers
orig
inati
ng fr
om L
ibya
by
coun
try
of a
sylu
m/r
esid
ence
, 200
0–20
13 (e
nd o
f yea
r)
Coun
try
of a
sylu
m20
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
13a
Alg
eria
11
13
1744
25A
rgen
tina
23
*A
ustr
alia
13
66
212
164
200
313
Aus
tria
109
1014
623
1923
Aze
rbai
jan
1Be
laru
s1
*Be
lgiu
m1
528
1633
4144
Bosn
ia a
nd
Her
zego
vina
2
Braz
il2
22
22
65
5Bu
lgar
ia1
3*
Burk
ina
Faso
1*
Cam
eroo
n4
4Ca
nada
9911
378
5531
3440
4649
6174
178
106
70Ch
ad11
1111
Croa
tia1
2*
Cypr
us1
2Cz
ech
Repu
blic
31
9*
Den
mar
k8
921
71
51
31
13
910
*Eg
ypt
94
43
31
21
14
410
49
Finl
and
102
22
517
55
Fran
ce69
Geo
rgia
*G
erm
any
4875
9054
4611
071
4642
2327
160
249
455
Gre
ece
11
-619
1514
712
123
14H
unga
ry1
33
11
1*
167
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Coun
try
of a
sylu
m20
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
13a
Icel
and
12
21
1*
Indi
a1
1In
done
sia
31
*Ir
elan
d4
87
79
412
1318
12Is
rael
11
11
1*
Ital
y11
018
Jord
an9
12
22
12
233
49
Kuw
ait
1La
tvia
1Le
bano
n2
1*
Luxe
mbo
urg
16M
alay
sia
66
Mal
ta2
-41
38
918
3361
Mau
rita
nia
1M
exic
o1
*M
onte
negr
o1
Mor
occo
11
11
112
3*
(The
) Net
herl
ands
141
130
129
137
8352
4848
107
211
211
New
Zea
land
2N
iger
54
*N
orw
ay49
5076
5821
109
6529
Paki
stan
82
1Po
land
21
13
23
1*
Port
ugal
13
Repu
blic
of K
orea
11
2*
Rom
ania
13
51
7
168
AN
NEX
ES
Coun
try
of a
sylu
m20
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
13a
Serb
ia (a
nd
UN
SC re
solu
tion
1244
-adm
inis
tere
d Ko
sovo
)
31
*
Slov
akia
11
11
11
Sout
h A
fric
a7
9Sp
ain
3512
Suda
n1
Swed
en46
553
357
845
334
341
952
938
124
625
210
715
0Sw
itzer
land
183
104
9347
1320
269
2423
2211
011
211
9Sy
rian
Ara
b Re
publ
ic1
31
11
48
94
45
105
*Th
e fo
rmer
Yu
gosl
av R
epub
lic o
f M
aced
onia
21
*
Tuni
sia
12
5*
Turk
ey8
44
12
51
320
1731
Uga
nda
*U
krai
ne1
11
15
87
Uni
ted
Ara
b Em
irate
s9
99
Uni
ted
King
dom
350
447
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica
518
1715
1727
196
22
3737
81
Uru
guay
4*
(Bol
ivar
ian
Repu
blic
of
) Ven
ezue
la7
Tota
l (su
m)
2,54
22,
481
2,92
52,
907
2,82
42,
774
2,67
72,
630
2,77
32,
650
2,57
63,
516
3,87
82,
044
Sour
ce:
UN
HCR
Pop
ulati
on S
tatis
tics
Refe
renc
e D
atab
ase
(UN
HCR
, 201
4c);
data
ext
ract
ed o
n 26
July
201
4.N
ote:
a Pr
ovis
iona
l dat
a. A
n as
teri
sk (*
) den
otes
val
ues
betw
een
1 an
d 4.
169
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Tabl
e 34
: Asy
lum
app
licati
ons a
nd re
fuge
e st
atus
det
erm
inati
on (R
SD) f
or a
sylu
m-s
eeke
rs re
sidi
ng in
Lib
ya b
y co
untr
y of
orig
in, 2
013a
Coun
try
of
orig
inrs
d pr
oced
ure
type
co
deb
rsd
proc
edur
e le
vel
code
c
tota
l pe
rson
s pe
ndin
g at
star
t of
yea
r
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
u
nhc
r at
star
t of
yea
r
pers
ons
appl
ied
durin
g ye
ar
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
onve
n-tio
n st
atus
)
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (C
ompl
e-m
enta
ry
prot
ectio
n st
atus
)
Re-
ject
edO
ther
-w
ise
clos
ed
tota
l de
cisi
ons
tota
l pe
rson
s pe
ndin
g at
end
of
year
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
u
nhc
r at
end
of
year
Afg
hani
stan
UFI
**
*
Alg
eria
UFI
**
*
Cam
eroo
nU
FI*
**
Chad
UFI
2526
**
5050
Cong
oU
FI*
**
Côte
d’Iv
oire
UFI
**
*
Dem
ocra
tic
Repu
blic
of
the
Cong
o
UFI
*5
**
**
Egyp
tU
FI*
**
Eritr
eaU
FI1,
213
1,81
2*
55
3,01
63,
016
Ethi
opia
UFI
7238
545
745
7
(The
) Gam
bia
UFI
**
*
Gha
naU
FI*
**
Gui
nea-
Biss
auU
FI*
**
Iraq
UFI
547
3612
3850
533
533
170
AN
NEX
ES
Coun
try
of
orig
inrs
d pr
oced
ure
type
co
deb
rsd
proc
edur
e le
vel
code
c
tota
l pe
rson
s pe
ndin
g at
star
t of
yea
r
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
u
nhc
r at
star
t of
yea
r
pers
ons
appl
ied
durin
g ye
ar
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
onve
n-tio
n st
atus
)
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (C
ompl
e-m
enta
ry
prot
ectio
n st
atus
)
Re-
ject
edO
ther
-w
ise
clos
ed
tota
l de
cisi
ons
tota
l pe
rson
s pe
ndin
g at
end
of
year
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
u
nhc
r at
end
of
year
Jord
anU
FI*
**
Libe
ria
UFI
**
*M
ali
UFI
**
*M
oroc
coU
FI*
*5
5N
iger
iaU
FI*
**
Occ
upie
d Pa
lesti
nian
Te
rrito
ry
UFI
1,67
71,
677
1,67
7
Sier
ra L
eone
UFI
**
*So
mal
iaU
FI59
11,
244
**
*1,
830
1,83
0Su
dan
UFI
302
403
16*
1668
668
6To
goU
FI*
**
Tuni
sia
UFI
**
**
Ukr
aine
UFI
**
*U
nite
d St
ates
of
Am
eric
aU
FI*
**
tota
l2,
764
2,76
45,
610
1,71
551
1,76
66,
608
6,60
8
Sour
ces:
U
NH
CR P
opul
ation
Sta
tistic
s Re
fere
nce
Dat
abas
e (U
NH
CR,
2014
c),
data
ext
ract
ed o
n 29
Jul
y 20
14;
and
UN
HCR
Glo
bal
Tren
ds 2
013:
War
’s H
uman
Cos
t (U
NH
CR,
2014
a),
Tabl
e 12
(for
tota
l).N
otes
:a
Prov
isio
nal d
ata.
An
aste
risk
(*) d
enot
es v
alue
s be
twee
n 1
and
4.b
G =
gov
ernm
ent;
U =
UN
HCR
; J =
gov
ernm
ent a
nd U
NH
CR jo
intly
.c
NA
= n
ew a
pplic
ation
s; F
I = fi
rst i
nsta
nce
deci
sion
s; A
R =
adm
inis
trati
ve re
view
dec
isio
ns; R
A =
repe
at/r
eope
ned
appl
icati
ons;
IN =
US
Citiz
ensh
ip a
nd im
mig
ratio
n se
rvic
es; E
O
= U
S Ex
ecuti
ve O
ffice
of I
mm
igra
tion
Revi
ew; J
R =
judi
cial
revi
ew; S
P =
subs
idia
ry p
rote
ction
; BL
= ba
cklo
g pr
oced
ure;
FA
= fi
rst i
nsta
nce
and
appe
al; T
P =
tem
pora
ry p
rote
ction
.
171
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Tabl
e 35
: Asy
lum
app
licati
ons a
nd re
fuge
e st
atus
det
erm
inati
on (R
SD) f
or a
sylu
m-s
eeke
rs o
rigin
ating
from
Lib
ya b
y co
untr
y of
asy
lum
/re
side
nce,
201
3a
Coun
try/
terr
itory
of
asy
lum
/re
side
nce
rsd
proc
edur
e ty
pe
code
b
rsd
proc
edur
e le
vel
code
c
tota
l pe
rson
s pe
ndin
g at
star
t of
yea
r
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at st
art o
f ye
ar
pers
ons
appl
ied
durin
g th
e ye
ar
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
onve
ntion
st
atus
)
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
ompl
emen
tary
pr
otec
tion
stat
us)
Reje
cted
Oth
erw
ise
clos
edto
tal
deci
sion
sto
tal
pers
ons
pend
ing
at e
nd
of y
ear
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at e
nd o
f ye
arA
lger
iaU
FI44
4413
3232
2525
Arg
entin
aG
FI*
**
*A
ustr
alia
GA
R7
269
*9
20A
ustr
alia
GFI
171
318
173
1618
929
3A
ustr
iaG
FA19
3721
930
23Be
laru
sG
FI*
**
Belg
ium
GFI
4119
**
44Be
lgiu
mG
RA*
Bosn
ia a
nd
Her
zego
vina
GFI
**
**
Bosn
ia a
nd
Her
zego
vina
GJR
**
**
Braz
ilG
FI5
5*
**
5*
Bulg
aria
GFI
**
**
**
*Bu
lgar
iaG
RA*
Burk
ina
Faso
GFI
**
**
Cam
eroo
nU
FI*
**
*Ca
nada
GFI
106
3123
37*
6070
Chad
GFA
1111
1111
Croa
tiaG
FI*
*11
*10
10*
*Cr
oatia
GJR
**
*Cy
prus
GFI
**
*
172
AN
NEX
ES
Coun
try/
terr
itory
of
asy
lum
/re
side
nce
rsd
proc
edur
e ty
pe
code
b
rsd
proc
edur
e le
vel
code
c
tota
l pe
rson
s pe
ndin
g at
star
t of
yea
r
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at st
art o
f ye
ar
pers
ons
appl
ied
durin
g th
e ye
ar
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
onve
ntion
st
atus
)
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
ompl
emen
tary
pr
otec
tion
stat
us)
Reje
cted
Oth
erw
ise
clos
edto
tal
deci
sion
sto
tal
pers
ons
pend
ing
at e
nd
of y
ear
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at e
nd o
f ye
arCz
ech
Repu
blic
GFI
9*
55
10*
Den
mar
kG
AR
99
99
*D
enm
ark
GFI
*57
1111
Egyp
tU
FA*
*5
99
Finl
and
GFI
524
**
1818
5Fi
nlan
dG
RA*
Fran
ceG
AR
3642
9*
35*
4432
Fran
ceG
FI82
1047
5737
Fran
ceG
RA*
Geo
rgia
GFA
**
**
**
**
Ger
man
yG
JR*
Ger
man
yG
NA
225
346
*14
6737
118
433
Ger
man
yG
RA24
12*
*13
1320
Gre
ece
GA
R6
Gre
ece
GFI
8*
66
8H
unga
ryG
FI33
626
32*
Hun
gary
GRA
*Ic
elan
dG
AR
**
Icel
and
GFI
**
**
Indi
aU
FI*
**
*In
done
sia
UA
R*
**
Indo
nesi
aU
FI*
**
*Ir
elan
dG
AR
*6
5*
5*
Irel
and
GFI
55
6*
6
173
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Coun
try/
terr
itory
of
asy
lum
/re
side
nce
rsd
proc
edur
e ty
pe
code
b
rsd
proc
edur
e le
vel
code
c
tota
l pe
rson
s pe
ndin
g at
star
t of
yea
r
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at st
art o
f ye
ar
pers
ons
appl
ied
durin
g th
e ye
ar
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
onve
ntion
st
atus
)
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
ompl
emen
tary
pr
otec
tion
stat
us)
Reje
cted
Oth
erw
ise
clos
edto
tal
deci
sion
sto
tal
pers
ons
pend
ing
at e
nd
of y
ear
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at e
nd o
f ye
arIr
elan
dG
SP9
**
*11
Isra
elU
FA*
**
Ital
yG
FI11
053
1738
6211
718
Jord
anU
FA*
*7
**
99
Leba
non
UFI
**
**
**
*Lu
xem
bour
gG
FI17
16*
**
*16
Mal
taG
AR
**
Mal
taG
FI32
108
6547
*13
125
61M
auri
tani
aU
FI*
*M
exic
oG
FI*
**
**
*M
onte
negr
oG
FA*
**
*M
oroc
coU
FI*
**
**
**
(The
) Net
herl
ands
GFI
147
*20
139
1016
9(T
he) N
ethe
rlan
dsG
JR*
517
22(T
he) N
ethe
rlan
dsG
RA37
Nig
erG
FI*
**
**
*N
orw
ayG
AR
4164
*82
789
11N
orw
ayG
FI6
71*
1468
8218
Nor
way
GRA
*Po
land
GFI
**
**
*Po
rtug
alG
FI*
**
Repu
blic
of K
orea
GFA
**
Rom
ania
GFI
**
**
Rom
ania
GRA
*
174
AN
NEX
ES
Coun
try/
terr
itory
of
asy
lum
/re
side
nce
rsd
proc
edur
e ty
pe
code
b
rsd
proc
edur
e le
vel
code
c
tota
l pe
rson
s pe
ndin
g at
star
t of
yea
r
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at st
art o
f ye
ar
pers
ons
appl
ied
durin
g th
e ye
ar
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
onve
ntion
st
atus
)
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
ompl
emen
tary
pr
otec
tion
stat
us)
Reje
cted
Oth
erw
ise
clos
edto
tal
deci
sion
sto
tal
pers
ons
pend
ing
at e
nd
of y
ear
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at e
nd o
f ye
arSe
rbia
/UN
SC
reso
lutio
n 12
44-a
dmin
iste
red
Koso
vo
JFI
**
21*
1919
**
Slov
akia
GFI
**
*Sl
oven
iaG
FI*
**
Sout
h A
fric
aG
AR
**
Sout
h A
fric
aG
FI5
*7
*Sp
ain
GFI
3514
*16
1612
Swed
enG
AR
4195
**
108
811
623
Swed
enG
FI10
739
921
746
5713
112
7Sw
itzer
land
GA
R5
37*
1716
336
Switz
erla
ndG
FI10
114
0*
10*
141
151
113
Switz
erla
ndG
RA10
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
UA
R*
**
Syri
an A
rab
Repu
blic
UFI
55
**
**
**
The
form
er
Yugo
slav
Rep
ublic
of
Mac
edon
ia
GFA
**
**
Togo
GFI
**
**
*Tu
nisi
aU
FI5
5*
**
**
*Tu
rkey
UA
R11
**
77
175
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Coun
try/
terr
itory
of
asy
lum
/re
side
nce
rsd
proc
edur
e ty
pe
code
b
rsd
proc
edur
e le
vel
code
c
tota
l pe
rson
s pe
ndin
g at
star
t of
yea
r
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at st
art o
f ye
ar
pers
ons
appl
ied
durin
g th
e ye
ar
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
onve
ntion
st
atus
)
Posi
tive
deci
sion
s (c
ompl
emen
tary
pr
otec
tion
stat
us)
Reje
cted
Oth
erw
ise
clos
edto
tal
deci
sion
sto
tal
pers
ons
pend
ing
at e
nd
of y
ear
pers
ons
assi
sted
by
un
hcr
at e
nd o
f ye
arTu
rkey
UFI
1717
146
*6
2424
Uga
nda
GFA
**
*U
krai
neG
AR
**
*U
krai
neG
FI7
6*
*6
*U
nite
d Ki
ngdo
mG
AR
109
9328
726
106
78U
nite
d Ki
ngdo
mG
FI24
149
416
7*
170
3236
936
9U
nite
d Ki
ngdo
mG
RA13
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica
GEO
1313
5
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica
GIN
3669
1512
835
76
Uru
guay
GFI
**
**
Tota
l1,
704
133
3,06
456
416
21,
064
600
2,39
02,
091
118
Sour
ces:
UN
HCR
Pop
ulati
on S
tatis
tics
Refe
renc
e D
atab
ase
(UN
HCR
, 201
4c),
data
ext
ract
ed o
n 29
July
201
4, a
nd U
NH
CR G
loba
l Tre
nds
2013
: War
’s H
uman
Cos
t (U
NH
CR,
2014
a), T
able
12
(for
tota
l).N
otes
:a
Prov
isio
nal d
ata.
