american psychological association (apa) citation guide

Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: September, 2014

American Psychological Association

(APA) Citation Guide

Introduction & Notes

Précis: This handout contains information on how to cite resources in the APA style. All

information in this handout is taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association, 6th

ed. (found in our Reference Collection at call number: R 808.02 P976 2010).

This guide has a lot in it, but it doesn’t have everything – if you’re having difficulty citing a

resource, please contact either Mike Westbrook ([email protected]) or Luke Beatty

([email protected]).

Meta-Notes: These are particularities or situations that you will encounter across a variety of

resources, which are covered here:

Meta Note 1: There are two elements you have to consider when citing in the APA style: your

References list and your in-text citation.

The References list comes at the end of your paper, is titled “References”, and is

organized in alphabetical order by author last name. It contains full references of all the

work you have cited. You can see sample references in the References section of the

guide (and also accompanying each entry).

The in-text citation is an abbreviated reference that accompanies your text. You can see

sample in-text citations for each entry in this guide.

Meta Note 2: There’s only one way to cite a reference in your References list, but there are two

ways you can cite in-text. These methods are the name-in-sentence method and the parenthesis

method. Your choice will mostly boil down to a stylistic preference, but the examples in this

guide use the parenthesis format. Here are examples of each:

Parenthesis method: After the event, the crowd dispersed (Johnson, 2012).

Name-in-sentence method: After the event, Johnson (2012) noted the crowd dispersed.

Meta Note 3: APA isn’t as concerned with including page numbers in your in-text references as

some other formats, but if you’re directly quoting, or citing a specific piece of information, you

should include a page number.

Meta Note 4: Citing authors is a tricky business in APA, but thankfully it works the same way

for every type of resource. We’ve covered the rules for citing multiple authors under the Books

section of this guide. Simply apply the author citation rules to any type of material you need.

Meta Note 5: If you can’t find a date on a particular work (or it doesn’t have one), put “n.d.”

(meaning “no date”) in the position you would normally place your date.

Meta Note 6: For your in-text citation, use “p,” if you are citing only one page, and “pp.” if you

are citing more than one page.

** Students often complain to us Librarians that citation is

arbitrary, nonsensical, difficult, and overly particular. On all these

counts, they are correct. Alas, citation is also a necessary

component of research, and it isn’t going anywhere. The solution,

then, is to use this guide and ask for help when you need it! **

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Table of Contents

Introduction & Notes ................................................................................................. 1

Examples .................................................................................................................... 4

Blog ......................................................................................................................... 4

Book (with 1 author or 1 editor) ............................................................................. 4

Book (with 2 authors or 2 editors) .......................................................................... 4

Book (with 3-7 authors or 3-7 editors) ................................................................... 4

Book (with 8 or more authors or 8 or more editors) ............................................... 5

Book (translated) ..................................................................................................... 5

Book (reprint).......................................................................................................... 5

Book Chapter (in an edited book) ........................................................................... 5

Book Review ........................................................................................................... 5

Brochure / Flyer ...................................................................................................... 6

Classical Work (i.e. religious text) ......................................................................... 6

Conversation / Email/ Phone Call / Personal Interview ......................................... 6

Dataset / Statistic .................................................................................................... 6

Dataset / Statistic (online) ....................................................................................... 7

Dictionary Entry...................................................................................................... 7

Dictionary Entry (online) ........................................................................................ 7

E-Book .................................................................................................................... 7

Encyclopedia Entry / Handbook Entry ................................................................... 8

Essay (in a collection or anthology) ....................................................................... 8

Essay (in a reprinted volume or course pack) ......................................................... 8

Film / Motion Picture .............................................................................................. 8

Government Publication ......................................................................................... 8

Image / Photo / Artwork (online) ............................................................................ 9

Image / Photo / Artwork (online, without author) .................................................. 9

Image / Photo / Artwork (online, without author, date, or title) ............................. 9

Journal Article (print or digital copy of print) ........................................................ 9

Journal Article (with doi:) ....................................................................................... 9

Journal Article (with URL but no doi:) ................................................................10

Magazine Article ...................................................................................................10

Magazine Article (online) .....................................................................................10

Map (from an atlas or book) .................................................................................10

Map (online) ..........................................................................................................11

Music Recording ...................................................................................................11


Newspaper Article [Clean Up] .............................................................................11

Newspaper Article (online) ...................................................................................11

Podcast ..................................................................................................................11

Poem (original) .....................................................................................................12

Poem (reprinted) ...................................................................................................12

Presentation (online or digital) .............................................................................12

Screenplay / Play Script [fix up] ...........................................................................12

Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) ................................................................13

Television Program (episode) ...............................................................................13

Television Program (series) ..................................................................................13

Video (online) .......................................................................................................13

Videogame ............................................................................................................13

Website (with personal author) .............................................................................14

Website (with an institution, organization, or company as author) ......................14

Website (without an identifiable author) / Wiki / Discussion Board ...................14

References ................................................................................................................15


Examples

Blog

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Blog post title [Web log post].

Retrieved from URL

Example: Wayne, A.P. (2014, February 23). Safety tips, don’t break a leg [Web log post].

Retrieved from https://www.safetyblog.com/break-a-leg.php

In-Text: The market for theatre safety materials was burgeoning, and had even extended into

the blogosphere (Wayne, 2014).

Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the source is likely to change over time.

Note 2: The “Blog post title” is NOT italicized.

Book (with 1 author or 1 editor)

Format: Author, A.A. / Editor, A.A. (Ed.). (Publication year). Book title. Location:

Publisher.

Example

1:

Reda, G.R. (2008). Bike polo: Hipster folly or true sport? Portland, OR: Armisenis

Press.

Example

2:

Blatche, M.N. (Ed.). (2014). The ignominious death of bike polo. Washington,

OR: Rowlff Publishing Co, Ltd.

In-Text: In a few short years, bike polo had become a popular activity with the flannel-and-

skinny-jeans set (Reda, 2008, p. 89). Predictably, however, the fad was short-lived,

and the hipster zeitgeist soon moved on (Blatche, 2014).

Note 1: The “(Ed.)” refers to an editor, and is only included when you are citing for an editor.

Book (with 2 authors or 2 editors)

Format: Author, A.A., & Author, B.B./ Editor, A.A., & Editor, B.B. (Eds.) (Publication

year). Book title. Location: Publisher.

