American Psychological Association [APA]

Citation Guide Based on the APA Manual 6th Edition

ISBN-13 : 781433805615

1© 2012 Grand Canyon University

Paper Format Slides 4-10

In-Text Citations Slides 11-42

References Slides 43-85

Table of Contents

2

American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style.

Retrieved from http://apastyle.apa.org/

The OWL at Purdue. (2012). APA formatting and style

guide. Retrieved from

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison.

(2011). APA documentation guide. Retrieved from

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html

APA Websites

3

Formatting a Scholarly Paper

Part 1

4

Font: Times New Roman, 12 point. 1 space after periods. Margins, 1.0” all around. Jagged right-edge text alignment: Do not

justify. Left margin can be l.5 inches if instructor has

requested the paper to be bound. Everything is double-spaced, including quotes

and reference page.

Format: Basics

5

To ensure compliance with APA style requirements, use the current Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary as a default for spelling words. The dictionary can also be used as a resource for hyphenation, capitalization, etc. 

Format: Spelling and Word Usage

6

Include author’s name (byline) and institutional affiliation. Author’s name should include full first name,

middle initial, and last name. Affiliation identifies the location where the author,

or authors, conducted the investigation. If there is no institutional affiliation, list the city and state of the author’s residency below the author’s name.

For GCU students the affiliation should be Grand Canyon University followed by the course prefix and number.

Format: Title Page

7

Page numbers start with title page by setting header feature in your software. Page number is flush right.

Running heads should include several words from title. For specific guidelines on formatting running heads, refer to the APA Manual (2010), pp. 229-230.

See example of a title page in APA Manual (2010), p. 41.

Format: Title Page

8

Series in a sentence To identify elements of a series within a

paragraph, use lowercase letters in parentheses, for example:

The participant's three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone. (APA, 2010, p. 64)

Format: Elements in Series

9

Use figures for numbers 10 and above (12 of the subjects); for numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison (2 of 16 responses); for numbers representing time, dates, and age (3 years ago, 2 hours 15 minutes); for numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table (Table 3, Group 3, page 32).

Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements (eight items, nine pages); for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading (Forty-eight percent responded; Ten subjects improved, and 4 subjects did not).

Format: Numbers

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In-Text Citations

Part 2

11

When you use material from a source, you need to document that source. All quotations, paraphrases, and summaries must be cited in text.

Using material from a source without citing that source is considered plagiarism; please reference GCU’s policy on plagiarism in the University Policy Handbook.

In-Text Citations

12

Two things to remember above all: If an entry appears in text, it must have a

corresponding entry in the Reference list unless it is a “personal communication” or a “major classical work.” Similarly, if an item appears in the References, then it must be cited somewhere in text.

Enough information must be given in text for the reader to locate the item on the Reference list without difficulty.

In-Text Citations

13

In-Text Citations

AARCTICAARCTICAuthorityAccountabilityReasonablenessCredibilityTrustworthiness IntegrityConfidence

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Purpose: In-text citations give the author the AARCTICAARCTIC without the frostbite of plagiarism.

Consequently, any borrowed

information, whether quoted directly, summarized, or paraphrased must exhibit a clear indication of its origin.

In-Text Citations

15

Include as much of the following information in a citation within the body of a paper as possible: Author

Absence of an author allows the use of a truncated version of the source document’s title.

Copyright Year Location within the source document (e.g., page,

paragraph, or section number). Summaries and paraphrases do not necessarily require the

location element, but it is not wrong to include it.

Standard in-text citation: (Author’s last name, year, p. #)

In-Text Citations

16

General Rules: An author mentioned within the body of a sentence can

include a first name, if desired. Only surnames are represented in a parenthetical

citation. If two or more authors share the surname, then use first

and middle initials to differentiate them. For example: Sentence body: A. B. Smith (2004) contradicted C. D.

Smith (2006) when she said… Parenthetical: (Smith, A. B., 2004) (Smith, C. D., 2006).(Note: inverted name order and the space between the

initials.)

In-Text Citations: Authors

17

One or two authors: Always use the surnames of both authors

throughout the paper. Always cite authors in the order they appear

on the source material. Multiple author punctuation:

Authors of a source mentioned within a sentence use the word “and.”

Authors represented in the parenthetical use the ampersand (&) (APA, 2010, p. 175).