An
aste
risk
(*) d
enot
es v
alue
s be
twee
n 1
and
4.b
G =
gov
ernm
ent;
U =
UN
HCR
; J =
gov
ernm
ent a
nd U
NH
CR jo
intly
.c
NA
= n
ew a
pplic
ation
s; F
I = fi
rst i
nsta
nce
deci
sion
s; A
R =
adm
inis
trati
ve re
view
dec
isio
ns; R
A =
repe
at/r
eope
ned
appl
icati
ons;
IN =
US
Citiz
ensh
ip a
nd Im
mig
ratio
n Se
rvic
es; E
O =
US
Exec
utive
Offi
ce o
f Im
mig
ratio
n re
view
; JR
= ju
dici
al re
view
; SP
= su
bsid
iary
pro
tecti
on; B
L =
back
log
proc
edur
e; F
A =
firs
t ins
tanc
e an
d ap
peal
; TP
= te
mpo
rary
pro
tecti
on.
176
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 36
: Pop
ulati
on o
f con
cern
to U
NHC
R re
sidi
ng in
Lib
ya b
y ty
pe o
f loc
ation
, sex
and
age
gro
up, 2
000–
2013
year
Loca
tion
of
resi
denc
eFe
mal
esm
ales
Ove
rall
tota
l
0–4
5–11
12–1
718
–59
60+
tota
l0–
45–
1112
–17
18–5
960
+to
tal
tota
l20
13G
hada
mes
1,90
6Ku
fra
292
Mis
rata
6,12
2N
alut
1,40
3Sa
bha
240
Sirt
e5,
716
Tew
argh
a30
,000
Trip
oli
1,53
72,
235
1,42
17,
962
414
13,5
691,
598
2,22
21,
840
12,2
9464
618
,600
32,1
69W
este
rn
Mou
ntai
ns7,
900
Tota
l85
,748
Tota
l as
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
94%
2012
Bani
Wal
id36
2G
hada
mes
2,40
2Ku
fra
292
Mis
rata
6,12
2N
alut
1,40
3Sa
bha
240
Sirt
e9,
404
Tew
argh
a30
,000
Trip
oli
530
1,02
41,
895
2,23
619
95,
884
551
1,15
22,
186
3,51
832
67,
733
13,6
17W
este
rn
Mou
ntai
ns9,
200
Tota
l73
,042
Tota
l as
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
29%
177
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
year
Loca
tion
of
resi
denc
eFe
mal
esm
ales
Ove
rall
tota
l0–
45–
1112
–17
18–5
960
+to
tal
0–4
5–11
12–1
718
–59
60+
tota
lto
tal
2011
Bani
Wal
id22
,692
Mis
rata
10,7
16N
alut
1,40
3Si
rte
19,5
54Te
war
gha
30,0
00Tr
ipol
i24
149
557
22,
752
168
4,22
826
754
562
44,
416
355
6,20
713
,025
Wes
tern
M
ount
ains
9,20
0
Tota
l10
6,59
0To
tal a
s %
of o
vera
ll po
pula
tion
of c
once
rn15
%20
10Tr
ipol
i28
352
254
33,
012
167
4,52
730
255
757
14,
799
361
6,59
011
,117
As
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
100%
2009
Trip
oli
310
566
685
3,35
321
65,
130
312
586
721
5,14
143
27,
192
12,3
22A
s %
of o
vera
ll po
pula
tion
of c
once
rn10
0%20
08D
ispe
rsed
in
coun
try
283
540
653
3,00
416
94,
649
313
583
693
4,95
435
56,
898
11,5
47
As
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
100%
2007
Dis
pers
ed in
co
untr
y19
332
940
91,
818
812,
830
195
346
410
2,91
917
64,
046
6,87
6
As
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
100%
178
AN
NEX
ES
year
Loca
tion
of
resi
denc
eFe
mal
esm
ales
Ove
rall
tota
l0–
45–
1112
–17
18–5
960
+to
tal
0–4
5–11
12–1
718
–59
60+
tota
lto
tal
2006
Trip
oli
6720
025
01,
245
591,
821
9921
427
32,
226
121
2,93
34,
754
As
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
100%
2004
Trip
oli
559
1,53
22,
726
176
4,99
370
52,
077
4,47
112
07,
373
12,3
66A
s %
of o
vera
ll po
pula
tion
of c
once
rn10
0%20
03Tr
ipol
i56
81,
476
2,57
817
64,
798
703
2,04
64,
286
122
7,15
711
,955
As
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
100%
2002
Trip
oli
112
238
431
135
916
106
205
307
175
793
1,70
9D
ispe
rsed
in c
ount
ry6,
292
3,69
59,
987
As
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
100%
2001
Dis
pers
ed in
co
untr
y17
627
649
627
01,
218
9224
619
628
481
82,
036
As
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
17%
2000
Som
ali
Com
poun
d12
012
018
018
060
040
120
8016
040
01,
000
Trip
oli
5315
231
290
607
5312
112
212
043
61,
043
As
% o
f ove
rall
popu
latio
n of
con
cern
17%
Sour
ce: U
NH
CR P
opul
ation
Sta
tistic
s Re
fere
nce
Dat
abas
e (U
NH
CR, 2
014c
), da
ta e
xtra
cted
on
29 Ju
ly 2
014.
179
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Table 37: Population of concern to UNHCR and refugees and people in refugee-like situations residing in Libya by age group and sex, 2012–2013 (end of year)
Information/indicator category
2012 2013a
Population of concern to unhcr
Refugees and people in refugee-
like situation
Population of concern to unhcr
Refugees and
people in refugee-like
situationTotal population 251,552 7,065 91,098 25,561
Population for which demographic data is available
13,617 7,065 32,169 25,561
Share of age group in total
0–4 8% 4% 10% 12%
5–11 16% 14% 14% 17%
12–17 30% 23% 10% 11%
18–59 42% 53% 63% 57%
60+ 4% 6% 3% 4%
Percentage female per age group
0–4 49% 50% 49% 49%
5–11 47% 47% 50% 50%
12–17 46% 48% 44% 45%
18–59 39% 45% 39% 44%
60+ 38% 35% 39% 40%
Total 43% 45% 42% 45%
Coverage
Age/sex 5% 100% 35% 100%
Sex only 5% 100% 35% 100%
Sources: UNHCR Population Statistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2013c) and UNHCR Global Trends 2013: War’s Human Cost (UNHCR, 2014) (Tables 13 and 14).
Note: a Provisional data.
180
AN
NEX
ES
EUROSTAT (and OECD)
Table 38: Libyan long-term immigrants in the EU Member States and selected European countries, 1998, 2000 and 2005–2012
1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012EU-28 : : : : : : : : : :
Belgium : : : : : 31 20 29 27 47
Bulgaria : : : : 0 0 : : : 2
Czech Republic
: : 85 45 31 18 35 15 6 17
Denmark 9 1 2 6 8 3 5 3 13 14
Germany 0 : 486 620 558 691 674 902 948 :
Estonia 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ireland : : : 14 11 15 16 17 19 21
Greece 24 : : 29 62 : : : : :
Spain 5 53 44 66 90 33 44 60 114 78
France 0 36 60 59 65 53 90 95 79 :
Croatia 0 : : 0 0 0 : : 2 0
Italy 39 62 70 96 70 75 66 108 258 283
Cyprus 0 17 0 0 0 2 : : : :
Latvia 0 : : : : : : : : :
Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 2 1 9
Hungary 34 34 21 30 17 25 26 23 28 47
Malta 0 0 : : 135 : : : : :
(The) Netherlands
16 22 16 18 32 16 24 13 24 17
Austria 36 32 72 193 31 19 70 70 55 46
Poland : 159 150 1 1 8 63 56 55 :
Portugal : : : : : 0 : : : :
Romania : : : : : 2 3 0 1 12
Slovenia 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
Slovakia : : 23 26 18 47 99 103 2 0
Finland 2 6 10 4 10 5 7 6 3 6
Sweden 4 14 114 132 147 117 145 126 215 124
United Kingdom
40 2,767 192 : : : : : : :
Iceland 0 0 : : 0 : 1 0 0 0
Liechtenstein : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0
181
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Norway 9 8 4 10 11 20 7 9 24 21
Switzerland 75 130 100 55 58 75 44 25 23 62
Bosnia and Herzegovina
: : : : 6 : : : : :
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
: : 1 0 : 0 : : 0 0
Turkey : : 382 : 6 9 9 34 30 :
Belarus : : : 2 2 : : : : :
Russian Federation
: : 0 7 28 2 15 4 22 :
Israel : : : : : : : : : :
United States of America
: 180 223 271 186 285 296 355 357 :
Canada : 406 418 468 340 402 380 505 545 :
Mexico : : : : 0 0 1 1 1 :
Chile : : : : : : : 1 0 :
Republic of Korea
: 145 100 78 26 38 62 66 52 :
Japan : : : 73 45 43 20 46 42 :
Australia : 7 6 7 11 7 13 14 8 :
New Zealand : 8 3 9 2 2 : : 3 :
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Immigration by sex, age group and citizenship” (migr_imm1ctz, data extracted on 21 August 2014), and OECD International Migration Database, Table “Inflows of foreign population by nationality” (data extracted on 15 July 2014).
Notes: • Underlined values denote breaks in time series; values in italics denote provisional data.• The colon (:) denotes data is not available.• No value available in the OECD Database.• Value taken from the OECD Database.• Different value available in the OECD Database.
182
AN
NEX
ES
Table 39: Libya-related immigrants by type of reference, sex and age, Belgium, 2012
libya as country of citizenshipa
libya as country of birthb
libya as country of previous residencec
total males Females total males Females total males Femalestotal 47 37 10 74 54 20 58 40 180–4 3 0 3 13 5 8 11 7 4
5–9 2 2 0 2 2 0 3 3 0
10–14 4 2 2 4 3 1 4 3 1
15–19 6 6 0 9 7 2 5 5 0
20–24 5 4 1 6 5 1 5 4 1
25–29 6 6 0 10 6 4 7 5 2
30–34 12 10 2 16 14 2 12 9 3
35–39 2 2 0 3 3 0 1 0 1
40–44 2 2 0 4 4 0 4 2 2
45–49 3 1 2 5 3 2 5 1 4
50–54 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
55–59 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
60–64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65–69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70–74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
75–79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
80–84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
85+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
of whichd
born in Belgium
1 0 1 – – – : : :
born abroad
46 37 9 – – – : : :
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “International immigrants by citizenship, sex and age group” (migr_immictz, for columns denoted by a), Table “International immigrants by country of birth, sex and age group” (migr_imm3ctb, for b), Table “International immigrants by previous usual residence, sex and age group” (migr_imm5pvr, for c) and Table “International immigrants by citizenship and sex: native-born and foreign-born” (migr_imm6ctz, for d, i.e. distinction by country of birth under c). Data extracted on 21 August 2014.