Example

1:

Stewart, A.I., & Juber, L.L. (2008). Roads to Moscow. Edinburgh, Scotland: Davis

Publications .

Example

1:

Roth, U.J., & Meine, K.C. (Eds.). (1966). Hitler after Roehm. Heidelberg,

Germany: In Trance Press.

In-Text: With Ernst Roehm’s murder, Himmler had eliminated a dangerous and resourceful

rival (Stewart & Juber, 2008, p. 20-30). In addition, he had also cleared the Storm

Battalion’s influence from the Nazi power structure, thus freeing Hitler to insinuate

himself further into the German state apparatus (Roth & Meine, 1966, p. 100-125).

Note 1: The “(Eds).” refers to editors, and is only included when you are citing for editors.

Book (with 3-7 authors or 3-7 editors)

Format: Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. / Editor, A.A., Editor, B.B., & Editor,

C.C. (Eds.). (Publication year). Book title. Location: Publisher.

Example

1:

Hayman, R.R., Loyer, J.J., & Cleaver, R.V. (2012). What does ‘information

literacy’ mean for information professionals? Springfield, IL: CLA Group

Publications.

Example

2:

Monteith, J.M., Herscovitch, P.L., & Millard, M.M. (Eds.). (2000). Mid-career

librarians and tenure preparations. Calgary, Canada: Scholars North Press.

In-Text: The tenure question has always been a bugaboo of academic librarianship, especially

when considering the non-credit instruction that librarians frequently take on

(Monteith, Herscovitch, & Millard). Contributions to teaching ‘information literacy’

– as variously and widely defined as that term is – also play an important role in

tenure considerations for librarians (Hayman, Loyer, & Cleaver).

Note 1: The “(Eds).” refers to editors, and is only included when you are citing for editors.

Note 2: For 3-5 authors/editors, the first in-text citation will contain all authors of the work -- in this case, [ex. (Hayman, Loyer, & Cleaver, 2012)] -- while subsequent in-text citations will contain only the first author, followed by “et al.” (which means “and all others”) [ex. (Hayman et al., 2012)].

Note 3: For 6-7 authors/editors, all in-text citations will contain the “et al.” citation. In this example, the

proper in-text citation is: (Hayman et al., 2012).


Book (with 8 or more authors or 8 or more editors)

Format: First 6 Author, A.A., … Final Author, B.B. / First 6 Editor, A.A., … Final Author

B.B. (Eds.). (Publication year). Book title. Location: Publisher.

Example

1:

Stancowicz, B.L., Jansson, S.A., Tomahiro, K.B., Youngwon, M.H., Hoon, S.C.,

Heidel, I.U., … Cheong, T.M. (2003). Silly stories from the help desk. Denver,

CO: Avalanche Publishers, Inc.

Example

2:

Smith, S.S., Johnson, J.J., Williams, W.W., Brown, B.B., Jones, G.G., Miller, M.M.,

… Davis, D.D. (Eds.). (2006). Stupid stories from the set. Hollywood, CA: Fat

Man in a Bathtub Press.

In-Text: The work is brimming with tales of impossible stupidity, ranging from a user who

confuses his toaster with a fax machine, to a man who plugs his amplifier into a

disused toilet bowl (Stancowicz et al., 2003). Likewise, Stupid Stories from the Set

paints a dispiriting picture of everyday idiocy, with a particularly notable incident

being a PA who confuses his boss’ coffee with paint thinner (Smith et al., 2006).

Note 1: The “(Eds.)” refers to editors, and is only included when you are citing for editors.

Note 2: All in-text citations will contain only the first author, followed by “et al.” (which means “and all others”). In this example, the proper in-text citation is: (Stancowicz et al., 2003).

Book (translated)

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Book title. (A.A. Author, Trans.). Location:

Publisher. (Original work published Publication year).

Example: Glendenning, H.M. (2004). Collecting liquor by the river: Memoirs of a life well

lived. (G.G. Genzingher, Trans.). Queenston, Canada: High Falls Press. (Original

work published 1913).

In-Text: The liquor, of course, was just a pretense -- it was really just an excuse to flirt with

the fisherman, laborers, and dock workers that littered the area (Glendenning,

2004/1913, pp. 36-41).

Note 1: For your in-text citation, include both the original and translated publication dates.

Book (reprint)

Format: Author, A.A. (Current publication year). Book title. Location: Publisher. (Original

work published Original publication year).

Example: Parker, J.J. (2012). A most fabulous folio of New York’s finest. New York: Ball

Point Publishing. (Original work published 1921).

In-Text: Much in the style of the day, an outsized cross-hatching technique was used to

portray the larger-than-life figures of the era (Parker, 2012/1921, pp. 50-100).

Note 1: For your in-text citation, include both the original and reprinted publication dates.

Book Chapter (in an edited book)

Format: Chapter Author, A.A. (Publication Year). Chapter title. In A.A. Editor (Ed.), Book

title (chapter page numbers). Location: Publisher.

Example: Hardle, S.B. (1972). Amy Johnson. In Arbuckle, F.F. (Ed.), Aviators you’ve never

heard of (pp. 417-463). London: Aileron Group.

In-Text: Forever in the shadow of Amelia Earhart, and without her knack for self-promotion,

Amy Johnson was destined to be “the other” aviatrix of the pre-Depression era

(Hardle, 1972, pp. 420-428).

Note 1: You would only cite a book chapter in an edited book (i.e. a book where every chapter is written by a different author, but assembled by an editor); if the book only has one author, you would just cite the entire book, even if you’re only using one chapter.

Book Review

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Title of review. [Review of the book Book title,

by A.A. Author]. Journal/Magazine name, volume #(issue #), page numbers.

Example: Pumanti, E.M. (2004). Leo Kottke’s disappointing autobiography! [Review of the

book Autobiography, by L.L. Kottke]. Journal of American Musios, 4(3), 17-19.

In-Text: The reviews were dismal, however, and Kottke quickly went back to his guitar

(Pumanti, 2004, pp. 17-19).


Brochure / Flyer

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Brochure title [Brochure/Flyer]. Location:

Publisher.

Example: Occidental Aesthetics. (2001). Lose 40 pounds in 48 hours [Brochure]. Chicago:

Occidental Aesthetics.

In-Text: Cosmetic surgery was even making inroads in socioeconomically depressed areas of

the city, best epitomized by the ubiquitous Lose 40 Pounds in 48 Hours brochure,

found throughout Chicago’s south side in the summer of 2001 (Occidental

Aesthetics, 2001).

