apa - american psychological association citation style

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CHESTER

The A.P.A. Referencing Style

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Noting references 3Examples of standard List of References 4

formatsPrinted documents 4Books 4Parts of study packs 5

Periodical/journal articles 6Audio-visual media 7Electronic media 8Citing references in the text 13Secondary citations 14Specific parts of a source 15Quotations 16Quotations from classical works and the Bible 18

Arranging the List of References 19

The A.P.A.Referencing Style

An Authoritative Version of the Author-Date/HarvardSystem

One of the two approved referencing styles for the

University College Chester

Revised ed., March 2004

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Examples of standard List of References

formats(N.B. The citations in this handout were mostlyinvented, to make the point about the example clearly,and do not refer to real works).

Printeddocuments

BooksThe key elements are: author(s), date, title, edition (ifnot first), location, publisher.

Example:Perkins, A. P., & J arvis, T. W. (1998). Cattle breeding:

A basic guide. (2nd ed.). Bristol: Agricultural Press.

(N.B. The second and any subsequent lines of thecitations should be indented, as shown).

Books written by Associations or Institu tions

The authors of some publications are associations orinstitutions, not identified individuals. Use thefollowing formula when referencing these publications:

Example:National Association for One-Parent Families (1999).

A guide to benefit law. London: Routledge.

Books wi th no designated author or editor

If a publication has no designated author or editor, the

title becomes the main heading of the entry. Whenreferencing these publications, use the following

The A.P.A. style has been designated the mainreferencing style to be used at University CollegeChester. It is a precise version of the author-datesystem, which is sometimes also called theHarvard system, and it can be used for both word-processed and hand-written assignments.

The examples given in this handout are suitable forword-processed assignments. Titles of books andjournals, although not of individual chapters and

articles, are given in italics. This is known as thePublished version of the style.

If you are writing your assignments by hand, youshould underline the titles of books and journals,although not of individual chapters and articles. Inother words, underline those parts of the referencethat appear in italics in the examples given below.

This is known as the Submitting version of thestyle.

Noting references

It is good practice to record all relevant details of areference that you plan to use as soon as you have

read it. This may be done by a traditional method,such as using index cards, or electronically.EndNote, now available on all of the Collegesopen-access computers, is a sophisticated packagedeveloped specially for the purpose.


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formula:

Example:Collins English dictionary (5th ed.). (1997). London:

Collins.

Editedbooks

The key elements are: editor(s), editor statement,date, title, edition (if not first), location, publisher.

Example:Simmons, J . L. (Ed.). (1997).Recent studies in the

geology of Wales. Cardiff: Cambrian AcademicPress.

Chapters in edited books

The key elements are: author(s), date, title ofchapter, editor(s), title of book, page nos., edition (ifnot first), location, publisher.

Example:Hughes, G. W., Lewis, C., & Matthews, I. P. (1997).

The geology of Gwynedd. In J . L. Simmons (Ed.),Recent studies in the geology of Wales (pp. 32-

52). Cardiff: Cambrian Academic Press.

(N.B. Give the surnames and initials of all authors inthe heading, regardless of the number of authors ofa specific work, and invert the names).

Parts of study packs

The key elements are: author(s), date, title of part,title of study pack, medium, edition (if not first),


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location, publisher.

Example:Lake District Nature Trust (1995). The natural history

of Lake Windermere. In The Lake District: A naturalhistory. [Study Pack]. Keswick: Author.

Periodical/journal articles

There are two slightly different ways of referencing

journal articles. The one you should choose dependson the way the pages of the journal are numbered. Ifthere is one sequence of page numbers for a wholevolume, you do not have to note the issue in which thearticle that you are referencing appears. If thedifferent issues all have their own separate sequencesof page numbers, you do.

Volumes with a consecutive sequence of pagenumbersThe key elements are: author(s), date, title of article,title of periodical, volume no., page nos.