Note: The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
183
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Table 40: Libyan long-term emigrants from the EU Member States and other selected European countries, 1998, 2000 and 2005–2012
1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012EU-28 : : : : : : : : : :
Belgium : : : : : : : 24 24 30
Bulgaria : : : : 0 0 : : : 1
Czech Republic
: 0 41 39 47 : : : : :
Denmark 2 0 3 4 2 0 3 0 3 1
Germany 0 0 495 638 598 616 683 635 633 :
Estonia 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ireland : : : 32 21 22 18 17 22 25
Greece : : : : : : : : : :
Spain : : 14 22 61 41 36 30 54 33
France : : : : : : : : : :
Croatia 0 : : 0 0 0 : : 3 1
Italy 0 4 4 8 11 2 2 4 9 20
Cyprus : 19 0 0 0 0 : : : :
Latvia 0 : : : : : : : : :
Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Luxembourg 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Hungary 66 22 6 3 12 4 1 5 8 0
Malta : : : : 42 : : : : :
(The) Netherlands
21 6 15 14 11 23 15 16 16 16
Austria 46 19 44 107 47 54 36 55 20 26
Poland : : : : 0 7 : : : :
Portugal : : : : : : : : : :
Romania : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0
Slovenia 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
Slovakia : : 52 20 16 12 21 8 0 0
Finland 0 9 0 0 11 10 6 4 0 1
Sweden 21 10 11 10 25 13 11 6 28 61
United Kingdom
711 0 872 : : : : : : :
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Liechtenstein : : : : : : : 0 0 0
Norway 0 1 3 1 6 0 5 5 2 15
184
AN
NEX
ES
1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Switzerland 104 22 50 32 87 55 80 48 35 110
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
: 0 : : : 0 : : 0 0
Russian Federation
: : 0 0 0 1 3 0 6 :
Israel : .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. :
United States of America
: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. :
Canada : .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. :
Mexico : .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. :
Chile : .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. :
Republic of Korea
: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 :
Japan : .. .. 55 42 37 31 13 12 :
Australia : .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. :
New Zealand : .. .. .. 1 1 2 1 1 :
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Emigration by sex, age group and citizenship” (migr_emi1ctz, extracted on 21 August 2014), and OECD International Migration Database, Table “Outflows of foreign population by nationality” (extracted on 15 July 2014).
Notes:• Underlined values denote breaks in time series; values in italics denote provisional data.• The colon (:) denotes data is not available.• The two dots (..) indicate that the data comes from a different dataset/table.• No value available in the OECD Database.• Value taken from the OECD Database.• Different value available in the OECD Database.
185
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Table 41: Long-term emigrants from the EU Member States and other selected European countries to Libya, 1998, 2000 and 2005–2012
1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012EU-28 : : : : : : : : : :Belgium : : : : : : : 25 17 14Bulgaria : : : : 4 1 : : : 4Czech Republic : 0 41 39 116 : : : : :Denmark 3 1 12 10 3 7 5 3 2 6Germany 357 393 527 666 632 684 : : : :Estonia 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Ireland : : : 122 39 32 34 57 57 58Greece : : : : : : : : : :Spain : : 15 10 9 61 46 99 6 7France : : : : : : : : : :Croatia : : : 0 0 0 : : 3 1Italy : 123 21 32 63 63 54 44 26 56Cyprus : : 21 0 0 31 : : : :Latvia 0 : : : : : : : : :Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1Luxembourg : : 0 : : : : : : :Hungary : : : : : : : : : :Malta : 0 : : : : : : : :(The) Netherlands 25 12 37 31 42 65 : : : 38Austria 79 26 52 113 55 56 : 46 27 :Poland : : 1 6 2 12 : : : :Portugal : : : : : : : : : :Romania : : : : : : : : : :Slovenia 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 5 0Slovakia 0 0 0 0 : 0 17 8 0 1Finland 0 9 3 0 6 0 6 4 0 1Sweden 12 1 35 18 42 18 15 12 32 63United Kingdom 530 : 872 0 : : : : : :Iceland 0 0 : : 0 : 0 0 0 0Liechtenstein : : : : : : : 0 0 0Norway 0 0 7 5 5 0 11 8 1 15Switzerland : : : : : : : : : 134The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
: 0 : : 1 0 : : 0 0
Belarus : : 114 15 4 : : : : :Russian Federation
: : 0 2 0 : : : : :
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Emigration by sex, age group and country of next usual residence” (migr_emi3nxt), extracted on 21 August 2014.
Notes: • Underlined values denote breaks in time series; values in italics denote provisional data.• The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
186
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 42
: Sto
ck o
f Lib
yans
usu
ally
resi
ding
in th
e EU
Mem
ber S
tate
s and
oth
er se
lect
ed E
urop
ean
and
OEC
D co
untr
ies,
199
8, 2
000
and
2005
–201
3 (s
tart
of y
ear)
1998
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
EU-2
8:
::
::
::
::
::
Belg
ium
:0
::
:13
017
017
120
322
221
2Bu
lgar
ia:
::
::
2624
2117
1920
Czec
h Re
publ
ic:
284
299
324
322
224
181
159
153
158
161
Den
mar
k41
5765
6770
7679
8584
8910
0G
erm
any
2,37
02,
643
2,96
33,
138
3,60
43,
726
4,05
44,
300
4,82
75,
459
7,97
0Es
toni
a:
0:
::
::
::
:0
Irel
and
::
::
587
627
543
447
449
453
468
Gre
ece
610
:..
..1,
308
1,08
626
1..
..50
4:
Spai
n16
216
541
444
833
241
241
140
041
045
251
3Fr
ance
::
716
::
:87
697
2:
::
Croa
tia:
::
::
::
::
::
Ital
y2,
077
1,92
41,
532
1,52
31,
551
1,51
71,
471
1,46
81,
516
1,56
31,
841
Cypr
us:
::
::
::
::
::
Latv
ia0
00
00
::
::
00
Lith
uani
a:
::
::
::
::
::
Luxe
mbo
urg
::
::
::
::
::
:H
unga
ry72
069
435
336
624
820
420
414
915
711
615
0M
alta
::
::
:57
4:
::
::
(The
) Net
herl
ands
130
119
179
164
133
138
110
125
125
126
119
Aus
tria
::
226
253
343
267
228
::
312
338
Pola
nd:
::
:73
7276
7672
2224
Port
ugal
4242
::
5154
2410
1316
27Ro
man
ia:
:0
02
418
::
1833
Slov
enia
21
11
11
23
21
1
187
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Slov
akia
::
104
4641
3979
175
239
2121
Finl
and
4753
9310
610
710
910
410
410
010
710
8Sw
eden
183
145
230
308
413
514
595
700
783
911
888
Uni
ted
King
dom
::
10,3
05:
11,0
009,
000
17,0
0024
,000
24,0
0023
,000
:Ic
elan
d0
01
11
11
22
22
Liec
hten
stei
n:
::
::
:0
00
00
Nor
way
::
109
112
122
118
132
111
101
114
6Sw
itzer
land
::
::
::
::
109
9Tu
rkey
:34
4:
::
117
118
:20
732
01,
321
Isra
el:
::
::
::
::
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica
::
::
::
::
:
Cana
da:
::
::
::
::
Mex
ico
::
::
:12
::
:Ch
ile:
::
::
::
::
Repu
blic
of K
orea
::
::
::
9891
:Ja
pan
::
4740
4850
7671
:A
ustr
alia
::
::
::
::
:N
ew Z
eala
nd:
::
::
::
::
Sour
ce:
EURO
STAT
Dat
abas
e, T
able
“Po
pula
tion
by s
ex, a
ge g
roup
and
citi
zens
hip”
(m
igr_
pop1
ctz,
dat
a ex
trac
ted
on 6
Aug
ust
2014
), an
d O
ECD
Int
erna
tiona
l M
igra
tion
Dat
abas
e, T
able
“St
ock
of f
orei
gn p
opul
ation
by
natio
nalit
y” (
data
ext
ract
ed o
n 15
Jul
y 20
14).
Not
es:
• U
nder
lined
val
ues
deno
te b
reak
s in
tim
e se
ries
; val
ues
in it
alic
s de
note
pro
visi
onal
dat
a.•
The
colo
n (:)
den
otes
dat
a is
not
ava
ilabl
e.•
No
valu
e av
aila
ble
in th
e O
ECD
Dat
abas
e.•
Valu
e ta
ken
from
the
OEC
D D
atab
ase.
• D
iffer
ent v
alue
ava
ilabl
e in
the
OEC
D D
atab
ase.
188
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 43
: Sto
ck o
f Lib
ya-b
orn
popu
latio
n us
ually
resi
ding
in th
e EU
Mem
ber S
tate
s and
oth
er se
lect
ed E
urop
ean
coun
trie
s, 1
998,
200
0 an
d 20
05–2
013
(sta
rt o
f yea
r)
1998
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
EU-2
8:
::
::
::
::
::
Belg
ium
::
::
:40
144
246
152
356
657
8
Bulg
aria
::
::
::
::
197
191
196
Czec
h Re
publ
ic:
::
::
:16
414
614
315
014
5D
enm
ark
016
419
419
619
619
920
720
821
621
822
9G
erm
any
::
::
::
::
::
:Es
toni
a:
2:
::
::
::
:4
Irel
and
::
::
936
977
849
775
828
834
970
Gre
ece
::
::
::
::
:50
4:
Spai
n:
424
713
759
625
723
754
749
744
802
866
Fran
ce:
:1,
811
::
2,04
62,
236
::
::
Croa
tia:
::
::
::
::
::
Ital
y:
::
::
::
::
36,4
7535
,928
Cypr
us:
::
::
::
::
::
Latv
ia:
:3
35
::
::
44
Lith
uani
a:
::
::
::
::
::
Luxe
mbo
urg
::
::
::
::
25:
:H
unga
ry:
::
:25
825
325
926
031
527
631
5M
alta
::
::
::
::
::
:(T
he) N
ethe
rlan
ds:
403
589
584
568
590
612
696
795
890
878
Aus
tria
::
323
356
442
392
378
396
413
449
467
Pola
nd:
::
::
:32
333
834
426
426
6Po
rtug
al:
::
::
::
::
::
Rom
ania
::
1:
79
25:
:27
3
189
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Slov
enia
3738
3738
3943
4646
3536
37Sl
ovak
ia:
:33
4:
::
::
:42
41Fi
nlan
d:
7211
112
513
013
413
313
814
315
917
0Sw
eden
:35
350
362
576
891
61,
069
1,23
41,
364
1,58
91,
756
Uni
ted
King
dom
10,3
7011
,853
::
17,0
00:
11,0
0019
,000
17,0
0018
,000
:Ic
elan
d:
01
11
11
22
23
Liec
hten
stei
n:
::
::
:1
11
11
Nor
way
:70
197
219
236
249
275
284
302
391
494
Switz
erla
nd:
::
::
::
:97
11,
002
1,03
3Tu
rkey
:3,
072
::
::
::
::
:Is
rael
::
17,6
6517
,244
16,8
2616
,351
15,8
6716
,087
15,6
1915
,184
:U
nite
d St
ates
of
Am
eric
a:
:5,
422
::
::
::
::
Cana
da:
::
:2,
620
::
::
::
Mex
ico
::
::
::
::
::
:Ch
ile:
::
::
::
::
::
Repu
blic
of K
orea
::
::
::
::
::
:Ja
pan
::
::
::
::
::
:A
ustr
alia
::
1,68
01,
700
1,75
01,
800
1,91
02,
120
2,51
02,
900
:N
ew Z
eala
nd:
::
:10
2:
::
::
:
Sour
ce:
EURO
STAT
Dat
abas
e, T
able
“Po
pula
tion
by s
ex, a
ge g
roup
and
cou
ntry
of b
irth
” (m
igr_
pop3
ctb,
dat
a ex
trac
ted
on 2
1 A
ugus
t 201
4),
and
OEC
D In
tern
ation
al M
igra
tion
Dat
abas
e, T
able
“St
ock
of fo
reig
n-bo
rn p
opul
ation
by
coun
try
of b
irth
” (d
ata
extr
acte
d on
15
July
20
14).
Not
es:
• U
nder
lined
val
ues
deno
te b
reak
s in
tim
e se
ries
; val
ues
in it
alic
s de
note
pro
visi
onal
dat
a.•
The
colo
n (:)
den
otes
dat
a is
not
ava
ilabl
e.•
No
valu
e av
aila
ble
in th
e O
ECD
Dat
abas
e.•
Valu
e ta
ken
from
the
OEC
D D
atab
ase.
• D
iffer
ent v
alue
ava
ilabl
e in
the
OEC
D D
atab
ase.