Classical Work (i.e. religious text)

Format

(In-Text):

(Work name specific book [if applicable] chapter [if applicable]: verse [if

applicable] version [if applicable].

Example: Classical works are NOT cited in the reference list because they are considered to be

“commonly known”, and thus, a reference would be redundant. Only cite In-Text.

In-Text: The Abrahamic religions, of course, offered guidance on the matter (Qur’an 7:1-2;

The Bible Ezekial 2:8-9 King James Version). Even the non-Abrahamic traditions

take a position on the issue (Baalapandita Sutta).

Note 1: If the work does not have a) specific books, b) chapters, or c) verses, simply omit those sections from your in-text citation.

Note 2: Deciding what is, and isn’t, a classical work can be tricky. Most religious works are considered classical, but where would, for instance, Scientology fit? Some consider Shakespeare’s work classical, others not. If in doubt, simply cite the work as you would a regular book.

Conversation / Email/ Phone Call / Personal Interview

Format

(In-Text):

(A.A. Sender, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

Reference

Example:

Conversations, email, phone calls, and personal interviews are NOT included in the

reference list because they don’t provide recoverable data. Only cite these In-Text.

In-Text

Example:

Johnson, a violent and contemptible racist, spewed forth an unceasing stream of

race-baiting invective during our conversation (D.D. Crow, personal

communication, January 7, 2014).

Dataset / Statistic

Format: Author, A.A. / Rights Holder. (Publication year, month [if present]). Title of data

set/statistic [Description of material type]. Location: Name of Producer.

Example: Stuckey, D.J. (1780). The London social register 1779 [Social register]. London:

The London Historical Society.

Example

2:

South African Department of Mineral Resources. (1978, May). South African

mines 1978 [Data file and codebook]. Johannesburg, South Africa: Government

Printing Works.

Example

3:

South African Department of Labour. (1979). Labour segmentation in South

African mining operations by job type [Chart]. Johannesburg, South Africa:

Government Printing Works.

In-Text: The range of datasets available to the modern consumer is enormous. Consider

social registers, now available in England as far back 1779 (Stuckey, 1780). Or,

should one’s tastes run more to the modern, one can find state-funded datasets in

most national libraries, such as, for instance, South African Mines 1978, as is

currently available in the National Library of South Africa (South African

Department of Mineral Resources, 1978). Visual representations of this data –

graphs, charts, tables, etc. – are also frequently used to illustrate various facets

within a dataset (South African Department of Labour, 2011; ).

Note 1: Don’t include a month in your in-text citation, even if it appears in the reference.

Note 2: A dataset is simply a collection of data (data being a body of facts or information about a particular subject); a statistic is a particular piece of data, often represented graphically.


Dataset / Statistic (online)

Format: Author, A.A. / Rights holder. (Publication year, month [if present]). Title of data

set [Description of form]. Retrieved from URL

Example

1:

World Bank. (2014, July). Gross domestic product ranking (GDP) [Dataset].

Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalogue/GDP-ranking-table

Example

2:

International Monetary Fund. (2014). Percentage of household income paid to state

tax - France [Graph]. Retrieved from http://imf/France/households/index.php

In-Text: As at July, 2014, France had the 5th

largest GDP in the world (World Bank, 2014).

France is unusual amongst the G10, however, in the unusually high percentage of

household income which goes toward the payment of state tax (International

Monetary Fund, 2014).


Note 2: A dataset is simply a collection of data (data being a body of facts or information about a particular subject); a statistic is a particular piece of data, often represented graphically.

Dictionary Entry

Format: Word. (Publication year). In Title of dictionary. Location: Publisher.

Example

1:

Antidisestablishmentarianism. (2012). In Oxford English dictionary, 17th

ed.

London: Oxford.

Example

2:

Defriend. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, 25th

ed. London: Oxford.

In-Text: ‘Antidisestablishmentarianism’ is the longest word in the English language (Oxford

English dictionary, 2012). Language evolves, however, and even words that we

once thought silly – ‘defriend’, for instance – can find their way into dictionaries

(Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, n.d.).

Note 1: If you can’t find a date, or the work doesn’t have one, put “n.d.” (meaning, “no date”) for the publication year.

Dictionary Entry (online)

Format: Word. (Publication year). In Title of dictionary. Retrieved from URL

Example: Googol. (2014). In dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/

In-Text: Most people are unaware that the tech company Google took its name from the word

‘googol’, indicating the number (1.0 × 10100

) (dictionary.com, 2014).


E-Book

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Title of book. Retrieved from URL /doi:

Example

1:

Johnson, D.R. (2013). On the virtues of ice cream. Retrieved from

http://www.ebookplace.com/html/icecreambooks/321/index.html

Example

2:

Manley, M.M. (2014). The health risks of ice cream. doi: 10.1039/1234-

4567.66.9.968

In-Text: Research has revealed that vanilla is the most popular flavor of ice cream (Johnson,

2013). Subsequent research, however, has confirmed that chocolate ice cream is

growing in popularity (Manley, 2014, pp. 10-15).

Note 1: If the e-book has a doi: and a URL, only include the doi:.


Encyclopedia Entry / Handbook Entry

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication Year). Article title. In Encyclopedia/handbook title.

(Vol. number, page numbers.). Location: Publisher.

Example

1:

Gallagher, L.N. (2000). Dynamic range compression in post-grunge popular music.

In The Encyclopedia of Music Mastering, 2nd

edition. (Vol. 3, pp. 972-979). Boston,

MA: Berklee Scholar’s Series Press.

Example

2:

Fagen, W.B. (2014). iTunes Radio and volume normalization standards. In

Handbook of Digital Music. (pp. 242-247). New York, NY: Steely Brothers

Publishing.

In-Text: Though certain albums retained a more dynamic mastering, the majority of popular

recordings were now being mastered in a compressed fashion (Gallagher, 2000).

With iTunes Radio’s volume ceiling, however, the incentive to hot master was now

considerably less than was the case with terrestrial radio (Fagen, 2014, pp. 243-245).

Note 1: Edition refers to the version/printing/iteration of the encyclopedia, while volume refers to the number of different books which make up the encyclopedia. For example, World Book could be in its 10th edition, and in that edition, there might be 26 volumes, perhaps one for each letter of the alphabet. Note 2: If the encyclopedia and/or handbook only has one volume, simply leave out the “Vol. number, page numbers” section of your citation.

