l5 apa citation
TRANSCRIPT
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American Psychological
Association (APA)
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Two important features:
1. In-text citations within the body
2. References separate sheets at the end of thepaper
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Requires page numbers for direct quotations
p. - single page
pp. - more than one page
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IN-TEXT CITATIONS
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1. Paraphrased or Summarized Source
People from the Mediterranean prefer an elbow-toshoulder distance from each other (Morris, 2005).
Morris (2003) notes that people from theMediterranean prefer an elbow-to-shoulder distancefrom each other.
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2. Source of a Short Quotation
A recent report of reductions in SAD-relateddepression in 87 percent of patients (Binkley,
2001, p. 203) reverses the findings of earlier studies.
Binkley (2001) reports reductions in SAD-relateddepression in 87 percent of patients (p. 203).
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3. Source of a Long Quotation (40 or more words)
Two or more utterances might have the sameunderlying sentences, but they can have quitedifferent interpretations in context:
Interpreting what a speakers utterance meansinvolves a fair amount of intelligent guessworkfor the hearer and considerably more knowledgethat comes from simply knowing the meanings
of individual words and how they combine toform sentences. (Bonner, 2001, p. 72)
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4. One Author
Pragmatics is concerned with the full complexity oflinguistic behavior. From that perspective, there isno way of addressing, for instance, issues ofcognition without taking society and culture intoaccount, nor are there ways of addressing issues ofculture abstracted from their cognitiveunderpinnings and implications (Coles, 1999).
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5. Two Authors
It has been shown repeatedly in the literature thatsecond language learners fail to achieve nativecommunicative competence even at a ratheradvanced stage of learning (Krait & Cooper, 2001).
Krait and Cooper (2001) cite that second languagelearners fail to achieve native communicative
competence even at a rather advanced stage oflearning.
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6. Three, Four, or Five Authors
FIRST REFERENCE:
Pragmatics is the study of communicative action inits sociocultural context (Elliot, Kerber, & Co, 2001).
SUBSEQUENT REFERENCE:
Elliot et al. (2001) define pragmatics as the study ofcommunicative action in its sociocultural context.
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7. Six or More Authors
The study of pragmatics explores the ability oflanguage users to match utterances with contexts in
which they are appropriate (Smith et al., 2005).
*** in all in-text reference including the first***
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8. Author(s) with two or more works in the same year
Cline (2001b) cites that second language learnersoften struggle to communicate appropriately, even
when they have a high level of general languageproficiency. Language learning methodologists andresearchers in this field of study would be (Cline,2001a, 2001c).
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9. Two or More Authors with the same name
R.A. Smith (1997) and C. Smith (2003) both confirmthese results. These results have been confirmed
independently (C. Smith, 2003; R.A. Smith, 1997).
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10. Work with a Group or Corporate Author
Exposing learners to pragmatics in their secondlanguage likewise helps them to expand theirperception of the target language and those whospeak it (American Association of Linguists [AAL],2006).
*** In subsequent citations, use AAL alone.***
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11. Work Listed by Title
The theories of speech acts and conversationalimplicatures provide insights into person-to-personinteractions (Theories of Speech Acts, 2004).
***If no author is named, write first few words of thetitle of the work.***
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12. Reference to an Online Source
(Andersom, 2003, para. 14)
(Riggs, 2002, Introduction, para. 3)
***If online source doesnt have page nos., use theparagraph number.
** If you cant decipher page or paragraph no., cite aheading and a paragraph number after it, if possible.
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REFERENCE LIST
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References
Title: References
Centered
Without quotation marks Not italicized
Not underlined
Use hanging indent style This makes source names and dates more
prominent.
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Example: BOOKS
Wood, P. (2007). Diversity: The invention of a
concept. San Francisco: Encounter Books.
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Example: JOURNAL ARTICLES
Shuter, R. (1999). A field study of non-verbal
communication in Germany, Italy, and the
United States. Communication Monographs,44, 202-210.
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Example: Electronic and Online Sources
Marcus, H. F., & Kitayamo, S. (1991). Culture and the
self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and
motivation.Psychological Abstracts, 78.
Retrieved October 2, 2005, from the PsycINFOdatabase (Item 1991-23978-001).
**If theres an item or accession number, place it inparentheses.
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Navera, D. Remembrance of things future: Themystery of time. The New York Times.Retrieved December 11, 2005, from
http://www.nytimes.com
***Dont put a period after a URL.
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REFERENCE GUIDELINES
FOR PRINT SOURCES
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1. Book by One Author
Newton, I. (2003). Pink houses and family taverns.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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2. Book by Two Authors
Edin, K., & Litton, M. (2005). Promises I can keep:Why poor women put motherhood before
marriage. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress.
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3. Books by Three or More Authors
** 3-6 authors: include all authors names
** more than 6 authors: use only first SIX namesfollowed by et al.
Smith, H.J., King, I.O., & Wilter, P.T. (2005). Use of
pragmatics in conversations. East Lansing:
Michigan State University Press.
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4. Two or More Books by the Same Author
Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory
in practice. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multipleintelligences for the 21st century. New York:Basic Books.
***arrange references by the same authorchronologically, with the earlier date of publicationlisted first
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5. Book by a Group of Corporate Author
**cite full name of the corporate author first. If authoris also the publisher, use the wordAuthor as thename of the publisher.
American Psychological Association. (2003).Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
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Boston Womens Health Collective. (1998). Our
bodies, ourselves for the new century. New York:Simon & Schuster.
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6. Book with No Author Named
The Chicago manual of style (15th ed.). (2003).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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7. Book with an Author and an Editor
Brown, M.I. (2002). Pragmatic competence and
linguistic values (R.J. Dunn, Ed.). New York:Norton.
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8. Work in Several Volumes or Parts
Christley, R. (Ed.). (2002). Artificial intelligence:
Critical concepts (Vols. 1-4). London:Routledge.
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9. Second or Subsequent Edition
Gibaldi, J.L. (2003). MLA handbook for writers of
research papers (6th ed.). New York: ModernLanguage Association.
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10. Anthology or Edited Book
Purdy, A.O., & Ruppert, S. (Eds.). (2003). Nothing
but the truth: An anthology of Native Americanliterature. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
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11. Unpublished Dissertation or Essay
Byers, F. (1998). The insurgence of television as a
performance text. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, University of Toronto, Ontario,
Canada.
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12. Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination
Adler, L., & Johnson, W.I. (2005). The psychology of
women.Journal of the AmericanPsychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364.
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13. Article in a Journal that Pages Each Issue Separately
Higgins, E.A., & Fish, Y. (2006). Rethinking research
writing: Public literacy in the composition
classroom. WPA: Writing Program
Administration, 26(3), 119-131.
*** Give the volume number, italicized with thejournal title. Give the issue number in parentheses;dont italicize it and leave no space before it.
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ONLINE SOURCES
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1. Books retrieved on databases on the Web
Adams, G. (1981). The education of Henry Ford. NewYork: Hougton Mifflin. Retrieved December 4,
2004, from the Project Bartleby database:
http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/159
Chopin, K. (1998). The awakening. Retrieved
December 12, 2005, from the PBS database:http://www.pbs.org/katechopin/library/awake
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2. Article in a Periodical on the Web
Parrott, A.C. (2001). Does cigarette smoking causestress?American Psychologist,54, 817-820.
Retrieved December 7,2005, fromhttp://www.apa.org/journals/amp/amp5410817
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