190
AN
NEX
ES
Table 44: Acquisition of citizenship by Libyans, EU Member States, and other selected European and OECD countries, 1991, 1995, 2000 and 2005–2012
1991 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012EU-28a : : : : : : 661 815 629 670 777
Belgium : : : 1 4 11 4 10 12 6 9
Bulgaria : : : 3 0 0 : 0 0 0 0
Czech Republic
: : : 0 0 2 2 0 : : 1
Denmark : 3 8 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 2
Germany 5 : 17 44 30 40 51 85 84 84 61
Estonia : : 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ireland : : : 52 20 19 27 22 25 9 87
Greece : 5 : : : 3 4 : 3 5 4
Spain 1 6 4 6 12 12 6 11 7 7 4
France 13 2 : 11 : 18 37 18 22 11 26
Croatia : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0 0
Italy 3 13 : : : : 41 28 17 15 9
Cyprus : : 0 : 1 6 3 1 8 1 1
Latvia : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0
Lithuania : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Luxembourg : : 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Hungary : : 3 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 1
Malta : : : : : 27 14 26 18 18 23
(The) Netherlands
1 5 3 5 12 12 6 4 8 15 20
Austria 1 : 4 10 9 8 13 9 1 9 1
Poland : : : 4 3 2 4 2 6 5 5
Portugal 0 : 0 0 0 : 1 0 0 0 1
Romania : : : 0 0 : 14 0 : : :
Slovenia : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slovakia : : : 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Finland : : 0 3 6 0 6 3 9 1 3
Sweden : : 7 35 40 30 38 51 59 79 107
United Kingdom
105 180 211 790 460 405 385 543 349 404 412
Iceland : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0 0
Liechtenstein 0 : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 : 2 : 2 10 9 28 19 22 9
191
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
1991 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Switzerland 2 3 2 15 17 13 19 22 18 20 26
Turkey : : : 1 2 : : : : : :
Russian Federation
: : : 1 2 3 0 4 1 0 :
Israel : : : : : : : : : : :
United States of America
: : 181 173 142 136 198 249 173 180 :
Canada : : 191 237 294 185 207 227 186 287 :
Mexico : : : 1 0 0 1 0 : : :
Chile : : : : : 1 : : : : :
Republic of Korea
: : : : : : : : : : :
Japan : : : : : : : : : : :
Australia : : 1 2 4 11 6 11 8 5 :
New Zealand : : 19 10 2 5 5 2 7 3 :
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former citizenship” (migr_acq, data extracted on 6 August 2014), and OECD International Migration Database, Table “Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality” (data extracted on 15 July 2014).
Notes:• Values in italics denote break in time series.• aSum of available values.• The colon (:) denotes data is not available.• Value taken from the OECD Database.
192
AN
NEX
ES
Table 45: Acquisition of citizenship by Libyans by sex, EU Member States and other selected European countries, 2008–2012
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012sex: males sex: Females
EU-28a 382 509 381 423 467 279 306 248 247 310Belgium 2 5 7 6 5 2 5 5 0 4Bulgaria : 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0Czech Republic
2 0 : : 1 0 0 : : 0
Denmark 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2Germany 34 56 53 52 37 17 29 31 32 24Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ireland 12 10 15 5 45 15 12 10 4 42Greece 4 : 3 1 0 0 : 0 4 4Spain 5 10 3 7 4 1 1 4 0 0France 22 11 13 8 13 15 7 9 3 13Croatia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Italy 27 21 11 12 7 14 7 6 3 2Cyprus 1 1 5 0 1 2 0 3 1 0Latvia 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 : 0Lithuania 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 :Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hungary 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0Malta 12 25 17 14 20 2 1 1 4 3(The) Netherlands
6 4 6 13 15 0 0 2 2 5
Austria 8 5 1 5 0 5 4 0 4 1Poland 4 2 6 5 5 0 0 0 0 0Portugal 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Romania 8 0 : : : 6 0 : : :Slovenia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Slovakia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finland 3 2 4 1 1 3 1 5 0 2Sweden 33 46 47 63 72 5 5 12 16 35United Kingdom
194 309 189 230 239 191 234 160 174 173
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Norway 8 22 17 12 5 1 6 2 10 4Switzerland 8 13 10 8 15 11 9 8 12 11
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former citizenship” (migr_acq), extracted on 06 August 2014.
Notes:• Values in italics denote break in time series.• a Sum of available values.• The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
193
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Table 46: First residence permits issued to Libyans in the EU Member States and selected European countries, 2008–2013
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013EU-28a 8,046 6,311 7,015 3,296 4,612 6,201
Belgium 39 29 25 46 7 7
Bulgaria 7 10 3 1 6 6
Czech Republic 95 73 80 16 30 58
Denmark 3 5 11 6 8 4
Germany 415 295 249 210 1,041 1,176
Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ireland 34 37 24 43 59 238
Greece 40 24 14 12 28 36
Spain 49 35 76 54 97 141
France 173 258 259 89 376 729
Croatia : : : : : 2
Italy 423 189 360 796 478 475
Cyprus 5 22 10 3 12 8
Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lithuania 0 0 0 1 0 3
Luxembourg : 2 0 0 0 2
Hungary 88 34 28 65 65 :
Malta 217 88 184 157 461 :
(The) Netherlands 64 123 82 39 28 53
Austria 15 45 31 31 23 18
Poland 52 52 30 10 79 261
Portugal 21 7 6 3 16 33
Romania 22 9 7 3 12 17
Slovenia 1 1 0 0 0 2
Slovakia 71 72 68 25 21 22
Finland 9 11 8 8 11 10
Sweden 137 189 178 274 192 128
United Kingdom 6,066 4,701 5,282 1,404 1,562 2,772
Norway 17 11 31 36 20 18
Switzerland : : : : 29 31
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “First permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship” (migr_resfirst), extracted on 6 August 2014.
Notes: • Sum of available values, with variable definitions.• The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
194
AN
NEX
ES
Table 47: First residence permits issued to Libyans by reason and length of validity, European Union and United Kingdom, 2008–2013
GeoUnit/Duration/Reason 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013GeoUnit: EU-28a
Duration: TotalTotal 8,046 6,311 7,015 3,296 4,612 6,201
Family reasons 3,433 2,203 2,467 1,091 1,267 1,973
Education 3,562 3,174 3,328 1,107 1,242 2,302
Remunerated activities 229 204 257 178 175 199
Other reasons 822 730 963 920 1,928 1,727
Duration: From 3 to 5 monthsTotal 52 164 312 447 1,014 1,090
Family reasons 0 33 45 24 54 62
Education 35 17 82 314 123 261
Remunerated activities 16 3 4 3 10 27
Other reasons 1 111 181 106 827 740
Duration: From 6 to 11 monthsTotal 255 553 621 705 1,335 1,971
Family reasons 15 183 230 215 353 648
Education 166 218 141 149 387 800
Remunerated activities 39 31 64 56 57 53
Other reasons 35 121 186 285 538 470
Duration: 12 months or overTotal 7,739 5,594 6,082 2,144 2,263 3,139
Family reasons 3,418 1,987 2,192 852 860 1,262
Education 3,361 2,939 3,105 644 732 1,241
Remunerated activities 174 170 189 119 108 119
Other reasons 786 498 596 529 563 517
geounit: united kingdomDuration: TotalTotal 6,066 4,701 5,282 1,404 1,562 2,772
Family reasons 2,742 1,659 1,890 534 613 1,207
Education 3,112 2,740 2,931 585 723 1,328
Remunerated activities 36 73 93 56 64 64
Other reasons 176 229 368 229 162 173
195
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
GeoUnit/Duration/Reason 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Duration: From 3 to 5 monthsTotal : 0 0 2 125 311
Family reasons : 0 0 0 29 33
Education : : : : 75 218
Remunerated activities : : : : 4 5
Other reasons : 0 0 2 17 55
Duration: From 6 to 11 monthsTotal : 7 0 23 287 687
Family reasons : 0 0 0 108 302
Education : : : : 173 381
Remunerated activities : : : : 4 4
Other reasons : 7 0 23 2 0
Duration: 12 months or overTotal 6,066 4,694 5,282 1,379 1,150 1,774
Family reasons 2,742 1,659 1,890 534 476 872
Education 3,112 2,740 2,931 585 475 729
Remunerated activities 36 73 93 56 56 55
Other reasons 176 222 368 204 143 118
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “First permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship” (migr_resfirst), extracted on 6 August 2014.
Notes: • aSum of available values, with variable definitions.• The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
196
AN
NEX
ES
Table 48: Valid residence permits issued to Libyans in the EU Member States and other selected European countries, 2008–2013 (end of year)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013EU-28a : : : : 18,228 19,625
Belgium 214 192 165 194 88 79
Bulgaria 23 30 20 20 22 18
Czech Republic 238 203 206 182 187 201
Denmark : : : 89 100 100
Germany 2,058 2,144 2,493 2,367 3,639 3,642
Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ireland 395 371 340 341 353 414
Greece 213 169 167 159 167 182
Spain 326 337 363 393 475 475
France 620 640 699 777 818 1,355
Croatia : : : : : 6
Italy 1,321 1,091 1,106 1,280 1,610 1,766
Cyprus 161 90 114 104 108 51
Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lithuania 0 0 : 1 1 4
Luxembourg : 0 : 0 0 2
Hungary 252 179 171 206 203 :
Malta 419 357 454 397 784 :
(The) Netherlands 82 29 0 345 232 179
Austria 166 189 190 206 210 209
Poland 124 121 138 51 193 232
Portugal 24 10 13 16 27 60
Romania 31 36 38 36 35 48
Slovenia 2 3 3 3 2 4
Slovakia 84 122 179 168 185 155
Finland 87 80 82 67 83 35
Sweden 574 681 683 775 825 1,184
United Kingdom : : : : 7,881 9,224
Norway 54 49 58 76 79 75
Switzerland : : : : 592 570
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “All valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship on 31 December of each year” (migr_resvalid), extracted on 6 August 2014.
Notes: • aSum of available values, with variable definitions.• The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
197
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Tabl
e 49
: Lib
yans
refu
sed
entr
y at
the
exte
rnal
bor
der b
y gr
ound
for r
efus
al, E
U M
embe
r Sta
tes a
nd se
lect
ed E
urop
ean
coun
trie
s, 2
013
(rou
nded
)
tota
lN
o va
lid
trav
el
docu
men
t(s)
Fals
e tr
avel
do
cum
ent
No
valid
vi
sa o
r re
side
nce
perm
it
Fals
e vi
sa o
r re
side
nce
perm
it
purp
ose
and
cond
ition
s of
stay
not
ju
stifie
d
pers
on a
lread
y st
ayed
3
mon
ths i
n a
6-m
onth
per
iod
no
suffi
cien
t m
eans
of
subs
iste
nce
An a
lert
ha
s bee
n is
sued
pers
on
cons
ider
ed
to b
e a
publ
ic th
reat
EU-2
851
010
019
55
190
1555
1525
Belg
ium
200
00
020
00
00
Bulg
aria
100
010
00
00
00
Czec
h Re
publ
ic5
0:
0:
0:
:0
:
Den
mar
k0
00
00
00
00
0G
erm
any
900
035
025
50
025
Esto
nia
00
00
00
00
00
Irel
and
50
00
00
00
00
Gre
ece
::
::
::
::
::
Spai
n5
00
00
50
00
0Fr
ance
450
05
:35
:0
::
Croa
tia5
00
50
00
00
0It
aly
700
025
045
00
00
Cypr
us0
00
00
00
00
0La
tvia
00
00
00
00
00
Lith
uani
a0
00
00
00
00
0Lu
xem
bour
g0
00
00
00
00
0H
unga
ry0
00
00
00
00
0M
alta
135
00
400
2010
4515
0
198
AN
NEX
ES
tota
lN
o va
lid
trav
el
docu
men
t(s)
Fals
e tr
avel
do
cum
ent
No
valid
vi
sa o
r re
side
nce
perm
it
Fals
e vi
sa o
r re
side
nce
perm
it
purp
ose
and
cond
ition
s of
stay
not
ju
stifie
d
pers
on a
lread
y st
ayed
3
mon
ths i
n a
6-m
onth
per
iod
no
suffi
cien
t m
eans
of
subs
iste
nce
An a
lert
ha
s bee
n is
sued
pers
on
cons
ider
ed
to b
e a
publ
ic th
reat
(The
) N
ethe
rlan
ds5
00
50
00
00
0
Aus
tria
50
05
05
00
00
Pola
nd25
00
00
250
00
0Po
rtug
al0
00
00
00
00
0Ro
man
ia15
00
00
150
00
0Sl
oven
ia0
00
00
00
00
0Sl
ovak
ia0
00
00
00
00
0Fi
nlan
d0
00
00
00
00
0Sw
eden
00
00
00
00
00
Uni
ted
King
dom
655
060
00
05
00
Icel
and
::
::
::
::
::
Liec
hten
stei
n0
00
00
00
00
0N
orw
ay0
00
00
00
00
0Sw
itzer
land
50
05
00
00
00
Sour
ce:
EURO
STAT
Dat
abas
e, T
able
“Th
ird-c
ount
ry n
ation
als
refu
sed
entr
y at
the
exte
rnal
bor
ders
– a
nnua
l dat
a (r
ound
ed)”
(mig
r_ei
rfs)
, ext
ract
ed o
n 16
Aug
ust 2
014.
Not
e:
The
colo
n (:)
den
otes
dat
a is
not
ava
ilabl
e.