Essay (in a collection or anthology)

Format: Essay Author, A.A. (Book publication year). Essay title. In A.A. Editor (Ed.),

Book title (pages numbers of essay). Location: Publisher.

Example: DeWitt, H.H. (2002). On the causes of poverty. In M.G. Canard (Ed.), Why can’t

we save? (pp. 80-90). Chagrin Falls, OH: Financial Literacy Publication.

In-Text: Though the causes of poverty are multivariate, the inability to recognize one’s own

financial interests are complicating the problem (DeWitt, 2002, p. 81).

Essay (in a reprinted volume or course pack)

Format: Essay Author, A.A. (Book publication year). Essay title. In A.A. Editor (Ed.),

Book title (page numbers of essay). Location: Publisher. (Reprinted from Journal

Name, journal issue publication year, volume number(issue number), page numbers).

Example: Millions, T.T. (2003). Anti-racism education in pre-modern children’s literature:

Decentering Curious George. In Wiseman, M.G. (Ed.), Kid-lit v.0.5 (pp. 20-30).

Toronto, Canada: Pissant Press. (Reprinted from Divestiture, 1981, 123(10), 32-42).

In-Text: The prevailing attitudes of the day were profoundly hostile to communities of color,

though those prejudices were, to a degree, lessened in popular children’s fantasies of

the late 1890s and into the early 1900s (Millions, 2003/1981, p. 25-28).

Note 1: For your in-text citation, include both the original and reprinted publication dates.

Film / Motion Picture

Format: Producer, A.A. (Producer), & Director, A.A. (Director). (Release/publication

year). Film title [Format]. Country: Movie Studio.

Example

1:

Spolborg, B.E. (Producer), & Abrahams, K.K. (Director). (2014). Guns against

wizardry [Motion picture]. United States: Imagithrill Productions.

Example

2:

Boone, J.R. (Producer), & Hudson, F.G. (Director). (2011). Satan vs. aliens

[DVD]. United States: Palimpsest Studios.

In-Text: With Satan vs. Aliens, Hollywood budgets had been taken to a ludicrous extreme

(Boone and Hudson, 2011). The budget of Guns Against Wizardry was larger still,

though, in fairness, the CGI work was breathtaking (Spolborg and Abrahams, 2014).

Government Publication

Format: Author, A.A. / Government Agency. (Publication year). Title of

book/report/publication. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

1:

Hung, W.S. (2003). A review of the evidence: The MMR vaccination and the

development of autism spectrum disorders. Vancouver, Canada: Health Canada,

Canadian Institute for Health Information.

Example

2:

British Columbia Ministry of Health. (1999). Do vaccinations cause autism?

Victoria, Canada: Queen’s Printer for British Columbia.

In-Text: Health authorities mounted a campaign to assure the public that vaccinations were

indeed safe (British Columbia Ministry of Health, 1999). By 2003, these campaigns

had a wealth of counter-evidence to discredit Wakefield’s claims (Hung, 2003).


Image / Photo / Artwork (online)

Format: Author, A.A. (Role of author). (Creation year). Title of work [Type of work].

Retrieved from URL

Example

1:

Cooke, S.S. (Painter). (2014). Dogs on the couch [Painting]. Retrieved from

https://www.cookespaintings.com

Example

2:

MacDermott, C.C. (Photographer). (2013). Furby gets shaved [Image]. Retrieved

September 17, 2013, from https://www.mcdermottsimages.com/temporary.html

In-Text: With the rise of social media, the memorialization of pets was taken to new heights.

Consider Dogs on the Couch, which depicts a dog acting in the manner of a human

(Cooke, 2014). Similarly, Furby Gets Shaved, playfully captures the in-progress

shaving of Furby, an impossibly fluffy dog (McDermott, 2013).


Image / Photo / Artwork (online, without author)

Format: Title of work [Type of work]. (Creation year). Retrieved from URL

Example: Autumn cat by my door [Drawing]. (2010). Retrieved from

https://www.catpictures.com/

In-Text: The number of cat image repositories was staggering, though few of the repositories

required authorial attribution. For example, the drawing below is effectively

anonymous (Autumn cat by my door, 2010).


Image / Photo / Artwork (online, without author, date, or title)

Format: [Subject and type of work]. (n.d.) Retrieved from URL

Example: [Untitled painting of a man ingesting peyote]. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.stonerart.com/pre-trip/peyote.html

In-Text: Consider, even, the reification of the pre-trip experience, captured anonymously in

the painting below (Untitled painting of a man ingesting peyote, n.d.).



Journal Article (print or digital copy of print)

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume

number(issue number), page number(s).

Example

1:

Jack, J.T. (2007). Is basket weaving an academic discipline? Evidence from the

field. The Progressive Academic, 12(2), 1-10.

Example

2:

Jack, J.T. (2009). Basket weaving revisited: Revisionist historiographies and the

post-secular elephant in the room. Illumine!, 14, 38-40.

In-Text: Basket weaving was held in contempt by many of the faculty, but a grassroots,

student-led campaign spurred its take-up at the college (Jack, 2007, p. 9). In time,

basket weaving became a cornerstone of the curriculum (Jack, 2009).

Note 1: For multiple authors, cite your authors in the same way you would for Books (pg. 4-5).

Note 2: If your journal does not have an issue number, simply omit that part of the citation.

Journal Article (with doi:)


number(issue number), page numbers.

Example:

Suessadon, T.G. (2005). ‘Twist’ denouements in pre-Victorian English literature:

New perspectives . The Journal of Colonial Literature, 45(2), 25-38.

doi:10:1038/1111-2222.333.4.555

In-Text: The device was infrequently used, though select works employed it (Suessadon,

2005, p. 35-36).


Note 2: If the article has a doi: and a URL, only include the doi:.

Note 3: If you found the article in a database, DO NOT include the database name in your citation.