Example:Andrews, A. S., Cooper, D. P., Frost, S. S.,

Henderson, P., & Wilkinson, J . N. M. (1993). Areview of recent research on the physiology of thebat.Animal Research Quarterly, 33, 92-115.

Volumes with separate sequences of page numbersfor each issueThe key elements are: author(s), date, title of article,title of periodical, volume no., issue no., page nos.


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Musical recordings

The key elements are: writer(s), date of copyright,title of piece of music, artist, title of album, medium,location, label, date of recording (if different fromdate of copyright).

Example:Beethoven, L. van (1990). The moonlight sonata

[Recorded by S. Richter]. OnRichter plays

Beethoven [CD]. London: Heritage Recordings.(1955).

Again, there are numerous other types of audio-visual media. For guidance on material not coveredabove, consult the Publication manual of theAmerican Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001);it is available at the Learning Resources Enquiries

Counters at both the Chester and Warringtoncampuses and at the School of Nursing, Midwiferyand Social Cares Education Centre Libraries.

Electronic media

Electronic documents are frequently quite similar to

printed documents and can be cited in similar ways.However, references to electronic documentsshould usually include a statement confirming theretrieval date and the source.

Periodicaldocuments

Internet articles based on a print source

If an article retrieved from an online publication isexactly the same as the print version, it can be

Example:Nicholson, R., & Wilson, J . (1998). An introduction to

sign language for primary school teachers. Journal ofPrimary Education, 9 (3), 12-15.

There are many other types of traditional printedpublications. For guidance on material not coveredabove, consult the Publication manual of theAmerican Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001);it is available at the Learning Resources EnquiriesCounters at both the Chester and Warringtoncampuses and at the School of Nursing, Midwiferyand Social Cares Education Centre Libraries.

Audio-visual media

Motion pictures

The key elements are: originator(s), date, title,medium, location, distributor.

Example:Chesney, C. (Producer), & Gibson, M. (Director).

(1993). The rules of the game [Motion picture].Glasgow: Caledonian Film Distributors, Inc.

Television broadcasts

The key elements are: originator(s), precise date,title, medium, location, broadcasting company.

Example:Nicholas, T. (Executive Producer). (1999, J uly 23).

Death of a genius [Television broadcast].Manchester: Granada Television.


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referenced in exactly the same way, with the additionof a medium statement, which indicates that it has

been read in its electronic form.

The key elements are: author(s), date, title of article,medium, title of periodical, volume no., page nos.


Henderson, P., & Wilkinson, J . N .M. (1993). A

review of recent research on the physiology of thebat [Electronic version].Animal ResearchQuarterly, 33, 92-115.

If, however, the electronic version is not exactly thesame as the print version, the medium statementshould be omitted and a retrieval date statement and

URL included.

The key elements are: author(s), date, title of article,title of periodical, volume no., page nos., retrievaldate statement, URL.


Henderson, P., & Wilkinson, J . N. M. (1993). Areview of recent research on the physiology of thebat.Animal Research Quarterly, 33, 92-115.Retrieved August 8, 1998, fromhttp://arq.org/articles.html

Internet-only articlesSome journals are now only published on theInternet and have to be cited in a slightly different


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way.

The key elements are: author(s), precise date, titleof article, title of periodical, volume no., article no.,retrieval date statement, URL.

Example:Pritchard, D.T., & Richardson, S. (2001, April 7).

Group behaviour patterns amongst the wildhorses of the Camargue. Equine BehaviourJournal, 4, Article 0002b. Retrieved J anuary 14,2002, fromhttp://journals.aes.org/equine/volume4/equ0040002b.html

Non-periodical documents

eBooks

If you have used a book in an electronic version thatis an exact duplicate of the print version, you willneed to add the words Electronic version in squarebrackets after the title. eBooks from the Collegesmain eBooks supplier (netLibrary) display theirbibliographical details either on the page before theeBook is opened or, when it is open, under the

eBook details tab e.g.