199
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Table 50: Libyans found to be illegally present by age group, EU Member States and selected European countries, 2013 (rounded)
total Below 14 years old
From 14 to 17 years old
From 18 to 34 years old
35 years old or over
EU-28 2,440 185 145 1,405 705
Belgium 100 0 10 75 15
Bulgaria 10 0 0 10 0
Czech Republic 295 30 : 100 165
Denmark 5 0 0 0 0
Germany 705 25 75 365 240
Estonia 0 0 0 0 0
Ireland 5 5 0 0 0
Greece : : : : :
Spain 20 0 0 15 5
France 250 5 20 195 30
Croatia 30 0 0 20 5
Italy 75 0 0 65 10
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Latvia 0 0 0 0 0
Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0
Luxembourg 10 10 : : :
Hungary 5 0 0 5 0
Malta 210 0 5 130 75
(The) Netherlands : : : : :
Austria 90 5 10 60 15
Poland 10 0 0 5 5
Portugal 20 0 0 15 5
Romania 10 0 0 0 5
Slovenia 5 0 0 5 0
Slovakia 10 0 0 5 0
Finland 20 0 0 15 5
Sweden 270 30 25 175 40
United Kingdom 295 75 5 145 75
Iceland : : : : :
Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 20 0 0 15 5
Switzerland 110 0 5 90 15
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Third-country nationals found to be illegally present – annual data (rounded)” (migr_eipre), extracted on 16 August 2014.
Note: The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
200
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 51
: Lib
yans
ord
ered
to le
ave
and
retu
rned
follo
win
g an
ord
er to
leav
e, E
U M
embe
r Sta
tes a
nd se
lect
ed E
urop
ean
coun
trie
s, 2
008,
20
10, 2
012
and
2013
(rou
nded
) Tota
l ord
ered
to le
ave
tota
l ret
urne
dre
turn
ed to
a th
ird c
ount
ry20
0820
1020
1220
1320
0820
1020
1220
1320
0820
1020
1220
13EU
-28
1,05
51,
095
2,27
01,
830
670
780
1,17
01,
075
445
615
985
830
Belg
ium
5545
130
105
50
50
50
50
Bulg
aria
00
510
00
010
00
010
Czec
h Re
publ
ic5
05
800
0:
00
0:
0
Den
mar
k:
:15
205
05
105
00
10
Ger
man
2510
7013
025
200
:10
1010
:
Esto
nia
00
00
00
00
00
00
Irel
and
55
510
55
55
55
50
Gre
ece
7020
305
:0
050
:0
050
:
Spai
n20
1055
200
05
50
05
5
Fran
ce80
7547
533
025
1545
3520
1020
10
Croa
tia:
::
20:
::
10:
::
10
Ital
y95
7515
575
55
355
55
355
Cypr
us0
00
00
00
0:
00
0
Latv
ia0
00
00
00
00
00
0
Lith
uani
a0
00
00
00
00
00
0
Luxe
mbo
urg
:0
50
:0
00
:0
00
Hun
gary
100
3535
00
2515
00
1010
201
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Tota
l ord
ered
to le
ave
tota
l ret
urne
dre
turn
ed to
a th
ird c
ount
ry20
0820
1020
1220
1320
0820
1020
1220
1320
0820
1020
1220
13M
alta
140
6516
521
014
565
155
210
145
6515
521
0
(The
) Net
herl
ands
4013
520
524
525
4545
7520
4545
75
Aus
tria
1010
3025
105
1525
55
010
Pola
nd5
50
55
00
05
00
0
Port
ugal
00
020
00
05
00
05
Rom
ania
55
2515
55
2515
55
2515
Slov
enia
00
55
00
05
00
05
Slov
akia
00
1010
00
00
00
00
Finl
and
55
1010
1010
105
:5
105
Swed
en38
043
027
515
029
535
031
525
011
022
519
013
5
Uni
ted
King
dom
110
185
295
295
115
255
430
390
115
240
425
315
Icel
and
0:
::
0:
::
0:
::
Liec
hten
stei
n0
00
00
00
0:
00
0
Nor
way
::
110
8525
:15
3520
155
30
Switz
erla
nd:
:20
10:
::
::
::
Sour
ce:
EURO
STAT
Dat
abas
e, T
able
s “T
hird
-cou
ntry
nati
onal
s or
dere
d to
leav
e –
annu
al d
ata
(rou
nded
)” (m
igr_
eior
d) a
nd “
Third
-cou
ntry
nati
onal
s re
turn
ed fo
llow
ing
an o
rder
to le
ave
– an
nual
dat
a (r
ound
ed)”
(mig
r_ei
rtn)
, ext
ract
ed o
n 16
Aug
ust 2
014.
Not
e:
The
colo
n (:)
den
otes
dat
a is
not
ava
ilabl
e.
202
AN
NEX
ES
OECD and UNESCO
Table 52: Stock of Libyan workers in OECD countries and other countries, 2000–2011 (end of year)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Belgium : : : : : : : : : : : :Bulgaria : : : : : : : : : : : :Czech Republic : : : : : : : : : : : :Denmark : : : : : : : : : : : :Germany : : : : : : : : : : : :Estonia : : : : : : : : : : : :Ireland : : : : : : 207 : : : : :Greece 0 0 205 0 0 0 395 355 261 : : :Spain : : : : : : : : : : : :France : : : : : : : : : : : :Croatia : : : : : : : : : : : :Italy : : : : : : : : : : : :Cyprus : : : : : : : : : : : :Latvia : : : : : : : : : : : :Lithuania : : : : : : : : : : : :Luxembourg : : : : : : : : : : : :Hungary : : : : 2 2 5 : 1 2 : :Malta : : : : : : : : : : : :(The) Netherlands
: : : : : : : : : : : :
Austria : : : : : : 29 28 35 34 : :Poland : : : : : : : : : : : :Portugal : : : : : : : : : : : :Romania : : : : : : : : : : : :Slovenia : : : : : : : : : : : :Slovakia : : : : : : : 1 2 3 : :Finland 10 12 16 16 25 26 34 41 29 : : :Sweden : : : : : : : : : : : :United Kingdom : : : : : : : : : : : :Iceland : : : : : : : : : : : :Norway : : : : : : 88 93 102 88 : :Switzerland : : : : : : : : : : : :Russia Federation : : : : : : : 21 21 18 : :Turkey : : : : : : : : : : : :Israel : : : : : : : : : : : :United States of America
: : : : : : : : : : : :
Canada 67 102 133 159 192 240 295 367 334 : : :Mexico : : : : : : : : : : : :Chile : : : : : : : : : : : :Republic of Korea : : : : : : : : : : : :Japan : : : : : : 3 3 2 4 : :Australia : : : : : : : : : : : :New Zealand : : : : : : : : : : : :
Source: OECD International Migration Database, Table “Stock of foreign labour by nationality”, extracted on 15 July 2014.
Note: The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
203
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Table 53: Stock of Libya-born workers in OECD countries and other countries, 2000–2011 (end of year)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Belgium : : : : : : : : : : : :Bulgaria : : : : : : : : : : : :Czech Republic : : : : : : : : : : : :Denmark : : 46 44 47 48 62 59 61 : : :Germany : : : : : : : : : : : :Estonia : : : : : : : : : : : :Ireland : : : : : : : : : : : :Greece 164 162 329 214 348 128 395 355 261 : : :Spain : : : : : : : : : : : :France : : : : : : : : : : : :Croatia : : : : : : : : : : : :Italy : : : : : : : : : : : :Cyprus : : : : : : : : : : : :Latvia : : : : : : : : : : : :Lithuania : : : : : : : : : : : :Luxembourg : : : : : : : : : : : :Hungary : : : : : : : : : : : :Malta : : : : : : : : : : : :(The) Netherlands
: : : : : : : : : : : :
Austria : : : : : : : : : : : :Poland : : : : : : : : : : : :Portugal : : : : : : : : : : : :Romania : : : : : : : : : : : :Slovenia : : : : : : : : : : : :Slovakia : : : : : : : : : : : :Finland 27 28 37 39 45 51 61 74 63 : : :Sweden : : : : : : : : : : : :United Kingdom
: : : : : : : : : : : :
Iceland : : : : : : : : : : : :Norway : : : : : : : : : : : :Switzerland 255 : : : : : : : : : : :Russia Federation
: : : : : : : : : : : :
Turkey : : : : : : : : : : : :Israel : : : : : : : : : : : :United States of America
: : : : : : : : : : : :
Canada : : : : : : 1,345 : : : : :Mexico 8 : : : : : : : : : : :Chile : : : : : : : : : : : :Republic of Korea
: : : : : : : : : : : :
Japan : : : : : : : : : : : :Australia : : : : : : : : : : : :New Zealand : : : : : : : : : : : :
Source: OECD International Migration Database, Table “Stock of foreign-born labour by country of birth”, extracted on 15 July 2014.
Note: The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
204
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 54
: Stu
dent
s fr
om L
ibya
in t
ertia
ry e
duca
tion
in s
elec
ted
OEC
D co
untr
iesa b
y co
untr
y of
stu
dy a
nd c
ateg
ory,
acc
adem
ic y
ear
2007
–201
1a
coun
try
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
Liby
an n
on-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts o
f re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
stud
ents
w
ith p
rior
educ
ation
ou
tsid
e th
e re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
non-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts
of
repo
rting
co
untr
y
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
Liby
an n
on-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts o
f re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
Liby
an n
on-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts o
f re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
Liby
an n
on-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts o
f re
porti
ng
coun
try
Aus
tral
ia..
64..
..76
..11
4..
183
..42
7
Aus
tria
210 (x
)0
(x)
21..
22..
36..
28..
Belg
ium
2010
..16
0 (n
)22
320
1116
12
Cana
da27
913
2..
349
300
316
251
303
243
324
270
Czec
h Re
publ
ic66
....
53..
31..
38..
39..
Den
mar
k2
....
0 (n
)2
22
11
0 (n
)
Finl
and
150 (n
)0
(x)
110
(x)
100
(x)
80
(x)
120
(x)
Fran
ce22
80 (x
)..
245
..27
7..
317
..G
erm
any
250
..22
921
619
521
818
921
918
210
079
Gre
ece
23..
....
....
..31
..33
..H
unga
ry37
....
....
1412
119
1110
Icel
and
0 (n
)..
0 (n
)0
(n)
0 (n
)0
(n)
0 (n
)0
(n)
0 (n
)0
(n)
0 (n
)
Irel
and
....
2522
2219
1938
1744
20It
aly
86..
..72
0 (x
)59
..45
..76
..Ja
pan
11..
..11
0 (x
)11
0 (x
)14
0 (x
)15
0 (x
)
Repu
blic
of
Kore
a1
....
0 (n
)..
1..
1..
1..
Luxe
mbo
urg
....
..0
(n)
..0
(n)
0 (n
)0
(n)
0 (n
)..
..M
exic
o..
....
....
....
....
....
205
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
coun
try
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
Liby
an n
on-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts o
f re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
stud
ents
w
ith p
rior
educ
ation
ou
tsid
e th
e re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
non-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts
of
repo
rting
co
untr
y
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
Liby
an n
on-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts o
f re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
Liby
an n
on-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts o
f re
porti
ng
coun
try
liby
an
stud
ents
of
re
porti
ng
coun
try
Liby
an n
on-
resi
dent
st
uden
ts o
f re
porti
ng
coun
try
(The
) N
ethe
rlan
ds3
2..
20
(n)
10
(n)
0 (n
)0
(n)
33
New
Zea
land
0 (n
)0
(n)
..0
(n)
0 (n
)0
(n)
0 (n
)1
15
4N
orw
ay3
....
4..
2..
0 (n
)..
0 (n
)..
Pola
nd35
....
25..
250
(m)
230
(x)
2827
Port
ugal
0 (n
)..
..1
0 (n
)2
25
44
3Sl
ovak
Rep
ublic
1414
..17
1622
2142
3952
43Sp
ain
163
..18
112
211
315
3Sw
eden
340(n
)..
3530
2930
2928
3126
Switz
erla
nd9
..6
118
94
86
65
Turk
ey5
....
4..
5..
6..
10..
Uni
ted
King
dom
1,98
11,
686
..1,
955
1,62
32,
501
2,11
23,
290
2,82
73,
042
2,62
3U
nite
d St
ates
of
Am
eric
a..
95..
..15
5..
656
..1,
055
..1,
465
Sour
ce: O
ECD
Onl
ine
Educ
ation
Dat
abas
e, T
able
“Fo
reig
n/in
tern
ation
al s
tude
nts
enro
lled”
, ext
ract
ed o
n 3
July
201
4.N
otes
:•
a Th
e or
igin
al ta
ble
does
not
incl
ude
Chile
, Est
onia
, Isr
ael a
nd S
love
nia.
• b T
he y
ear
show
n is
the
yea
r in
whi
ch t
he e
nd o
f th
e sc
hool
aca
dem
ic y
ear
falls
(e.
g. 2
009
refe
rs t
o th
e sc
hool
aca
dem
ic y
ear
2008
/200
9),
with
the
ex
cepti
ons
of th
e Re
publ
ic o
f Kor
ea, w
here
the
year
refe
rs to
the
year
in w
hich
the
scho
ol y
ear
begi
ns, a
nd o
f Aus
tral
ia, C
hile
and
New
Zea
land
whe
re th
e sc
hool
aca
dem
ic y
ear
corr
espo
nds
to th
e ca
lend
ar y
ear.
• n =
negl
igib
le v
alue
; x = in
clud
ed e
lsew
here
.•
The
two
dots
(..)
indi
cate
that
the
data
com
es fr
om a
diff
eren
t dat
aset
/tab
le.
206
AN
NEX
ES
Tabl
e 55
: Int
erna
tiona
lly m
obile
Lib
yan
stud
ents
wor
ldw
ide
by c
ount
ry o
f stu
dy, 1
999–
2001
and
200
5–20
12*
coun
tryb
1999
2000
2001
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Aus
tral
ia..