In-Text Citations: Authors

18

Three to five authors: Cite all authors the first time a reference

occurs within an entire paper; subsequent citations require only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”(Note: there is no period following the “et” but there is a period after the “al.”)

In-Text Citations: Authors

19

Six or more authors: Cite only the surname of the first author

followed by “et al.”(Note: There is no period following the “et” but there is a period after the “al.”)

No author Use a few words of the item’s title or the entire

title (if it is short) in place of the author. Use quotation marks (for article) or italics (for

book) around the title identifier.

In-Text Citations: Authors

20

Groups as authors. Corporations, associations, government agencies,

study groups, etc. Usually spelled out each time they are used in-text.

Remember: The key is to be absolutely sure that the reader can match an in-text citation to its entry in the reference list.

In-Text Citations: Authors

21

Groups as authors, continued. Familiar or readily-understandable acronyms and

abbreviations can be used in the second and subsequent citations, but it must be established as follows: First text citation:

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999).(Note: The use of brackets avoids nested parentheses.)

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was founded…Note: The use of parentheses to establish the acronym when not nested within a set of parentheses.

Subsequent citations: (NIMH, 1999).

In-Text Citations: Authors

22

Anonymous vs. Unknown: Authors are only ever referred to as

anonymous when they have chosen to be so. In-text citation will list the author in the

parenthetical as Anonymous. Reference list will list the author as Anonymous.

An author is unknown when there is no identifying information at all. In-text citation will replace the author designation

with one or two words from the title of the work. Reference list will promote the title of the work to

the location of the author.

In-Text Citations: Authors

23

Placement of the date in a citation is always directly linked to the mention of the author. If the author’s name appears in the signal

phrase, follow it immediately by a parenthetical representation of the date.

In-Text Citations: Dates

24

Four-digit year is standard. Add alphabetical designation for works by the

same author published in the same year. Example: (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c).

Use “n.d.” for no date. This is only acceptable if no date is

represented anywhere on a work, website, etc. Use periods after the n and the d, and do not

put a space between the two.

In-Text Citations: Dates

25

In-Text Citations: Page Numbers

Provide a location reference (e.g., page numbers, or “part” references) for all direct quotations.

There is a space between the location reference designation and its number or title.

Notations and Abbreviations: Page: p. Pages: pp. Paragraph: para.

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(Sadler, Fine, & Grace, 1999) (Cheek & Hoa, 1981, p. 332)* (Cheek & Hoa, 1981, pp. 332-333)* (Bow, 2000, para. 1)

In-Text Citations: Examples

* Note: There is no comma between the first author and the ampersand when there are only two authors in the citation.

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Includes anything from letters, memos, e-mail, telephone conversations, personal interviews, etc.

Because it is nonretrievable data, personal communications do not appear in the References list. They appear in-text only.(Note: Personal communications can be called into question for validity and credibility. Use this type of source sparingly.)

In-Text Citations: Personal Communication

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Provide the initials, the surname, and provide as exact a date as possible. J. Burnitz (personal communication, September

20, 2007) indicated … A recent interview (J. Burnitz, personal

communication, September 20, 2007) revealed the reluctance …

In-Text Citations: Personal Communication

29

Applies to Titles and Headings. Capitalize major words. Conjunctions, articles, and prepositions are not

considered major. Capitalize all words of four letters or more. Capitalize both words in a hyphenated

compound. Capitalize the first word after a colon or dash.

(APA, 2010, p. 101).

In-Text Citations: Capitalization

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Definition: A precise, word-for-word, punctuation-for-punctuation, error-for-error reproduction of source material for use in one’s own work.

In-Text Citations: Quotes

31

Signal Phrases (It’s only polite!)(It’s only polite!) Signal phrases introduce the quote, or provide

information relevant to the citation that can then be omitted from the parenthetical insertion.

Though the placement and appearance may differ, ALWAYS use a signal phrase to signal a reader about information borrowed from a source.

Think of it as avoiding “quote bombing,” or dropping of self-contained, unannounced quotations.

In-Text Citations: Quotes –

Signal Phrases

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Signal phrases may require an in-text citation to be broken apart Standard citation: (Author’s last name, year, p. #). Author in signal phrase:

Schwartz (2003) contended, “…” (p. 3). Research (Cummings, 2002) suggested that “…”

(para. 2), but there are still conclusions yet to be reached.(Note: A comma is not needed before a quote when a quotation falls seamlessly into the flow of the sentence.)