Journal Article (with URL but no doi:)


number(issue number), page numbers. Retrieved from URL

Example

1:

Beatty, L.G. (2012). The International Baccalaureate in Albertan K-12 classrooms:

Measuring ‘world mindedness’. The Canadian Journal of International Education

Studies, 4(3), 26-50. Retrieved from http://www.queensu.edu.ca/research/index.php

Example

2:

Tarc, P.R. (2013). The International Baccalaureate in Ontarian secondary

classrooms. The Canadian Journal of Education Studies, 6(4), 13-27. Retrieved

January 22, 2014, from http://shadywebsite.com/files/contents.html

In-Text: One of the goals of the IB is to convey a sense of world mindedness to its students

(Beatty, 2012, p. 49). In secondary classrooms, however, developing a sense of

world mindedness is not seen by the students as an important objective of the IB

(Tarc, 2013).



Note 2: If you found the article in a database, DO NOT include the database name in your citation.

Magazine Article

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day [if applicable]). Article title. Magazine

title, volume number(issue number), page number(s).

Example

1:

Simmons, B.W. (2009, May 14). The NBA and Sabermetrics: Fledgling steps.

Illustrious Sports, 79(12), 20-40.

Example

2:

Lowe, Z.Z. (2014, July). Sabermetrics rethought. Sportsman’s Stats, 79-85.

In-Text: Sabermetrics had been developed in the 1980s by Bill James, but prior to 2000, had

mostly been used in baseball (Simmons, 2009, p. 20-25). Their use in the NBA

began to skyrocket with when Houston Rocket’s General Manager, Daryl Morey,

began to use them with success (Lowe, 2014, p. 79-82).

Note 1: If the magazine does not include a day, simply omit that section from your citation.

Note 2: If the magazine does not have a volume #/issue #, simply omit that section from your citation.


Magazine Article (online)

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year, month). Article title. Magazine title, volume

number(issue number), page number(s). Retrieved from URL

Example: Richards, S.J. (2007, March). Online dating and deceptive billing practices: Find

true love, sure, but where’s the opt-out? Lover’s Lane, 79(6), 23-26. Retrieved

from http://www.loverslaneonline.com//2007/march/deceptivebillingpractices.html

In-Text: While the match rate of online dating services was increasing, the sites still retained

an aura of disreputability, especially as epitomized by their unforgiving billing

practices (Richards, 2007).


Map (from an atlas or book)

Format: Map Author, A.A. (Publication year). Map title [map]. Scale. In A.A. Author,

Atlas/book title. Place of publication: Publisher. (Page number(s)).

Example: Morantz, A.B. (2003). Cherokee relocations in the New York region, 1867-1912

[map]. 1:4,400,000. In B.C. Barker, Atlas of Native American migrations, 1867-

1967. Niagara Falls, NY: Brown Rice Press. (p. 61).

In-Text: The Cherokee relocation was comparatively swift, and the permeable Canadian

border would soon find them relocating into Canadian territory. (Morantz, 2003, p.

61).


Map (online)

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Map title [map]. Scale. Retrieved from URL

Example: Hogan, S.D. (2011). The Holy Roman Empire, 1750 [map]. 1:9,900,000.

Retrieved from https://www.changingterritories.com/1700s/holyromanempire.php

In-Text: By 1750, however, the Empire was neither Roman, holy, or really even an empire

(Hogan, 2011).


Music Recording

Format: Writer, A.A. (Copyright year). Title of song [Recorded by A.A. Artist if different

than Writer]. On Title of album [medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Year of

recording if differs from copyright year).

Example

1:

LaRouge, S.M. (2014). Pumps and paradise. On Dragsville revisited [vinyl].

Springfield, IL: Big Punk Records.

Example

2:

LaRouge, S.M. (2011). Duckface [Recorded by S.M. LaRouge, N. Conroy, & B.

Weatherhead]. On Arrows through apples [compact disc]. Jacksonville, IL:

Alation. (2012).

In-Text: Still carrying the moniker ‘Shawn’, Larouge produced a startling array of records,

most notably Arrows Through Apples, which saw him join forces with local garage

rock luminaries Nikes Conroy and Butch Weatherhead (LaRouge, 2011). Three

years later, Larouge had gone solo, though his output remained vital, most notably

on the already-classic ‘Pumps and Paradise’ (LaRouge, 2014).

Newspaper Article

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Article title. Newspaper title, page

number(s).

Example

1:

Blatchford, C. (1972, September 27). A jerkwater town no longer. The Podunk

Times, p. B2.

Example

2:

DeMontario, D.P. (1977, December 12). Fiery auto wreck at the Main St. pumping

station. The Podunk Times, pp. C3-C7.

In-Text: The term ‘jerkwater’ originally described trains which ran off the main line

(Blatchford, 1972, p. B2). Podunk, IL was indeed a jerkwater town, but after its

pumping station was engulfed in flames in 1977, things got even more difficult for

trains passing through town (DeMontario, 1977, pp. C3-C7).

Note 1: Most periodicals don’t use (“pp.” or “p.”) in the References list, but newspapers do because they don’t have volumes. In the References list, use “p.” if there’s only one page in the newspaper and “pp.” if there’s more than one page. Mirror that for your in-text citation. Honestly, this is the sort of lunatic particularism that gives academic citation its justifiably bad name. Happy times!

Newspaper Article (online)

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Article title. Newspaper title, page

number(s). Retrieved from URL

Example: Karotin, S.C. (1995, February 4). Chicken in the fridge: how long is too long? The

Springfield Courant. Retrieved from http://www.thespringfieldcourant.com/

In-Text: Even with proper refrigeration, a rotisserie chicken should not be eaten after 48-

hours (from the time of purchase) (Karotin, 1995).

Note 1: Many online newspapers won’t have page numbers; if this is the case, simply omit the page number(s) section from your reference.


Podcast

Format: Author/Producer, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Podcast title. [Audio

podcast]. Retrieved from URL

Example: Sumner, G. (2013, April 1). The stultifying effects of smooth jazz on the post-punk

movement. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://www.podcastar.com/index.php

In-Text: Post-punk thrived on energy, precise playing, and a fascination with odd time

signatures; by the mid-1990s, however, smooth jazz had taken its toll on the best

artists of the movement (Sumner, 2013).



Poem (original)

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Poem title. In Book title (page number[s]).

Location: Publisher.

Example: Brown, P.R. (2002). Black cream, black coffee. In Incomplete erasures (pp. 32-

33). New York: Omnipoly Publications.

In-Text: Brown’s work was typical of the period, as best exemplified by his seminal piece,

Black Cream, Black Coffee (Brown, 2002, pp. 32-33).

Poem (reprinted)

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Poem title. In Book title (page number[s]).

Location: Publisher. (Reprinted from Original book title, original year published)

Example: Yorrick, K.K. (2002). Red caps in green hats. In The collected poems of Korin

Yorrick: 1980-1985 (pp. 50-51). San Francisco, CA: Poet’s Press. (Reprinted from

The Irish condition, 1982).

In-Text: His work was becoming more confrontational, as wonderfully illustrated in Red

Caps in Green Hats (Yorrick, 2002/1982, pp. 50-51).

Presentation (online or digital)

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Presentation title [Presentation type]. Retrieved

from URL

Example

1:

Blaine, J.J. (2012). How to use Prezi [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from

https://encrypted.google.com/#q=presentation5639

Example

2:

John Robarts Training Institute. (2013). How to use PowerPoint [Prezi

presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.johnrobartstraining.com/presentation.php

In-Text: Online training materials, particularly for Prezi and PowerPoint, had become

ubiquitous by 2014 (Blaine, 2012; John Robarts Training Institute, 2013).


Screenplay / Play Script

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year). Script/screenplay title. Location: Publisher

Example: St. Jean, E.B. (2014). Dammit Janet! The shooting script from the movie that

changed Hollywood. Hollywood, CA: Pissant Publishing.

In-Text: The script was irreverent and insightful. Consider the following passage, which

illustrates Janet’s exasperation with her gormless aunt, Susan (St. Jean, 2014, p. 13):

SUSAN: Now, you see, Janet, one can never be too clean! Never, never,

never! For cleanliness is next to godliness – and you want to be closer to

God, don’t you???

JANET: No, no I don’t. [JANET calmly deposits her freshly laundered

clothes on the floor]. Poo poo to God, and poo poo to you! [JANET reaches

into her pocket, removes a handful of dirt, and throws it across her bed].

Filth is my only god! [JANET walks to her aquarium, reaches inside, and

flings a ream of algae into SUSAN’s face].

SUSAN: Dammit, Janet!

Note 1: If the script or screenplay is online, simply follow the reference format for E-Books (pg. 7) [APA

doesn’t actually give any guidance on screenplays at all, so we’re improvising here…]

Note 2: For dialogue and/or stage direction, apply a block quote.


Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.)

Format: Personal Name / Username / Group Name. (Publication year). Name of post. In

Social media name [Page type]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Example

1:

Jembutt Krittenag. (2013). Shampoo at Walgreens today, $3.99! In Facebook

[Personal page]. Retrieved January 1, 2014, from

https://www.facebook.com/baxcell250?fret=ts

Example

2:

Walgreens. (2014). In Twitter [Corporate page]. Retrieved January 2, 2014, from

https://www.twitter.com/Walgreens

In-Text: Walgreens has a legion of supporters who go out of their way to promote the

company on social media (Kriteng, 2013). The Walgreens corporate page, however,

is an unexciting and staid affair (Walgreens, 2014).

Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the source is likely to change over time; for social media, the source post can often change over time (edited, deleted, made private, etc.), so include a retrieval date.

Note 2: If you want to cite a social media page, and not a particular post on the page, simply omit the “Name of post” section from your citation.

Note 3: For Twitter, the name of the post is the first 40 or so characters of the post.

Television Program (episode)

Format: Writer, A.A. (Writer), & Director, A.A. (Director). (Broadcast year). Episode title

[Television series episode]. In A.A. Producer (Producer), Series name. Location:

Studio

Example: Scheneker, R.R. (Writer), & Robinson, D.N. (Director). (2005). The t-rex and the

toad [Television series episode]. In C.C. Horowitz (Producer), Worlds of fantasy.

Hollywood, CA: Windsurfer Productions, LLC.

In-Text: The Emmy-winning episode, however, was childish, puerile, and delivered none of

the high fantasy the series was known for (Scheneker & Robinson, 2005).

Television Program (series)

Format: Producer, A.A. (Producer). (First year of series broadcast). Series name

[Television series]. Location: Studio

Example: Scandrick, F.R. (Producer). (2011). Tripartite [Television series]. Los Angeles,

CA: Plucked Chicken Productions.

In-Text: On the other hand, shows such as Tripartite took the conceit in a brainier direction,

giving the sci-fi genre its first ‘college intellectual’ hit since Buffy (Scandrick, 2011).

Video (online)

Format: Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Video title [Video file]. Retrieved

from URL

Example

1:

Cunningham, R.R. (2006, April 20). Death warriors from Hell review [Video file].

Retrieved from https://www.videoreviewsontherun.com/index.html

Example

2:

SpeedMonster 75. (2007, May 26). Speed run: Death warriors from hell [Video

file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUbksLlrscA

In-Text: The sequel, Death Warriors from Hell, received all manner of popular attention,

from glowing reviews (Cunningham, 2006) to play through videos (SpeedMonster

75, 2007).

Videogame

Format: Developer. (Publication year). Videogame title [Game format]. Location:

Publisher.

Example

1:

Parallaxium. (1983). Castle adventure [PC game]. Bristol, UK: Fantasia

Publishing Corporation.

Example

2:

Sobriquet Studios. (2014). Castle adventure redux [Playstation 4 game]. Montreal,

Canada: Rataxes Ltd.

In-Text: The trend in videogame remakes is clearly epitomized in the recent remake of Castle

Adventure, creatively titled Castle Adventure Redux (Sobriquet Studios, 2014). The

original title used little more than icons and text to convey its adventure

(Parallaxium, 1983). The remake is a multimillion dollar extravaganza, bordering

on the obscene.


Website (with personal author)

Format: Author, A.A. (Creation / update year, month). Website title. Retrieved from URL

Example

1:

Troy, C. (2011, January). WordPress now the leading microblogging platform.

Retrieved from http://www.blogdigest.com/docs/wordpressnowleading.html

Example

2:

Kroft, V.L (n.d.). WordPress security breach. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from

http://www.flybynightnewsoutlet.com/wordpresssecuritybreach.asp

In-Text: The WordPress blogging platform was, by 2011, the leading microblogging platform

on the Internet (Troy, 2011). That growth, however, made the site a very public

target for hackers and data thieves (Kroft, n.d.).


Note 2: If you can’t find a date, or the work doesn’t have one, put “n.d.” (meaning, “no date”) for the

publication year.

Website (with an institution, organization, or company as author)

Format: Institution / Organization / Company. (Creation / update year, month). Website

title. Retrieved from URL

Example

1:

Coca-Cola Global. (2009, February). The secret ingredient. Retrieved from

http://www.coke.com/thesecretingredient.html

Example

2:

Fit Day. (2014, June). 5 reasons why aspartame is dangerous. Retrieved June 16,

2014, from http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/5dangersofaspartame.php

In-Text: Though many have speculated on the secret ingredient, Coke has remained silent on

the issue (Coca-Cola Global, 2009). In Diet Coke, however, the secret ingredient

has been supplemented with a not-so-secret ingredient – aspartame. Though health

authorities have definitively established that aspartame is safe for human

consumption – save by phenylketonuriacs – the lunatic fringe continues to cast doubt

on the safety of the chemical (FitDay, 2014).



publication year.

Website (without an identifiable author) / Wiki / Discussion Board

Format: Title of specific page/document. (Creation / update year, month). In Website title.

Retrieved from URL

Example

1:

The human condition and other scandals. (2013, February). In Reddit. Retrieved

from http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/2djf9s/the_human_condition/

Example

2:

Phrenology. (2014, November). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 3, 2013, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology1

In-Text: Following the revelation, Internet discussion boards were fixated on the issue,

particularly the Reddit community (The human condition…, 2013). When it came

to light that phrenology was also involved in the practice, the Wikipedia page for

“phrenology” was repeatedly defaced (Phrenology, 2013).


publication year.

Note 2: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the source is likely to change over time; for wikis and discussion boards, it is almost assured that the source will change over time, so do include a retrieval date for these resources.


References Autumn cat by my door [Drawing]. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.catpictures.com/

Antidisestablishmentarianism. (2012). In Oxford English dictionary, 17th

ed. London: Oxford.

Beatty, L.G. (2012). The International Baccalaureate in Albertan K-12 classrooms: Measuring

‘world mindedness’. The Canadian Journal of International Education Studies, 4(3), 26-

50. Retrieved from http://www.queensu.edu.ca/research/index.php

Blaine, J.J. (2012). How to use Prezi [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from

https://encrypted.google.com/#q=presentation5639

Blatche, M.N. (Ed.). (2014). The ignominious death of bike polo. Washington, OR: Rowlff

Publishing Co, Ltd.

Blatchford, C. (1972, September 27). A jerkwater town no longer. The Podunk Times, p. B2.

Boone, J.R. (Producer), & Hudson, F.G. (Director). (2011). Satan vs. aliens [DVD]. United

States: Palimpsest Studios.

British Columbia Ministry of Health. (1999). Do vaccinations cause autism? Victoria, Canada:

Queen’s Printer for British Columbia.

Brown, P.R. (2002). Black cream, black coffee. In Incomplete erasures (pp. 32-33). New

York: Omnipoly Publications.

Coca-Cola Global. (2009, February). The secret ingredient. Retrieved from

http://www.coke.com/thesecretingredient.html

Cooke, S.S. (Painter). (2014). Dogs on the couch [Painting]. Retrieved from

https://www.cookespaintings.com

Cunningham, R.R. (2006, April 20). Death warriors from Hell review [Video file]. Retrieved

from https://www.videoreviewsontherun.com/index.html

Defriend. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, 25th

ed. London: Oxford.

DeMontario, D.P. (1977, December 12). Fiery auto wreck at the Main St. pumping station. The

Podunk Times, pp. C3-C7.

DeWitt, H.H. (2002). On the causes of poverty. In M.G. Canard (Ed.), Why can’t we save? (pp.

80-90). Chagrin Falls, OH: Financial Literacy Publication.

Fagen, W.B. (2014). iTunes Radio and volume normalization standards. In Handbook of

Digital Music. (pp. 242-247). New York, NY: Steely Brothers Publishing.

Fit Day. (2014, June). 5 reasons why aspartame is dangerous. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from

http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/5dangersofaspartame.php

Gallagher, L.N. (2000). Dynamic range compression in post-grunge popular music. In The

Encyclopedia of Music Mastering, 2nd

edition. (Vol. 3, pp. 972-979). Boston, MA:

Berklee Scholar’s Series Press.

Glendenning, H.M. (2004). Collecting liquor by the river: Memoirs of a life well lived. (G.G.

Genzingher, Trans.). Queenston, Canada: High Falls Press. (Original work published

1913).

Googol. (2014). In dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/

Hardle, S.B. (1972). Amy Johnson. In Arbuckle, F.F. (Ed.), Aviators you’ve never heard of

(pp. 417-463). London: Aileron Group.


Hayman, R.R., Loyer, J.J., & Cleaver, R.V. (2012). What does ‘information literacy’ mean for

information professionals? Springfield, IL: CLA Group Publications.

Hogan, S.D. (2011). The Holy Roman Empire, 1750 [map]. 1:9,900,000. Retrieved from

https://www.changingterritories.com/1700s/holyromanempire.php

The human condition and other scandals. (2013, February). In Reddit. Retrieved from

http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/2djf9s/the_human_condition/

Hung, W.S. (2003). A review of the evidence: The MMR vaccination and the development of

autism spectrum disorders. Vancouver, Canada: Health Canada, Canadian Institute for

Health Information.

International Monetary Fund. (2014). Percentage of household income paid to state tax -

France [Graph]. Retrieved from http://imf/France/households/index.php

Jack, J.T. (2007). Is basket weaving an academic discipline? Evidence from the field. The

Progressive Academic, 12(2), 1-10.

Jack, J.T. (2009). Basket weaving revisited: Revisionist historiographies and the post-secular

elephant in the room. Illumine!, 14, 38-40.

Jembutt Krittenag. (2013). Shampoo at Walgreens today, $3.99! In Facebook [Personal page].

Retrieved January 1, 2014, from https://www.facebook.com/baxcell250?fret=ts

John Robarts Training Institute. (2013). How to use PowerPoint [Prezi presentation]. Retrieved

from https://www.johnrobartstraining.com/presentation.php

Johnson, D.R. (2013). On the virtues of ice cream. Retrieved from

http://www.ebookplace.com/html/icecreambooks/321/index.html

Karotin, S.C. (1995, February 4). Chicken in the fridge: how long is too long? The Springfield

Courant. Retrieved from http://www.thespringfieldcourant.com/

Kroft, V.L (n.d.). WordPress security breach. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from

http://www.flybynightnewsoutlet.com/wordpresssecuritybreach.asp

LaRouge, S.M. (2011). Duckface [Recorded by S.M. LaRouge, N. Conroy, & B. Weatherhead].