(n)
4..
5457
6476
114
183
427
636
Aus
tria
2624
32..
2121
2122
3628
18Ba
hrai
n..
....
.. (n
)..
(n)
....
..15
167
Bela
rus
2..
.. (a
)47
4743
67
128
45Be
lgiu
m16
1615
.. (n
)5
10..
(n)
311
1211
Braz
il..
....
....
....
47
4..
Bulg
aria
4133
4224
179
99
64
10Ca
nada
165
138
159
243
132
300
251
243
270
234
(‡)
..Ch
ile..
(a)
.. (n
)..
.. (n
)..
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
....
(n)
Croa
tia..
(n)
..1
1..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
Cypr
us8
1314
52
12
15
46
Czec
h Re
publ
ic9
1512
117
9466
5331
3839
25Es
toni
a..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
1..
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
....
(n)
Finl
and
1414
1416
..15
1110
812
7Fr
ance
6656
8524
622
322
823
524
527
731
735
2G
erm
any
173
175
168
264
257
229
195
(‡)
189
(‡)
182
(‡)
79 (‡
)84
(‡)
Gre
ece
....
..15
2323
....
3133
..H
unga
ry71
..46
109
7337
1712
910
10Ic
elan
d..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
....
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
Indi
a..
.. (n
)9
55
....
....
7412
Irel
and
1314
3058
4225
2219
1720
17Is
rael
....
....
....
....
.. (‡
n)..
(n)
..It
aly
1720
2213
186
8672
5945
7613
4Ja
pan
34
412
1011
1111
1415
14Jo
rdan
..27
..81
9146
49..
(n)
132
8676
Kaza
khst
an..
(n)
1..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
1..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
Kuw
ait
....
....
....
33
....
..La
tvia
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
....
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)
Lith
uani
a..(n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (a
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)
Mal
aysi
a51
174
501
..46
662
161
51,
453
1,47
91,
000
..M
alta
2418
138
4..
47
..10
13M
oroc
co..
....
1149
64..
(n)
4716
9..
..
207
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
coun
tryb
1999
2000
2001
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
(The
) Net
herl
ands
11
34
22
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)3
2N
ew Z
eala
nd..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)1
44
Nig
er..
.. (n
)..
....
.. (n
)..
11
11
Nor
way
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
33
42
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)
Om
an..
....
..14
110
1018
27..
Pola
nd83
5631
7151
3525
2523
2712
Port
ugal
....
(n)
....
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)2
4..
3Q
atar
....
3..
(n)
....
3019
2030
32Re
publ
ic o
f Kor
ea..
(n)
.. (n
)2
1..
(n)
1..
(n)
11
11
Rom
ania
93
48
138
610
48
..Ru
ssia
n Fe
dera
tion
....
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
145
..3
..Sa
udi A
rabi
a30
....
1714
1213
1318
2128
Serb
ia..
....
....
23
1517
4327
Slov
akia
..14
1619
814
1621
3943
46Sl
oven
ia..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
Sout
h A
fric
a..
.. (‡
n)..
(‡n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
85..
Spai
n16
2318
33
32
23
33
Swed
en15
1416
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)30
3028
2617
Switz
erla
nd3
610
116
88
46
57
Thai
land
.. (n
)..
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)..
(n)
22
.. (n
)
Turk
ey7
72
129
54
56
1015
Uni
ted
Ara
b Em
irate
s..
....
....
....
....
108
120
Uni
ted
King
dom
517
492
670
1,30
61,
243
1,68
61,
623
2,11
22,
827
2,62
31,
755
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f Am
eric
a43
35..
(n)
4139
9515
565
61,
055
1,46
51,
286
Viet
Nam
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)3
....
(n)
.. (n
)..
.. (n
)..
(n)
.. (n
)
Tota
l (su
m)
1,42
31,
397
1,94
22,
944
3,10
93,
775
3,59
55,
422
7,01
97,
046
4,83
6
Sour
ce:
UN
ESCO
UIS
.Sta
t, T
able
“In
boun
d in
tern
ation
ally
mob
ile s
tude
nts
by c
ount
ry o
f ori
gin”
, ext
ract
ed o
n 16
Oct
ober
201
4.
Not
es:
• * Y
ear i
n w
hich
the
end
of th
e sc
hool
aca
dem
ic y
ear f
alls
(e.g
. 200
9 re
fers
to th
e sc
hool
aca
dem
ic y
ear 2
008/
2009
), w
ith th
e ex
cepti
ons
of th
e Re
publ
ic o
f Ko
rea
(yea
r in
whi
ch th
e sc
hool
yea
r be
gins
), an
d of
Aus
tral
ia, C
hile
and
New
Zea
land
(whe
re a
cade
mic
yea
r co
rres
pond
s to
cal
enda
r ye
ar).
• b Cy
an re
port
s O
ECD
-cou
ntri
es n
ot a
vaila
ble
in th
e O
ECD
tabl
e; g
reen
den
otes
non
-OEC
D c
ount
ries
nor
mal
ly in
clud
ed in
pre
viou
s ta
bles
; ora
nge
deno
tes
coun
trie
s no
t rep
orte
d in
pre
viou
s ta
bles
.•
+ =
natio
nal e
stim
ation
; a = c
ateg
ory
not a
pplic
able
; n =
mag
nitu
de n
il or
neg
ligib
le; ‡
= U
IS e
stim
ation
.•
The
two
dots
(..)
indi
cate
that
the
data
com
es fr
om a
diff
eren
t dat
aset
/tab
le.
208
AN
NEX
ES
Tunisia
Table 56: Arrivals and departures of Libyans by residence status, Tunisia, 2004–2009 (thousands)
residents in tunisia Non-residents in Tunisia totalArrivals2004 0.1 1,435.8 1,435.92005 0.5 1,404.0 1,404.52006 0.2 1,472.4 1,472.6Oct. 2007–Dec. 2008 0.3 2,134.4 2,134.72009 0.2 1,995.2 1,995.4departures2004 0.4 1,466.1 1,466.52005 0.3 1,385.9 1,386.22006 0.3 1,336.1 1,336.4Oct. 2007–Dec. 2008 0.2 1,913.4 1,913.62009 0.1 1,800.9 1,801.0Arrivals - departures2004 -0.3 -30.3 -30.62005 0.2 18.1 18.32006 -0.1 136.3 136.2Oct. 2007–Dec. 2008 0.1 221.0 221.12009 0.1 194.3 194.4
Source: Ministry of Interior and Local Development of Tunisia.Note: Extracted from CARIM Database: Tunisia, on 18 April 2014.
Table 57: Annual departures of Tunisians to Libya by residence status, 2004–2009 (thousands)
residents in tunisia Non-residents in Tunisia total2004 1,261.2 13.4 1,274.62005 1,123.8 2.4 1,126.22006 1,151.9 8.8 1,160.7Oct. 2007–Dec. 2008 2,194.1 8.5 2,202.62009 1,226.9 11.1 1,238.0
Source: Ministry of Interior and Local Development of Tunisia.Note: Extracted from CARIM Database: Tunisia, on 18 April 2014.
Table 58: Libyan nationals residing in Tunisia by sex and age group, 2004males Females total
0–4 108 104 2125–14 640 588 1,22815–29 3,351 3,513 6,86430–44 637 681 1,31845–64 234 150 38465+ 98 109 207Total 5,068 5,145 10,213
Source: Recensement Général de la Population et l’Habitat, 2004.Note: Extracted from CARIM Database: Tunisia, on 18 April 2014.
209
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Iniziative e Studi sulla Multietnicità (Initiatives and Studies on Multiethnicity)
Table 59: Disembarkations of irregular migrants in Italy from 1 January to 15 September 2014
Number of disembarkations 787 Number of disembarked migrants 129,258
disembarked migrants by region region number %Sicily 90,321 69.9 Apulia 15,220 11.8 Calabria 14,980 11.6 Sardinia 115 0.1 Campania 8,514 6.6Liguria 108 0.1 total 129,258 100.0
Disembarkations of migrants arriving from Libyanumber 607 Number of migrants 111,271 of which: men 83,956 of which: women 12,149 of which: minors 15,166 % men 75.5 % minors 13.6
Disembarked migrants rescued from the operations of Mare Nostrum and/or Frontex*
regionMercantiles
upon authorization
italian Navy units
total
Apulia 763 13,454 14,217 Calabria 1,007 11,169 12,176 Campania - 8,514 8,514 Liguria 108 - 108 total 1,878 33,137 35,015
* Including migrants still in ships; all included in the total count.
Disembarkations of migrants arriving from Tunisia
number 62 Number of migrants 697 of which: men 628 of which: women 9 of which: minors 60 % men 90.1 % minors 8.6
Disembarked migrants by country of origin of boats
Country of departure
number %Disembarkations migrants Disembarkations migrants
Libya 607 111,271 77.1 86.1 Egypt 55 14,066 7.0 10.9 Turkey 20 1,734 2.5 1.3 Greece 31 1,005 3.9 0.8 Tunisia 62 697 7.9 0.5 Syrian Arab Republic
2 279 0.3 0.2
Algeria 9 104 1.1 0.1 Not stated 1 102 0.1 0.1 total 787 129,258 100.0 100.0
210
AN
NEX
ES
Repatriations of Tunisians under escort
total number 762 of which:
with charter fligths 677
with comm. flights or boats 85
Countries of citizenship declared by migrants at moment of disembarkation
country* number %Eritrea 30,678 23.7
Syrian Arab Republic 28,554 22.1
Mali 8,073 6.2
Nigeria 6,117 4.7
Gambia 5,605 4.3
Somalia 3,946 3.1
Occupied Palestinian Territory 3,657 2.8
Egypt 3,386 2.6
Pakistan 3,000 2.3
Bangladesh 2,805 2.2
Other* 33,437 25.9
total 129,258 100.0
* Including migrants still under identification procedures.
Source: ISMU elaborations based on data from the Ministry of Interior, the Department of Public Security, the Central Direction of Immigration and the Border Police.
211
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
AN
NE
x v
I. LI
ST O
F TA
BLE
S w
ITh
DA
TA R
Ep
ORT
ED
BY
ALG
ER
IA, T
uN
ISIA
A
ND
EG
Yp
T A
vA
ILA
BLE
IN T
hE
CA
RIM
DA
TAB
ASE
(Ext
ract
as o
f 29
June
201
4)
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
tEC
O02
– R
emitt
ance
s by
expa
tria
tes (
by c
ount
ry o
f orig
in o
f the
rem
ittan
ces)
Rem
ittan
ces
by e
xpat
riat
es b
y co
untr
y of
ori
gin
of t
he r
emitt
ance
s, 2
004–
2008
(m
ilion
of
Tuni
sian
din
ars)
(24
Mar
ch
2011
)
Rem
ittan
ces
by e
xpat
riat
es b
y co
untr
y of
ori
gin
of r
emitt
ance
s, m
illio
n U
SD,
1999
/200
0–20
07/2
008
(27
Febr
uary
20
10)
Rem
ittan
ces
from
Lib
ya to
Tun
isia
in
crea
sed
from
32.
4 m
ilion
in 2
004
to
50.2
mill
ion
in 2
008
(Tun
isia
n di
nars
). A
bout
2 p
er c
ent o
f tot
al o
f rem
ittan
ces
from
Lib
ya; i
t may
be
relia
ble
due
to th
e po
ssib
le re
lativ
e pr
esen
ce o
f Tun
isia
n m
igra
nts
in th
e co
ncer
ned
perio
d.
Prob
ably
unr
elia
ble,
with
0.1
per
cen
t to
0.4
per
cen
t of t
otal
rem
ittan
ces
from
ex
patr
iate
s in
Lib
ya.
MO
V02
– An
nual
arr
ival
s (A)
and
dep
artu
res (
D) b
y ci
tizen
ship
A
rriv
als
by n
ation
ality
, 20
03 (
21 M
arch
20
05)
Ann
ual a
rriv
als
and
depa
rtur
es o
f for
eign
tr
avel
lers
by
citiz
ensh
ip a
nd r
esid
ence
st
atus
, 20
04–2
009
(tho
usan
ds)
(24
Mar
ch 2
011)
Ann
ual
depa
rtur
es
of
Egyp
tian
perm
anen
t m
igra
nts
by
coun
try
of
desti
natio
n,
2000
–200
7 (2
7 Fe
brua
ry
2010
)
212
AN
NEX
ES
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
t
9,36
1 ar
rival
s fr
om L
ibya
, dis
tingu
ishe
d by
mon
th to
o.Ye
arly
tota
l arr
ival
s of
Lib
yans
to
Tuni
sia
in th
e or
der o
f 1.7
mill
ion
and
depa
rtur
es o
f Lib
yans
from
Tun
isia
(in
prin
cipl
e to
eve
ryw
here
) in
the
orde
r of 1
.6 m
illio
n (a
vera
ge d
urin
g th
e pe
riod,
con
side
ring
from
Oct
ober
20
07 to
Dec
embe
r 200
8 as
one
yea
r).
Mov
emen
ts o
f Lib
yan
resi
dent
s w
ere
in th
e or
der o
f few
hun
dred
eve
ry y
ear,
with
pos
itive
or n
egati
ve s
olde
(see
full
tabl
e in
the
stati
stica
l ann
ex).
Very
lim
ited
cove
rage
of p
erm
anen
t em
igra
nts
(abo
ut 5
00 in
ave
rage
eve
ry
year
), w
ithou
t det
ail o
n em
igra
tion
to
Liby
a.