In-Text Citations: Signal Phrases

33

Short quotes with fewer than 40 words are incorporated into text and enclosed by double quotation marks.

Parenthetical citations appear after the end quotation marks, but before the final punctuation, such as a period or a comma.

Citation information not contained within a signal phrase immediately follows the quote after the end double quotation marks, no matter where it appears in the sentence.

In-Text Citations: Short Quotes

34

Used for 40 words or more (APA, 2010, pp. 92, 171). Indent the entire quotation one tab, or the same as

an indentation at the beginning of a regular paragraph (half inch).

If the block quote incorporates more than one paragraph, indent the first line of the subsequent paragraphs an additional tab (equal to one half inch).

Do not use quotation marks at the beginning and end of a block quote.

Parenthetical citation appears after the final punctuation mark within the block quote.

In-Text Citations: Block Quote

35

Miele (1993) found the following:The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. The behaviors were not exhibited again even when real drugs were given. (p. 40)(Note: The use of double quotes within the block quote is permissible, and the comma appears within the double quotation marks.

In-Text Citations: Block Quote

36

Altering the appearance of quotations is permissible with the appropriate notation.

Errors in the Original text. Because quotations must be an exact duplication

of original material, sometimes it is necessary to indicate the legitimacy of the reproduction, such as a special spelling or an error that appears in the original.

Insert [sic] immediately after the error appears within the quote.

In-Text Citations: Quotes

37

Omission: For an omission of a word or words, use the

ellipses (. . .), not 3 periods in a row. If the omission appears in the middle of a

sentence, use only the three period ellipses. If the omission appears at the end of a sentence

in the quote, use a four-period ellipses to indicate that the final point is the end of the sentence.

Do not use ellipses at the very beginning or at the very end of a quotation.

In-Text Citations: Quotes

38

Inserting material Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose

inserted material, such as additions or explanations.

Adding emphasis If you want to emphasize a word or words

anywhere in an APA paper, italicize them. Do not put them in quotations marks or use a bold font.

Within a quote, insert the bracketed tag [italics added] immediately after the italicized words.

In-Text Citations: Quotes

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Alterations to quotations that do not require a notation: Making the first letter of the first word in a

quotation uppercase or lower case depending on the context.

Change ending punctuation to fit the syntax.

In-Text Citations: Quotes

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Borrowed information that is not reproduced verbatim must be changed significantly in wording and structure when used in-text.

It must still be cited using the rules previously mentioned, though a location reference (e.g., page or paragraph number) is not mandatory.

Signal phrases are not mandatory for all paraphrases and summaries, but it is still wise to use them.

In-Text Citations: Summaries and

Paraphrases

41

Tables vs. Figures Tables typically display exact values or

comparisons and figures display qualitative data like pictures, graphs and drawings.  They are labeled differently. Table labels are displayed above the table and labels for the figures are displayed below the figure. For examples, see APA, 2010, pp. 52-53.

In-Text Citations: Visuals

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References

Part 3

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Purpose: References are the map to the AARCTICAARCTIC. References provide readers the path to directly

access any and all source materials used within a document.

Bear in mind: Knowing the basics and finding the patterns behind APA citations will make it easier to cope with all of the “exceptions.”

References

44

Elements represented in Reference entries in order of importance: Author

Editor Copyright date Title of work directly ascribed to the author

Edition Title of “harboring” entity (e.g., magazine, journal

name, newspaper, website, etc.) Publication information

Publisher information Volume and issue number Page numbers Retrieval address or location (e.g., DOI number,

website URL, or housing database)

References: Must-Haves

45

Remember the Cardinal RuleCardinal Rule: References cited in text must appear in the References list; conversely, each entry in the References list must be cited in text.

References: Cardinal Rule

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Begin the reference list on a new page. Using “References” as the title or “Reference” if

there is only a single source: Title is center aligned. If the references take up more than one page, do

not re-type References on sequential pages, simply continue the list.

For each entry, use a hanging indent: The first line is flush left with remaining lines of the reference note indented a half inch.

Alphabetize entries by author’s last name. Double space. Use one space after all punctuation.

References: Format

47

References

Elkind, D. (1978). The child's reality: Three

developmental themes. New York, NY: Lawrence

Erlbaum Associates.

Issac, G. (1995). Is solar disorder timed? Adolescents,

30(118), 273-276.