Drugs In SportAuthor: Mottram, D. R.Publication: New York Taylor & Francis,

2003.Product ID: 84231eBook ISBN: 0585456941

ISBN: 020347189X
http://arq.org/articles.htmlhttp://journals.aes.org/equine/volume4/equ0040002b.htmlhttp://journals.aes.org/equine/volume4/equ0040002b.htmlhttp://journals.aes.org/equine/volume4/equ0040002b.htmlhttp://journals.aes.org/equine/volume4/equ0040002b.htmlhttp://arq.org/articles.html


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Example:A digest of railway timetable information for

Central and Eastern Europe. (n.d.). RetrievedFebruary 5, 2002, fromhttp://www.rui.timetables.digests/CEE/Surveys/survey-2002-1/

Chapters or sections in non-periodical documentsThe key elements are: author(s), precise date, titleof chapter or section, title of document, chapter or

section identifier, retrieval date statement, URLthat links directly to the chapter or section.

Example:Theatre Preservation Trust. (2000, J une 12).

Surviving Victorian theatres in the North-West ofEngland. In Theatres of the Victorian era: Agazetteer of survivors and non-survivors (chap.3). Retrieved fromhttp://www.tpt.org/Gazetters/Victorian/three.html

The examples given above are adapted from thosegiven in the Publication manual of the AmericanPsychological Association (5th ed., 2001); it isavailable at the Learning Resources Enquiries

Counters at both the Chester and Warringtoncampuses and at the School of Nursing, Midwiferyand Social Cares Education Centre Libraries.However, advice on the referencing of electronicdocuments is subject to frequent change, as thetechnology develops. Therefore, it is worth alsoconsulting the American PsychologicalAssociations website at

http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html for regularly

Subject: Doping in sports.Doping in Sports.

Sports Medicine.Substance-Related Disorders.

Language: English

You need to include the following information in yourreference.

Example:

Mottram, D. R. (2003). Drugs in sport [Electronicversion]. New York: Taylor & Francis.

If, however, the electronic version is not a duplicateof a print version, follow the advice on stand-alonedocuments below.

Stand-alone documentsThe key elements are: author(s), precise date, title,retrieval date statement, URL.

Example:Hopkins, J . (2000, March 15).Castles of the Welsh

Marches. Retrieved J uly 5, 2000, fromhttp://www.salophist.org/guides/hopkins.html

Stand-alone documents, no author identified, nodateThe key elements are: title, note that date isunavailable, retrieval date statement, URL.
http://www.rui.timetables.digests/CEE/Surveys/survey-2002-1/http://www.rui.timetables.digests/CEE/Surveys/survey-2002-1/http://www.tpt.org/Gazetters/Victorian/three.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.salophist.org/guides/hopkins.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.tpt.org/Gazetters/Victorian/three.htmlhttp://www.rui.timetables.digests/CEE/Surveys/survey-2002-1/http://www.rui.timetables.digests/CEE/Surveys/survey-2002-1/http://www.salophist.org/guides/hopkins.html


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Example six or more authors

The research by Thomas et al. (1997) indicates that

.

Examples works by corporate authors

The first time that you cite the work - A report by theBritish Broadcasting Corporation [BBC] (1998) .If you cite the work again - In the view of the BBC(1998) .

Example works with no author

In the early Treatise on frogs (1779) .

Secondary citations

There may be occasions when you wish to refer to

work that you have read about in another source.In such a situation, you should include only thesecondary source (the one you have read) in thereference list. In the text, however, you shouldname the original work and give a citation for thesecondary source.

Example:

It appears from research undertaken by J ames andWoodrow (as cited by Broadbent, 1998) .

According to the A.P.A. rules, there is no necessityto give the date of the primary source (the one youhave not read). However, this information isfrequently useful and there is no reason not toinclude it if it is available. If in doubt on this matter,consult your tutors about their preferences.

updated advice on this matter.

Citing references in the text

It is very important that the brief references to worksthat you make in your text link accurately andunambiguously to the fuller references contained inthe List of References at the end of your work. Inmost cases, the surname of the author(s) and theyear of publication will be sufficient. However, thesedetails will need to be amplified if there is apossibility that two or more of the works that youhave cited might be confused, e.g. if two authorshave the same surname. In this case, supply theinitials of their forenames as well.

Examples single author

J ones (1993) reported that .

In 1993, T. S. J ones reported that However, asubsequent study (W. H. J ones, 1996) found that .

Example two authors

Research by Brown and Smith (1995) .

Examples three, four or f ive authors

The first time that you cite the work - Brown, Smith,Allen and Forbes (1998) found that .

If you cite the work again - The research by Brown etal. (1998) also discovered that .


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should always give specific page references forquotations, unless you are quoting from certain

classical, poetic or dramatic works or the Bible.

Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) should beincorporated into your text and enclosed in doublequotation marks.

Example:Moseleys two visits in April and November 1844

supply the fullest account of the early College(Bradbury, 1975, p. 101).

Longer quotations (40 words or more) should bepresented in a freestanding block, without quotationmarks. The block should be indented by 5 spacesfrom the left margin and the entire quotation should

be double-spaced.

Example:

Matters came to a head early in 1890. [Principal]

Allen put views he had apparently stated openly

into a letter in which he expressed himself out of

harmony with the governing body and dissatisfied

with the existing educational system. In his report

for 1899, he had added to his current and


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repeated protests the complaint that the curriculum

was all examinations. (Bradbury, 1975, p. 172)

Quotations f rom classical works and the Bible

Classical, poetic and dramatic works, as well as theBible, are usually divided into parts (e.g. books,

chapters, verses, cantos, acts, scenes, lines) that arenumbered systematically across all editions. It ismore helpful to use these numbers, rather than pagenumbers, to specify the source of a quotation and theA.P.A. rules say that you should do so. This isparticularly important if you are referring to a part ofthe Bible, when you should also specify the versionyou are using.

Example:As St. Paul says, Love is patient; love is kind andenvies no one (1 Cor. 13.4 (New English Bible)).

The A.P.A. rules do not specify any changes to theirgeneral guidance for quotations from poetry or poetic

drama. However, common sense indicates that allsuch quotations that are more than one line in lengthshould be presented in free-standing blocks,whatever the precise word length.


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Edinburgh: Midlothian Press.Ellison, A. (1972).Agriculture for everyman. London:

Faber & Faber.

As with the previous sections, more detailedinformation on these conventions can be found in thePublication manual of theAmerican PsychologicalAssociation (5th ed., 2001); it is available at theLearning Resources Enquiries Counters at both theChester and Warrington campuses and at the School

of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Cares EducationCentre Libraries.

Example:Such a relationship is clearly depicted in

Shakespeares King Lear(1608/1952):

Lear. Darkness and devils!Saddle my horses; call my train together.Degenerate bastard! Ill not trouble thee:Yet have I left a daughter.

Gon. You strike my people, and your disorderdrabble

Make servants of their betters. (I. 4. 260-5).

Arranging the List of References

The list of references should be listed alphabetically,by the surname and initials of the first-named author,then by the date of the work. The following list gives

examples of how to deal with the main additions tothis general rule.

Ellis, T. H. (1974). Recollections of a sheep farmer.London: Macmillan.

Ellis, T. H. (1979a). Further recollections of a sheepfarmer. London: Macmillan.

Ellis, T. H. (1979b). Sheep may safely graze. Harlow:

Longman.Ellis, T. H., Harris, T. C., & Brown, A. (1967).The

encyclopaedia of sheep. London: Routledge.Ellis, T. H., & Smith, M. T. (1966). Sheep of the

South Downs. Brighton: Falmer Press.Ellis, T. H., Smith, M. T., & Wilson, D. (1965). The

nature of wool. London: Chapman & Hall.

Ellis, W. A. (1973). Farming on the Scottish Borders.

apa - american psychological association citation style

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