A
rriv
als
of A
lger
ians
res
idin
g ab
road
by
coun
try
of r
esid
ence
, 20
08 (
*) (
30 J
une
2009
)
10
,370
arr
ival
s of
Alg
eria
ns fr
om L
ibya
.
A
rriv
als
of f
orei
gner
s re
cord
ed a
t th
e bo
rder
s by
cou
ntry
of
natio
nalit
y, 2
008
(30
June
200
9)
13
,940
arr
ival
s of
Lib
yans
.
A
rriv
als
of n
ation
als
of A
rab
coun
trie
s by
co
untr
y of
citi
zens
hip
and
mon
th,
2003
(2
8 Ja
nuar
y 20
05)
Th
e sa
me
data
ava
ilabl
e in
a p
revi
ous
tabl
e.
213
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
t
Dep
artu
res
of
Alg
eria
ns
to
abro
ad,
regi
ster
ed a
t th
e bo
rder
s, b
y co
untr
y of
de
stina
tion,
200
8 (*
) (30
June
200
9)
32
,248
dep
atur
es o
f Alg
eria
ns to
Lib
ya.
MO
V03
– An
nual
arr
ival
s (A)
and
dep
artu
res (
D) b
y ci
tizen
ship
and
age
and
sex
Ann
ual
arri
vals
an
d de
part
ures
of
tr
avel
lers
by
citiz
ensh
ip a
nd r
esid
ence
st
atus
, pe
riod
M
ay
1999
–Apr
il 20
04
(16
Febr
uary
201
0)
Ann
ual
arri
vals
an
d de
part
ures
of
tr
avel
lers
re
side
nt
in
Tuni
sia
by
citiz
ensh
ip,
1999
–200
4 (1
6 Fe
brua
ry
2010
)
MO
V04
– An
nual
arr
ival
s (A)
and
dep
artu
res (
D) b
y ci
tizen
ship
and
type
/pur
pose
of m
igra
tion
A
rriv
als
of f
orei
gner
s by
nati
onal
ity a
nd
reas
on fo
r vi
sit,
200
3 (2
0 Ja
nuar
y 20
05)
Th
e to
tal o
f 9,3
91 a
rriv
als
of L
ibya
ns is
di
sting
uish
ed in
8,6
37 p
eopl
e fo
r vis
it,
633
for b
usin
ess
and
121
for m
issi
on.
MO
V05
– An
nual
arr
ival
s (A)
and
dep
artu
res (
D) b
y ci
tizen
ship
and
eco
nom
ic a
ctivi
ty
Ann
ual
depa
rtur
es
of
Egyp
tian
perm
anen
t m
igra
nts
by
coun
try
of
desti
natio
n an
d w
ork
sect
or
befo
re
mig
ratio
n, 2
009
(14
Febr
uary
201
1)
214
AN
NEX
ES
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
t
Ann
ual
depa
rtur
es
of
Egyp
tian
perm
anen
t m
igra
nts
by
coun
try
of
desti
natio
n an
d oc
cupa
tion
befo
re
mig
ratio
n, 2
009
(14
Febr
uary
201
1)
Fo
r bot
h th
e ta
bles
abo
ve, L
ibya
doe
s no
t app
ear a
mon
g th
e de
stina
tion
coun
trie
s.
MO
V06
– An
nual
arr
ival
s (A)
and
dep
artu
res (
D) b
y ci
tizen
ship
and
qua
lifica
tion
A
nnua
l de
part
ures
of
Eg
yptia
n pe
rman
ent
mig
rant
s by
co
untr
y of
de
stina
tion
and
leve
l of
educ
ation
, 200
9 (1
4 Fe
brua
ry 2
011)
A
nnua
l de
part
ures
of
Eg
yptia
n pe
rman
ent m
igra
nts h
oldi
ng a
n ac
adem
ic
educ
ation
lev
el o
r hi
gher
by
coun
try
of
desti
natio
n an
d fie
ld o
f sp
ecia
lizati
on,
2009
(14
Febr
uary
201
1)
Fo
r bot
h th
e ta
bles
abo
ve, L
ibya
doe
s no
t app
ear a
mon
g th
e de
stina
tion
coun
trie
s.
MO
V07
– An
nual
arr
ival
s by
coun
try
of o
rigin
(A) d
epar
ture
s by
coun
try
of d
estin
ation
(D)
D
epar
ture
s of
A
lger
ian
natio
nals
by
co
untr
y of
des
tinati
on a
nd m
onth
, 200
3 (2
0 Ja
nuar
y 20
05)
Ann
ual d
epar
ture
s of
Tun
isia
n tr
avel
lers
by
cou
ntry
of
desti
natio
n an
d re
side
nce
stat
us,
2004
–200
9 (t
hous
ands
) (2
4 M
arch
201
1)
Ann
ual
depa
rtur
es
of
Egyp
tian
perm
anen
t m
igra
nts
by
coun
try
of
desti
natio
n an
d ag
e gr
oup,
20
09
(14
Febr
uary
201
1)
215
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
t
24,2
10 A
lger
ians
dep
arte
d fo
r Lib
ya.
Year
ly to
tal d
epar
ture
s of
Tun
isia
ns to
Li
bya
in o
rder
of 8
,800
for n
on-r
esid
ents
in
Tun
isia
and
1.4
mill
ion
for r
esid
ents
in
Tun
isia
(ave
rage
dur
ing
the
perio
d,
cons
ider
ing
from
Oct
ober
200
7 to
D
ecem
ber 2
008
as o
ne y
ear)
. (Se
e fu
ll ta
ble
in th
e st
atisti
cal a
nnex
.)
Inflo
ws
and
outf
low
s of
Tun
isia
ns t
o an
d fr
om T
unis
ia b
y co
untr
y of
pro
veni
ence
/de
stina
tion,
199
9–20
10 (2
4 M
arch
201
1)
Ann
ual
depa
rtur
es
of
Egyp
tian
perm
anen
t m
igra
nts
by
coun
try
of
desti
natio
n an
d pe
rson
al s
tatu
s, 2
009
(14
Febr
uary
201
1)
A
nnua
l de
part
ures
of
Eg
yptia
n pe
rman
ent
mig
rant
s by
co
untr
y of
de
stina
tion
and
sex,
200
9 (1
4 Fe
brua
ry
2011
)
Fo
r all
tabl
es w
ithin
MO
V07,
Lib
ya d
oes
not a
ppea
r am
ong
the
desti
natio
n co
untr
ies.
MO
V09
– An
nual
asy
lum
app
licati
ons l
odge
d in
the
coun
try
by c
ount
ry o
f citi
zens
hip
A
nnua
l asy
lum
app
licati
ons
lodg
ed in
the
coun
try
by c
ount
ry o
f ci
tizen
ship
, 199
6–20
06 (2
7 Fe
brua
ry 2
010)
N
o da
ta fo
r Lib
yans
.
MO
V13
– W
ork
perm
its g
rant
ed to
fore
igne
rs b
y ci
tizen
ship
and
occ
upati
on
Wor
k pe
rmits
iss
ued
to f
orei
gner
s by
na
tiona
lity,
200
4 (5
Dec
embe
r 20
05)
W
ork
perm
its g
rant
ed t
o fo
reig
ners
by
type
of
pe
rmit
and
citiz
ensh
ip,
2002
(2
8 Ja
nuar
y 20
05)
N
o da
ta fo
r Lib
yans
.
No
data
for L
ibya
ns.
216
AN
NEX
ES
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
tM
OV1
4 –
Wor
k pe
rmits
gra
nted
to n
ation
als a
broa
d, b
y co
untr
y of
resi
denc
e an
d oc
cupa
tion
W
ork
perm
its g
rant
ed t
o Eg
yptia
ns i
n so
me
Ara
b co
untr
ies
by
occu
patio
n,
1985
–200
2 (%
) (7
Febr
uary
200
5)
W
ork
perm
its
gran
ted
to
natio
nals
ab
road
by
coun
try
of r
esid
ence
in 2
005
(7 M
arch
200
8)
N
o da
ta o
n pe
rmits
gra
nted
to E
gypti
ans
in L
ibya
.
POP0
1 –
Popu
latio
n bo
rn in
the
coun
try
by c
itize
nshi
p
Si
ze o
f for
eign
pop
ulati
on b
orn
in T
unis
ia,
by n
ation
ality
and
sex
, 20
04 (
10 A
pril
2006
)
Base
d on
resu
lts, 8
57 L
ibya
ns w
ere
born
in
Tun
isia
in th
at y
ear.
POP0
2 –
Popu
latio
n by
cou
ntry
of b
irth
Size
of
po
pula
tion
born
ab
road
, by
co
untr
y of
bir
th a
nd m
atri
mon
ial s
tatu
s,
2004
(10
Apr
il 20
06)
Am
ong
the
10,2
13 L
ibya
ns e
num
erat
ed
in T
unis
ia in
the
2004
Cen
sus,
7,7
85
wer
e si
ngle
, 2,2
52 w
ere
mar
ried,
118
w
ere
wid
ow, 5
1 w
ere
divo
rced
and
7 d
id
not d
ecla
re th
eir m
arita
l sta
tus.
217
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
t
Si
ze
of
popu
latio
n bo
rn
abro
ad,
by
coun
try
of b
irth
, sex
and
age
gro
up, 2
004
(10
Apr
il 20
04)
The
10,2
13 L
ibya
ns e
num
erat
ed
in T
unis
ia in
the
2004
Cen
sus
wer
e pr
eval
ently
age
d 15
–29
year
s (6
7%),
alm
ost e
qual
ly s
hare
d be
twee
n m
ales
an
d fe
mal
es. (
See
com
plet
e ta
ble
in th
e st
atisti
cal a
nnex
.)
Size
of
po
pula
tion
born
ab
road
, by
na
tiona
lity
and
sex,
200
4 (1
5 A
pril
2006
)
POP0
3 –
Popu
latio
n by
citi
zens
hip
D
istr
ibuti
on o
f fo
reig
ners
in
Alg
eria
by
natio
nalit
y, 1
998
(20
Janu
ary
2005
)Si
ze o
f for
eign
pop
ulati
on, b
y na
tiona
lity
and
sex,
200
4 (1
5 A
pril
2006
)Fo
reig
n po
pula
tion
by
coun
try
of
natio
nalit
y an
d se
x, 1
996
(27
Febr
uary
20
10)
1,
351
Liby
ans
resi
ding
in A
lger
ia a
t the
tim
e of
199
8 Ce
nsus
; the
info
rmati
on
coul
d be
upd
ated
with
the
resu
lts o
f the
20
08 C
ensu
s.
A
tota
l num
ber o
f 2,1
28 w
ere
enum
erat
ed in
the
1996
Cen
sus;
th
ey w
ere
mai
nly
mal
es (5
7%).
The
info
rmati
on c
ould
be
upda
ted
with
the
2006
Cen
sus
resu
lts.
Stoc
k in
200
4 of
the
fore
ign
popu
latio
n –
imm
igra
ted
from
Apr
il 19
99 to
Apr
il 20
04
– by
cou
ntry
of o
rigi
n, a
ge g
roup
and
sex
(1
6 Fe
brua
ry 2
010)
Stoc
k in
200
4 of
the
fore
ign
popu
latio
n –
imm
igra
ted
from
Apr
il 19
99 to
Apr
il 20
04
– by
mai
n re
ason
of i
mm
igra
tion
and
sex
(16
Febr
uary
201
0)
218
AN
NEX
ES
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
tPO
P04
– Po
pula
tion
born
in th
e co
untr
y by
citi
zens
hip,
age
and
sex
Size
of f
orei
gn p
opul
ation
bor
n in
Tun
isia
by
nati
onal
ity,
sex
and
age
grou
p, 2
004
(15
Apr
il 20
06)
POP0
5 –
Popu
latio
n by
cou
ntry
of b
irth,
age
and
sex
Size
of
po
pula
tion
born
ab
road
, by
co
untr
y of
bir
th a
nd a
ge g
roup
, 20
04
(10
Apr
il 20
06)
POP0
6 –
Popu
latio
n by
citi
zens
hip,
age
and
sex
Size
of f
orei
gn p
opul
ation
, by
natio
nalit
y,
sex
and
age
grou
p, 2
004
(15
Apr
il 20
06)
POP0
9 –
Popu
latio
n bo
rn in
the
coun
try
by c
itize
nshi
p an
d fa
mily
stat
us
Si
ze o
f for
eign
pop
ulati
on b
orn
in T
unis
ia,
by n
ation
ality
and
mar
ital
stat
us,
2004
(1
0 A
pril
2006
)
POP1
1 –
Popu
latio
n by
citi
zens
hip
and
fam
ily st
atus
Size
of
fore
ign
popu
latio
n by
nati
onal
ity
and
mar
ital s
tatu
s, 2
004
(15
Apr
il 20
06)
POP1
3 –
Popu
latio
n by
cou
ntry
of b
irth
and
leve
l of e
duca
tion
Fore
ign
scho
lasti
c po
pula
tion
by
natio
nalit
y an
d ye
ar o
f edu
catio
nal c
ycle
, 20
04 (1
6 A
pril
2006
)
Fore
ign
scho
ol p
opul
ation
by
natio
nalit
y an
d ag
e gr
oup,
200
4 (1
6 A
pril
2006
)
Fore
ign
scho
ol p
opul
ation
, by
natio
nalit
y an
d se
x, 2
004
(16
Apr
il 20
06)
219
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
t
Fo
reig
n sc
hool
pop
ulati
on, b
y na
tiona
lity,
se
x an
d ag
e gr
oup,
200
4 (1
6 A
pril
2006
)
Scho
ol
popu
latio
n bo
rn
abro
ad,
by
coun
try
of b
irth
and
sex
, 200
4 (1
6 A
pril
2006
)
Scho
ol p
opul
ation
bor
n ab
road
, by
sex
, co
untr
y of
bir
th a
nd a
ge g
roup
, 20
04
(16
Apr
il 20
06)
Scho
ol p
opul
ation
, by
cou
ntry
of
birt
h an
d ag
e gr
oup,
200
4 (1
6 A
pril
2006
)
Size
of
fore
ign
popu
latio
n ag
ed t
en a
nd
over
and
bor
n in
Tun
isia
, by
nati
onal
ity
and
educ
ation
al l
evel
, 20
04 (
10 A
pril
2006
)
POP1
4 –
Popu
latio
n by
citi
zens
hip
and
leve
l of e
duca
tion
Size
of
fore
ign
popu
latio
n ag
ed t
en a
nd
over
, by
na
tiona
lity
and
educ
ation
al
leve
l, 20
04 (1
6 A
pril
2006
)
Size
of p
opul
ation
bor
n ab
road
and
age
d te
n or
mor
e, b
y co
untr
y of
bir
th a
nd
educ
ation
al le
vel,
2004
(15
Apr
il 20
06)
POP1
9 –
Wor
king
age
pop
ulati
on, b
y ty
pe o
f acti
vity
and
nati
onal
ity
Si
ze o
f pop
ulati
on a
ged
betw
een
15 a
nd
65 a
nd b
orn
abro
ad,
by n
ation
ality
and
oc
cupa
tion,
200
4 (1
6 A
pril
2006
)
220
AN
NEX
ES
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
t
A
mon
g th
e 8,
566
Liby
ans
aged
15+
en
umer
ated
in th
e 20
14 C
ensu
s, a
bout
38
per
cen
t wer
e em
ploy
ed a
nd 1
2 pe
r ce
nt u
nem
ploy
ed.