Sample References Page

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Single Author Use only a complete surname and the first and middle

initials of any author. Surname appears first followed by a comma. First initial – period – space – middle initial – period –

space. Multiple Authors

Invert the order of the surnames and the initials of all authors.

Separate authors from one another with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author.

References: Authors

49

Editor with no author. Place and represent the editor’s name as if it were

the author. Immediately follow the name with (Ed.). for a single

editor and (Eds.). when there is more than one editor.(Note: The E is capitalized, there is a period after the abbreviation and a period after the closing parentheses.)

No author or editor: Promote the title of the piece to main importance. Alphabetize by the first word of the title that is not

an article (e.g., the, a, an).

References: Authors

50

Same Author Variables Same author, same year

Apply an alphabetized designation immediately after the year.

Use this identifier in-text, as well. Arrange alphabetically by title.

ReferencesJones, J. R. (2001a). Control….Jones, J. R. (2001b). Roles of ….

References: Authors

51

Same Author Variables Same Authors, Different Year of Publication:

List by publication date, from earliest to most recent. Jones, J. R. , & Wright, K. (2000). Jones, J. R. , & Wright, K. (2001).

References: Authors

52

Give (in parentheses) the year the work was published immediately after the author information.

A period belongs after the end parentheses. Standard.

(1995). Monthly items.

(1995, January).(Note: All months must be completely spelled out. Do not abbreviate.)

References: Publication Dates

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Daily and weekly items. (1995, June 5).

Any work accepted for publication, but not yet printed. (in press).

Work with no available date. (n.d.).

References: Publication Dates

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Initial Capitalization Capitalize only the first word, the first word

after a colon, and proper nouns in titles of books and articles. Agony and you: How to survive really long, dry

presentations. Do not capitalize the second word of a

hyphenated compound. (APA, 2010, p. 185)

References: Titles

55

Do not use quotation marks or underlining as title designators.

Use italics for titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and journals. Note: For articles in periodicals, the rules of

capitalization and italicizing are split between the title of the article and the title of the periodical: Use special capitalization rules for the actual article,

but do not italicize. Italicize the name of the periodical, but use the

standard Heading capitalization rules.

References: Titles

56

Title components within a reference listing require ending punctuation.

Use a period unless there is a specific ending punctuation in the title.

References: Titles

57

Book Edition. Edition information appears in parentheses

immediately following the title before the period.

Use the designation of ed. with a lower-case e and a period.

Example:American Psychological Association. (2010).

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

References: Editions

58

Books City of publication – comma – space – state

abbreviation – colon – space – name of publisher – period.

Example: Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

References: Publication Information

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Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, etc.) Immediately following the title of the

periodical, provide a volume number. Include the issue number for journals if, and

only if, each issue begins on page 1. Include the range of page numbers of the

specific article within the periodical.

References: Publication Information

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Periodical Title (italicized) – comma – space – volume number (italicized) – open parentheses – issue number – close parentheses – comma – space – page range – period.(Note: Do not include any designations or abbreviations, such as vol. for volume number or p. or pp. for page numbers, except where indicated in the APA manual.)

Example:Borman, W. C. (2001). Role of supervisor.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 443-449.

References: Publication Information

61

Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited – whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.

Reasons why it may not be possible to direct the reader to the precise document: The parent website or organization archives its

articles after a period of time. The item exists behind a firewall.

References: Publication Information – Electronic

Sources

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Electronic publication information comes in the form of a path. In other words “follow this” or “go here” and you will find the source. Digital Object Identifier (DOI): The “path” is in the form

of a unique alphanumeric reference number that identifies the specific article.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The “path” is in the form of a URL, or web address. Note: Do not insert a terminating punctuation mark, or

period, after a web address. Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across

lines. Break only after a slash or a period.

References: Publication Information – Electronic

Sources

63

If an article has a DOI number, this number should be used to identify access to the article rather than a retrieval URL.

Usually, the DOI number is found on the first page of an electronic journal article and/or on the database page providing access to the article.

If no DOI number has been assigned to the source you are citing, use a URL to supply the location.

References: Publication Information – DOI Number

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If the an electronic reference has not been assigned a DOI number:Include retrieval information at the end of a reference note in the form of the URL.At the end of the reference note, use “Retrieved from” followed by the URL. Do not put a period after the URL. Do not hyperlink the URL.A date is not required as part of the retrieval information.

References: Publication Information –Internet URL

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Examples

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer

support, marital status, and the survival times of

terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24,

225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Jones, G. (2001). Role of reference elements.

Retrieved from http://jbr.org/article.html

References: DOI vs. URL

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ExamplesAPA Reference Notes

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Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship:

A practical guide for new school administrators.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.68

Sample Reference Note:Authored Book

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Feldman, P. R. (Ed.). (1997). British women poets of the

romantic era. Baltimore, MD: Johns HopkinsUniversity.

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Sample Reference Note:Edited Book

Electronic Book with DOI:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. doi:xxxxxxxxxx

Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder

sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, andgrowth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0071393722

Sample Reference Note:Electronic Version of a Print

Book

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Electronic Book with URL:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work.Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx

Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp

Sample Reference Note:Electronic Version of a Print

Book

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Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx

O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism and the crisis in Western values.

Retrieved from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/

showitem.asp?itemID=135

Sample Reference Note:Electronic-Only Book

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Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter or entry.In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.

Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science ofsubjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.),The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). NewYork, NY: Guilford Press.

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Sample Reference Note:Selection from an Edited

Book

Entry title. (Year). In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference

work (xx ed., Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.

Heuristic. (2007). In J. Smith (Ed.), The book of words (7th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 65-66). New York, NY: Jones and Lawrence.

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Sample Reference Note:Entry in Reference Work

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx. doi:xxxxxxxxxxx

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer

support, marital status, and the survival times of

terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-

229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.22575

Sample Reference Note:Journal Article With DOI

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx.

Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the

United States and its implications for local lawenforcement. Law Enforcement

Executive ForumJournal, 8(1), 73-82.

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Sample Reference Note: Journal Article Without DOI

(Print)

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx. Retrieved fromhttp://www.xxxxxxxx

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligenceand self-esteem mediate between perceived earlyparental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved fromhttp://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

77

Sample Reference Note: Journal Article Without DOI

(Internet)

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work [format description]. Retrieved from

http://URL

Landis, B. (1996). Carlisle Indian Industrial School history. Retrieved from http://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html

Note: The format description in brackets is used when the format is something out of the ordinary, such as a blog post or lecture notes. For other examples of format descriptions, refer to page 186 of the Publication Manual. If no date is given for the work, use (n.d.).

78

Sample Reference Note:Web Page Article — Author

Known

Use the article title or web page title as the first element of the citation if the author is unavailable.

Seventeen moments in Soviet history. (2013). Retrieved from http://soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1929collectivization&Year=1929

79

Sample Reference Note:Web Page — Author

Unknown

When discussing an entire website (as opposed to a specific page on the website), an entry does not appear in the reference list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:

The International Council of Museums website provides many links to museums, codes of ethics, and the museum profession (http://www.icom.org/).

80

Sample Reference Note:Website — General Citation

Article in a Magazine — PrintAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title,

Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx.Mehta, P. B. (1998, June). Exploding myths. New Republic,

290(25), 17-19.

Article in a Magazine — OnlineAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title,

Volume(Issue). Retrieved from http://www.homepageClay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back

about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology,

39(6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor

Sample Reference Note: Magazine

81

Article in a Newspaper — PrintAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title,

pp. xx, xx.Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic,

social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Article in Newspaper — OnlineAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title.

Retrieved from http://www.homepage.comBrody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile.

The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Sample Reference Note: Newspaper

82

See the 6th edition of the APA Manual, Chapter 7, for additional examples and more specific information on preparing reference notes for a wider variety of sources, especially for electronic sources such as eBooks and online sources including data sets, software, and discussion forums.

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For Further Examples

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC:

Author.

American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style. Retrieved from

http://apastyle.apa.org/

Cornell University Library. (2012). APA citation style. Retrieved from

http://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.html

Hacker, D. (2006). APA research paper. Retrieved from

http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdf

Resources

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Hacker, D. (2007a). A writer’s reference (6th ed.). Boston:

Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Hacker, D. (2007b). A writer’s reference (6th ed.). Retrieved from

http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player/Pages/M

ain.aspx

Indiana University Bloomington. (2011). Help with citing (APA,

Chicago, MLA). Retrieved from

http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=337

Resources

85

The OWL at Purdue. (2012). APA formatting and style guide.

Retrieved from

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

University of Maryland University College. (2011). APA citation

examples. Retrieved from

http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_examples.cfm

The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2011).

APA documentation guide. Retrieved from

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

Resources

86

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication

manual of the American Psychological Association (6th

ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Reference

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