On Arrows through apples [compact disc]. Jacksonville, IL: Alation. (2012).

LaRouge, S.M. (2014). Pumps and paradise. On Dragsville revisited [vinyl]. Springfield, IL:

Big Punk Records.

Lowe, Z.Z. (2014, July). Sabermetrics rethought. Sportsman’s Stats, 79-85.

MacDermott, C.C. (Photographer). (2013). Furby gets shaved [Image]. Retrieved September

17, 2013, from https://www.mcdermottsimages.com/temporary.html

Manley, M.M. (2014). The health risks of ice cream. doi: 10.1039/1234-4567.66.9.968

Millions, T.T. (2003). Anti-racism education in pre-modern children’s literature: Decentering

Curious George. In Wiseman, M.G. (Ed.), Kid-lit v.0.5 (pp. 20-30). Toronto, Canada:

Pissant Press. (Reprinted from Divestiture, 1981, 123(10), 32-42).

Monteith, J.M., Herscovitch, P.L., & Millard, M.M. (Eds.). (2000). Mid-career librarians and

tenure preparations. Calgary, Canada: Scholars North Press.

Morantz, A.B. (2003). Cherokee relocations in the New York region, 1867-1912 [map].

1:4,400,000. In B.C. Barker, Atlas of Native American migrations, 1867-1967. Niagara

Falls, NY: Brown Rice Press. (p. 61).


Occidental Aesthetics. (2001). Lose 40 pounds in 48 hours [Brochure]. Chicago: Occidental

Aesthetics.

Parallaxium. (1983). Castle adventure [PC game]. Bristol, UK: Fantasia Publishing

Corporation.

Parker, J.J. (2012). A most fabulous folio of New York’s finest. New York: Ball Point

Publishing. (Original work published 1921).

Phrenology. (2014, November). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 3, 2013, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology1

Pumanti, E.M. (2004). Leo Kottke’s disappointing autobiography! [Review of the book

Autobiography, by L.L. Kottke]. Journal of American Musios, 4(3), 17-19.

Reda, G.R. (2008). Bike polo: Hipster folly or true sport? Portland, OR: Armisenis Press.

Richards, S.J. (2007, March). Online dating and deceptive billing practices: Find true love, sure,

but where’s the opt-out? Lover’s Lane, 79(6), 23-26. Retrieved from

http://www.loverslaneonline.com//2007/march/deceptivebillingpractices.html

Roth, U.J., & Meine, K.C. (Eds.). (1966). Hitler after Roehm. Heidelberg, Germany: In Trance

Press.

Scandrick, F.R. (Producer). (2011). Tripartite [Television series]. Los Angeles, CA: Plucked

Chicken Productions.

Scheneker, R.R. (Writer), & Robinson, D.N. (Director). (2005). The t-rex and the toad

[Television series episode]. In C.C. Horowitz (Producer), Worlds of fantasy. Hollywood,

CA: Windsurfer Productions, LLC.

Smith, S.S., Johnson, J.J., Williams, W.W., Brown, B.B., Jones, G.G., Miller, M.M., … Davis,

D.D. (Eds.). (2006). Stupid stories from the set. Hollywood, CA: Fat Man in a Bathtub

Press.

Simmons, B.W. (2009, May 14). The NBA and Sabermetrics: Fledgling steps. Illustrious

Sports, 79(12), 20-40.

Sobriquet Studios. (2014). Castle adventure redux [Playstation 4 game]. Montreal, Canada:

Rataxes Ltd.

South African Department of Labour. (1979). Labour segmentation in South African mining

operations by job type [Chart]. Johannesburg, South Africa: Government Printing

Works.

South African Department of Mineral Resources. (1978, May). South African mines 1978 [Data

file and codebook]. Johannesburg, South Africa: Government Printing Works.

SpeedMonster 75. (2007, May 26). Speed run: Death warriors from hell [Video file].

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUbksLlrscA

Spolborg, B.E. (Producer), & Abrahams, K.K. (Director). (2014). Guns against wizardry

[Motion picture]. United States: Imagithrill Productions.

St. Jean, E.B. (2014). Dammit Janet! The shooting script from the movie that changed

Hollywood. Hollywood, CA: Pissant Publishing.

Stancowicz, B.L., Jansson, S.A., Tomahiro, K.B., Youngwon, M.H., Hoon, S.C., Heidel, I.U., …

Cheong, T.M. (2003). Silly stories from the help desk. Denver, CO: Avalanche

Publishers, Inc.


Stewart, A.I., & Juber, L.L. (2008). Roads to Moscow. Edinburgh, Scotland: Davis

Publications .

Stuckey, D.J. (1780). The London social register 1779 [Social register]. London: The London

Historical Society.

Suessadon, T.G. (2005). ‘Twist’ denouements in pre-Victorian English literature: New

perspectives . The Journal of Colonial Literature, 45(2), 25-38. doi:10:1038/1111-

2222.333.4.555

Sumner, G. (2013, April 1). The stultifying effects of smooth jazz on the post-punk movement.

[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://www.podcastar.com/index.php

Tarc, P.R. (2013). The International Baccalaureate in Ontarian secondary classrooms. The

Canadian Journal of Education Studies, 6(4), 13-27. Retrieved January 22, 2014, from

http://shadywebsite.com/files/contents.html

Troy, C. (2011, January). WordPress now the leading microblogging platform. Retrieved from

http://www.blogdigest.com/docs/wordpressnowleading.html

[Untitled painting of a man ingesting peyote]. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.stonerart.com/pre-trip/peyote.html

Walgreens. (2014). In Twitter [Corporate page]. Retrieved January 2, 2014, from

https://www.twitter.com/Walgreens

Wayne, A.P. (2014, February 23). Safety tips, don’t break a leg [Web log post]. Retrieved from

https://www.safetyblog.com/break-a-leg.php

World Bank. (2014, July). Gross domestic product ranking (GDP) [Dataset]. Retrieved from

http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalogue/GDP-ranking-table

Yorrick, K.K. (2002). Red caps in green hats. In The collected poems of Korin Yorrick: 1980-

1985 (pp. 50-51). San Francisco, CA: Poet’s Press. (Reprinted from The Irish condition,

1982).

american psychological association (apa) citation guide

Documents