POP2
1 –
Wor
king
age
pop
ulati
on, b
y pr
ofes
sion
and
nati
onal
ity
Si
ze
of
fore
ign
empl
oyed
po
pula
tion,
ag
ed
15
to
65,
by
natio
nalit
y an
d pr
ofes
sion
, 200
4 (1
6 A
pril
2006
)
POP2
2 –
Wor
king
age
pop
ulati
on, b
y st
atus
at w
ork
and
natio
nalit
y
Fo
reig
n em
ploy
ed p
opul
ation
age
d 15
to
65,
by
natio
nalit
y an
d pr
ofes
sion
al
stat
us, 2
004
(15
Apr
il 20
06)
POP2
3 –
Wor
king
age
pop
ulati
on, b
y se
ctor
(pub
lic/p
rivat
e) a
nd n
ation
ality
Size
of f
orei
gn p
opul
ation
age
d 15
to 6
5,
by n
ation
ality
and
typ
e of
occ
upati
on,
2004
(15
Apr
il 20
06)
POP2
5 –
Wor
king
age
pop
ulati
on, b
y oc
cupa
tion
and
birt
hpla
ce
Si
ze o
f pop
ulati
on b
orn
abro
ad a
nd a
ged
15 t
o 65
, by
natio
nalit
y an
d pr
ofes
sion
al
grou
p, 2
004
(16
Apr
il 20
06)
Serv
ice
and
trad
e st
aff, h
andi
craft
w
orke
rs, i
ndus
try-
mac
hine
s w
orke
rs a
nd
driv
ers.
POP2
6 –
Wor
king
age
pop
ulati
on, b
y st
atus
at w
ork
and
birt
hpla
ce
Si
ze
of
popu
latio
n bo
rn
abro
ad
and
aged
15
to 6
5, b
y co
untr
y of
bir
th a
nd
prof
esso
nal s
tatu
s, 2
004
(16
Apr
il 20
06)
221
ASSESSM
ENT O
F DATA
COLLECTIO
N A
ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
tPO
P29
– Re
fuge
es in
the
coun
try
by n
ation
ality
Re
fuge
es a
nd a
sylu
m-s
eeke
rs i
n Eg
ypt
by c
ount
ry o
f ci
tizen
ship
and
sex
, 20
10
(14
Febr
uary
201
1)
Li
byan
refu
gees
not
evi
dent
in th
e ta
ble.
Re
fuge
es a
nd a
sylu
m-s
eeke
rs i
n Eg
ypt
by
coun
try
of
citiz
ensh
ip,
1990
–200
8 (3
1 Ja
nuar
y 20
11)
Li
byan
refu
gees
not
evi
dent
in th
e ta
ble.
POP3
1 –
Emig
rant
s by
coun
try
of re
side
nce
Emig
rant
s by
se
x an
d co
untr
y of
re
side
nce,
20
04–2
008
(tho
usan
ds)
(16
Febr
uary
201
0)
Egyp
tian
tem
pora
ry w
orke
rs (
*) r
esid
ing
in A
rab
coun
trie
s by
cou
ntry
of r
esid
ence
an
d se
x, 2
007
(27
Febr
uary
201
0)
Num
bers
of
Tuni
sian
mig
rant
s ac
cord
ing
to w
hich
cou
ntry
cou
nts
(17
Sept
embe
r 20
09)
Tabl
e w
ithou
t a ti
me
refe
renc
e, w
ith
abou
t 14,
000
Tuni
sian
imm
igra
nts
coun
ted
by L
ibya
and
abo
ut 7
7,00
0 Tu
nisi
an e
mig
rant
s co
unte
d by
Tun
isia
(p
roba
bly
at 2
004
Tuni
sia
Cens
us).
Stoc
k in
20
04
of
Tuni
sian
s ab
road
–
emig
rate
d fr
om A
pril
1999
to
Apr
il 20
04
– by
co
untr
y of
de
stina
tion
and
age
grou
p (1
6 Fe
brua
ry 2
010)
222
AN
NEX
ES
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
t
St
ock
in
2004
of
Tu
nisi
ans
abro
ad
– em
igra
ted
from
Apr
il 19
99 t
o A
pril
2004
–
by c
ount
ry o
f de
stina
tion
and
mai
n re
ason
of e
mig
ratio
n (1
6 Fe
brua
ry 2
010)
POP3
2 –
Popu
latio
n re
gist
ered
in th
e co
nsul
ate
Tuni
sian
s re
sidi
ng
abro
ad
by
coun
try
of
resi
denc
e an
d se
x,
2004
–200
9 (t
hous
ands
) (24
Mar
ch 2
011)
Egyp
tian
natio
nals
res
idin
g ab
road
by
coun
try/
regi
on o
f re
side
nce,
199
8 an
d 20
08 (4
May
201
2)
Tuni
sian
s re
sidi
ng a
broa
d by
cou
ntry
of
resi
denc
e, 2
001–
2009
(9 M
ay 2
012)
POP3
3 –
Emig
rant
s by
leve
l of e
duca
tion
Eg
yptia
n te
mpo
rary
wor
kers
(*)
res
idin
g in
Ara
b co
untr
ies
by c
ount
ry o
f res
iden
ce
and
leve
l of e
duca
tion,
200
7 (2
7 Fe
brua
ry
2010
)
RET
– Su
rvey
of r
etur
n m
igra
nts
Stoc
k in
20
04
of
Tuni
sian
re
turn
ed
from
abr
oad
– be
twee
n A
pril
1999
and
A
pril
2004
– a
nd r
esid
ent
abro
ad f
or 1
0 ye
ars
or m
ore
by le
vel o
f ed
ucati
on a
nd
coun
try
of o
rigi
n (1
6 Fe
brua
ry 2
010)
Retu
rn m
igra
nts
and
non-
mig
rant
s by
la
st/p
refe
rred
co
untr
y of
de
stina
tion,
Eg
ypt,
199
7 (%
) (27
Feb
ruar
y 20
10)
Av
aila
ble
from
Pro
ject
“Pu
sh a
nd P
ull
Fact
ors”
223
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ENT O
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COLLECTIO
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ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
Al
geria
tuni
sia
egyp
t
St
ock
in 2
004
of T
unis
ian
retu
rned
fro
m
abro
ad –
bet
wee
n A
pril
1999
and
Apr
il 20
04 –
by
coun
try
of o
rigi
n an
d m
ain
reas
on (1
6 Fe
brua
ry 2
010)
Stoc
k in
200
4 of
Tun
isia
n re
turn
ed f
rom
ab
road
– b
etw
een
Apr
il 19
99 a
nd A
pril
2004
– b
y co
untr
y of
ori
gin
and
mar
ital
stat
us (1
6 Fe
brua
ry 2
010)
Stoc
k in
200
4 of
Tun
isia
n re
turn
ed f
rom
ab
road
– b
etw
een
Apr
il 19
99 a
nd A
pril
2004
– b
y co
untr
y of
ori
gin,
sex
and
age
gr
oup
(16
Febr
uary
201
0)
224
AN
NEX
ES
ANNEx vIII. LIST OF CONTACTS
Following are people consulted for the purposes of the study or intervened/intervening on migration issues in Libya (selection relevant for the study).
• Colonel Zayed Ali Erhoma, Ministry of Interior, Directorate for Combating the Illegal Migration
• Bashir Al Fitori, Ministry of Labour Affairs, Head of Project Department
• Salem Etaib, Ministry of Justice, Head of International Cooperation Office
• Abdella Zidan Amhemad, BSC Libya, Chairman of the Board of Directors, [email protected]
• Abdulhakim Desuki, BSC Libya, Director of Information Technology, Principal National Coordinator for the Euro-Mediterranean Statistical Cooperation [email protected]
• Frank Laczko, IOM, Head of Migration Research Division, [email protected]
• Tara Brian, IOM, Migration Research Division, Research Officer, [email protected]
• Othman Belbeisi, IOM Libya, Head of Mission, [email protected]
• Franz Prutsch, IOM Libya, Senior Programme Officer, [email protected]
• Rana Jaber, IOM Libya, Regional Emergency and Post-crisis Specialist, Libya Crisis Coordinator, [email protected]
• Mansour El Melasati, IOM Libya, Liaison Officer, [email protected]
• Maysa Khalil, IOM Libya, START Project Manager, [email protected]
• Huda Alhadi, IOM Libya, START Project Assistant, [email protected]
• Juma Ben Hassan, IOM Libya, Operations Assistant, [email protected]
• Renato Libanova, Psychosocial Expert, formerly at IOM Libya, [email protected]
• Massimo Ramanzin, Border Management Programme Coordinator, IOM Senegal, formerly at IOM Libya, [email protected]
• Marina Manke, IOM Regional Office for South-Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Regional Labour Migration and Developement Secialist, [email protected]
225
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ND
STATISTICS ON
INTERN
ATION
AL M
IGRATIO
N IN
LIBYA
• Flavio Di Giacomo, IOM Italy, Communication Officer, [email protected]
• Ugo Melchionda, IOM Italy, Project Manager, [email protected] (at the time of writing)
• Martine Cassar, IOM Malta, [email protected]
• Giuseppe Loprete, IOM Niger, Head of Mission, [email protected]
• Saado Quol, UNHCR Libya, Officer in Charge, Acting Chief of Mission, [email protected]
• Amy Buchanan, UNHCR Libya, Protection Officer, [email protected]
• Tarek Abou Chabake, UNHCR, Division of Programme Support and Management, Senior Statistician, [email protected]
• Joseph Tenkorang, UNHCR, Division of Programme Support and Management, Senior Statistician, [email protected]
• Béla Hovy, UN DESA Population Division, Head of Migration Sector, [email protected]
• Pablo Lattes, UN DESA Population Division, Population Affairs Officer, [email protected]
• Ingrid Ivins, World Bank, Statistician, Regional Coordinator MNA Activities, [email protected]
• Giampaolo Lanzieri, EUROSTAT Population Unit, Team Leader for Demography, Migration and Projections, [email protected]
• David Thorogood, EUROSTAT Population Unit, Team Leader for Population Census, Migrant Integration, Administration of Immigration and Asylum, [email protected]
• Francesco Natalini Raponi, EASO, Data Collection and Processing Officer, [email protected]
• Pierre Attard, FRONTEX, [email protected]
• Philippe Hervé, OECD, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, [email protected]
• Anna Di Bartolomeo, European University Institute, Research Fellow to MPC/CARIM, [email protected]
• Maria Pia Sorvillo, Istituto Nazionale de Statistica (ISTAT, Italian National Institute of Statistics), Senior Researcher, [email protected]
226
AN
NEX
ES
• Paolo Iafrate, Migrants and Islamic Lawyer, Temporary Professor University of Rome “Tor Vergata” and Member Scientific of the Center of Economic and Legal Research (CREG), [email protected]
• Chiara Alonzo, Human Development and International Cooperation Specialist, [email protected]
• Nur Abdelkhaliq, University of Edinburg, Labour Migration Consultant, author of the study on the assessment of labour market in Libya for IOM [email protected]
• Eric Davin, Altai Consulting, Lead Director, [email protected]
• Arezo Malakooti, Altai Consulting, Research Director, [email protected]
• Nigel Jenkins, Danish Refugee Council, Libya Country Director, [email protected]
• Michael Petersen, Migration Policy Expert, author of the parallel study carried out for IOM on behalf of Eurasylum Ltd., [email protected]
• Giambattista Cantisani, Statistical Expert, author of this study for IOM, [email protected]
The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Eurasylum Ltd. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM and Eurasylum concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. _______________
IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.
International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.iom.int
_______________
© 2015 International Organization for Migration (IOM)_______________
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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Assessm
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ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS
ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA