american psychological association [apa] citation guide based on the apa manual 5 th edition isbn-13...

American Psychological Association [APA] Citation Guide

Based on the APA Manual 5th Edition

ISBN-13 : 9781557987914

1© 2012 Grand Canyon University

Overview Paper Format:

Slides 4-9 In-Text Citations:

Slides 10-41 References:

Slides 42-80


APA Websites

American Psychological Association. (2003). APA style. Retrieved January

25, 2007, from http://apastyle.apa.org/

The OWL at Purdue. (2007). APA formatting and style guide. Retrieved

January 25, 2007, from Purdue University:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2006). APA

documentation guide. Retrieved January 25, 2007, from University of

Wisconsin-Madison:

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html


Formatting a Scholarly Paper

Part 1


Format: Basics Font: Courier, Times New Roman, 12 point. 1 space after periods. Margins, 1.0” all around. Jagged right-edge text alignment: Do not justify. Left margin can be l.5 inches if instructor has

requested the paper to be bound. Everything is double spaced, including quotes and

reference page.


Format: Title Page Include author’s name (byline) and institutional

affiliation. Author’s name should include full first name, middle

initial, and last name. Affiliation identifies the location where the author, or

authors, conducted the investigation. If there is no institutional affiliation, list the city and state of the author’s residency below the author’s name.


Format: Title Page

Page numbers start with title page by setting header feature in your software.

Header includes 2 or 3 words from title, then 5 spaces and page number.

See example of a title page on in APA Manual, p. 306.


Format: Punctuation Series in a sentence

To identify elements of a series within a paragraph use lowercase letters in parentheses, i.e.,

The participant's three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone. (APA, 2001, p. 116)


Format: Numbers Use figures for numbers 10 and above (12 of the subjects);

for numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison (2 of 16 responses); for numbers representing time, dates, and age (3 years ago, 2 hr 15 min); for numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table (Table 3, Group 3, page 32).

Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements (eight items, nine pages); for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading (Forty-eight percent responded; Ten subjects improved, and 4 subjects did not.).


In-Text Citations

Part 2


In-Text Citations 2 things to remember above all:

If an entry appears in text, it must have a corresponding entry in the Reference list unless it is a “personal communication.” Similarly, if an item appears in the References, then it must be cited somewhere in text.

Enough information must be given in text for the reader to locate the item on the Reference list without difficulty.


In-Text Citations: Why Use Sources?

AARCTICAARCTIC Authority Accountability Reasonableness Credibility Trustworthiness Integrity Confidence


In-Text Citations Purpose: In-text citations give the author the

AARCTICAARCTIC without the frostbite of plagiarism.

Consequently, any borrowed information,

whether quoted directly, summarized, or paraphrased must exhibit a clear indication of its origin.


In-Text Citations Include as much of the following information in a citation

within the body of a paper as possible: Author.

Absence of an author allows the use of a truncated version of the source document’s Title.

Copyright Year. Location within the source document (e.g. page, paragraph, or

section number, etc.). Summaries and paraphrases do not necessarily require the location

element, but it is not wrong to include it.

Standard citation: (Author’s last name, Year, p. #).


In-Text Citations: Authors General Rules:

An author mentioned within the body of a sentence can include a first name, if desired.

Only surnames are represented in a parenthetical citation. If two or more authors share the surname, then use first and

middle initials to differentiate them. Examples:

Sentence body: A. B. Smith (2004) contradicted C. D. Smith (2006) when she said…

Parenthetical: (Smith, A. B., 2004) (Smith, C. D., 2006). Note: inverted name order and the space between the initials.


In-Text Citations: Authors One or two authors.

Always use the surnames of both authors throughout the paper.

Always cite them in the order they appear on the source material.

Multiple author punctuation. Authors of a source mentioned within a sentence use

the word “and.” Authors represented in the parenthetical use the

ampersand (&) (APA, 2001, pp. 208-209).


In-Text Citations: Authors Three to five authors.

Cite all authors the first time a reference occurs within an entire paper; subsequent citations require only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Note: there is no period following the “et” but there is a period after the “al.”


In-Text Citations: Authors Six or more authors.

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Note: there is no period following the “et” but there is a period after the “al.”

No author Use a few words of the item’s title or the entire title if

it is short in place of the author. Use quotation marks (for article) or italics (for book)

around the title identifier.


In-Text Citations: Authors Groups as authors.

Corporations, associations, government agencies, study groups, etc.

Usually spelled out each time they are used in-text.

Remember: The key is to be absolutely sure that the reader can match an in-text citation to its entry in the reference list.


In-Text Citations: Authors Groups as authors, continued.

Familiar or readily-understandable acronyms and abbreviations can be used in the second and subsequent citations, but it must be established as follows:

1st text citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999).

Note: the use of brackets avoids nested parentheses (APA, 2001, p. 85).

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was founded… Note: the use of parentheses to establish the acronym when not

nested within a set of parentheses (APA, 2001, p. 84). Subsequent citations:

(NIMH, 1999).


In-Text Citation: Authors Anonymous vs. Unknown:

Authors are only ever referred to as anonymous when they have chosen to be so.

In-text citation will list the author in the parenthetical as Anonymous.

Reference list will list the author as Anonymous. An author is unknown when there is no identifying information

at all. In-text citation will replace the author designation with one or two

words from the title of the work. Reference list will promote the title of the work to the location of

the author.


In-Text Citation: Dates Placement of the date in a citation is always directly

linked to the mention of the author. If the author’s name appears in the signal phrase,

follow it immediately by a parenthetical representation of the date.


In-Text Citation: Dates 4-digit year is standard.

Add alphabetical designation for works by the same author published in the same year.

Ex: (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c). n.d. for no date.

This is only acceptable if no date is represented anywhere on a work, website, etc.

Use periods after the n and the d, and do not put a space between the two.


In-Text Citation: Page Numbers Provide a location reference (e.g., page numbers, or “part”

references) for all quotations. There is a space between the location reference designation

and its number or title. Notations & Abbreviations:

Page: p. Chapter: chap. Paragraph: para. or ¶


In-Text Citations: Examples

(Cheek & Hoa, 1981, p. 332)*

(Sadler, Fine, & Grace, 1999)

(Jones, 1989, chap. 3)

(Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)

(Bow, 2000, para. 1)

* Note: there is no comma between the first author and the ampersand when there are only two authors in the citation.


In-Text Citations: Personal Communication Includes anything from letters, memos, e-mail,

telephone conversations, personal interviews, etc. Because it is non-retrievable data, personal

communications do not appear in the Reference list. They appear in-text only. Note: Personal communications can be called into

question for validity and credibility. Use it sparingly.


In-Text Citations: Personal Communication Provide the initials, the surname, and provide as

exact a date as possible. J. Burnitz (personal communication, September 20,

2007) indicated … A recent interview (J. Burnitz, personal

communication, September 20, 2007) revealed the reluctance …


In-Text Citations: Capitalization Applies to Titles and Headings.

Capitalize major words. Conjunctions, articles, and prepositions are not

considered major. Capitalize all words of four letters or more. Capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound. Capitalize the first word after a colon or dash. (APA,

2001, p. 95).


In-Text Citations: Quotes Definition:

A precise, word-for-word, punctuation-for-punctuation, error-for-error reproduction of source material for use in one’s own work.


In-Text Citations: Quotes – Signal Phrases Signal Phrases (It’s only polite!)(It’s only polite!)

Signal phrases introduce the quote, or provide information relevant to the citation that can then be omitted from the parenthetical insertion.

Though the placement and appearance may differ, ALWAYS use a signal phrase to signal a reader about information borrowed from a source.

Think of it as no quote bombing, or dropping of self-contained, unannounced quotations.


In-Text Citations: Signal Phrases Signal phrases may require an in-text citation to be

broken apart (APA, 2001, pp. 117-118). Standard citation: (Author’s last name, Year, p. #). Author in signal phrase:

Schwartz (2003) contends, “…” (p. 3). Research (Cummings, 2002) suggests that “…” (chap.

2), but there are still conclusions yet to be reached. Note: a comma is not needed before a quote when a quotation

falls seamlessly into the flow of the sentence.


In-Text Citations: Short Quotes Short quotes with fewer than 40 words are incorporated

into text and enclosed by double quotation marks. Parenthetical citations appear after the end quotation

marks, but before the final punctuation, such as a period or a comma.

Citation information not contained within a signal phrase immediately follows the quote after the end double quotation marks, no matter where it appears in the sentence.


In-Text Citations: Block Quote Used for 40 words or more (APA, 2001, pp. 117,

292). Indent the entire quotation one tab, or the same as an

indentation at the beginning of a regular paragraph. If the block quote incorporates more than one

paragraph, indent the first line an additional tab, or 0.5 inches.

Omit enclosing quotation marks.


In-Text Citations: Block Quote Punctuation.

Introduce with a colon. Parenthetical citation appears after the final

punctuation mark within the block quote.


In-Text Citation: Block Quote

Miele (1993) found the following:

The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. The behaviors were not exhibited again even when real drugs were given. (p. 40) Note: the use of double quotes within the block quote

is permissible, and the comma appears within the double quotation marks.


In-Text Citations: Quotes Altering the appearance of quotations is permissible

with the appropriate notation. Errors in the Original text.

Because quotations must be an exact duplication of original material, sometimes it is necessary to indicate the legitimacy of the reproduction, such as a special spelling or an error that appears in the original.

Insert [sic] immediately after the error appears within the quote.


In-Text Citations: Quotes Omission:

For an omission of a word or words, use the ellipses (. . .), not 3 periods in a row.

If the omission appears in the middle of a sentence, use only the three period ellipses.

If the omission appears at the end of a sentence in the quote, use a four-period ellipses to indicate that the final point is the end of the sentence.

Do NOT use ellipses at the very beginning or at the very end of a quotation.


In-Text Citations: Quotes Inserting material

Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose inserted material, such as additions or explanations.

Adding Emphasis If you want to emphasize a word or words anywhere

in an APA paper, italicize them. Do not put them in quotations marks or use a bold font.

Within a quote, insert [italics added] immediately after the italicized words.


In-Text Citations: Quotes Alterations to quotations that do not require a

notation: Making the first letter of the first word in a quotation

uppercase or lower case depending on the context. Change ending punctuation to fit the syntax.


In-Text Citations: Summaries and Paraphrases Borrowed information that is not reproduced

verbatim must be changed significantly in structure when used in-text.

It must still be cited using the rules previously mentioned, though a location reference (i.e. page or chapter number) is not mandatory.

Signal phrases are not mandatory for all paraphrases and summaries, but it is still wise to use them.


Tables vs. Figures Tables typically display exact values or comparisons and

figures display qualitative data like pictures, graphs and drawings. They are labeled differently. Table labels (APA, 2001, p. 149) are displayed above the table and labels for the figures (APA, 2001, p. 184) are displayed below the figure.

In-Text Citations: Visuals


References

Part 3


References Purpose:

References are the map to the AARCTICAARCTIC. References provide readers the path to directly access

any and all source materials used within a document. Bear in mind: Knowing the basics and finding the

patterns behind APA citations will make it easier to cope with all of the “exceptions.”


References: Must-Haves Elements represented in Reference entries in order of importance:

Author Editor

Copyright date Title of work directly ascribed to the author

Edition Title of “harboring” entity (e.g. magazine, journal name, newspaper,

website, etc.) Publication information

Publisher information Volume and issue numbers Retrieval address or location (e.g. website address or housing

database)


References: Must-Haves Because of the unique ability for electronic sources

to update rapidly, they require a date of last access, or date of retrieval (APA, 2001, p. 231).


References: Cardinal Rule Remember the Cardinal RuleCardinal Rule: References cited in

text must appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry in the reference list must be cited in text (APA, 2001, p. 215).


References: Format Begin the reference list on a new page (APA, 2001, p. 299). Using “References” as the title or “Reference” if there is only

a single source: Title is center aligned. If the references take up more than one page, do not re-type

References on sequential pages, simply continue the list. For each entry, use a hanging indent: The first line is flush left

with remaining lines of the reference indented 0.5 inches. Alphabetize entries by author’s last name. Double space. Use one space after all punctuation.


References

Elkind, D. (1978). The child's reality: Three developmental

themes. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Issac, G. (1995). Is solar disorder timed? Adolescents, 30 (118),

273-276.


References: Authors Single Author.

Use only a complete surname and the first and middle initials of any author.

Surname appears first followed by a comma. First initial – period – space – middle initial – period – space.

Multiple Authors. Invert the order of the surnames and the initials of all authors. Separate authors from one another with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author.


References: Authors Editor with no author.

Place and represent the editor’s name as if it were the author. Immediately follow the name with (Ed.). for a single editor and

(Eds.). when there is more than one editor. Note: the E is capitalized, there is a period after the abbreviation

and a period after the closing parentheses. No author or editor:

Promote the title of the piece to main importance. Alphabetize by the first word of the title that is not an article

(e.g. the, a, an).

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.


References: Authors Same Author Variables

Same author, same year Apply an alphabetized designation immediately after

the year. Use this identifier in-text, as well. Arrange alphabetically by title

ReferencesJones, J. R. (2001a). Control….Jones, J. R. (2001b). Roles of ….


References: Authors Same Author Variables

Same Authors, Different Year of Publication: list oldest or birth order publication first.

Jones, J. R. , & Wright, K. (2000). Jones, J. R. , & Wright, K. (2001).


References: Publication Dates Give (in parentheses) the year the work was

published immediately after the author information. A period belongs after the end parentheses. Standard.

(1995). Monthly items.

(1995, January). Note: all months must be completely spelled out. Do

not truncate.


References: Publication Dates Daily and weekly items.

(1995, June 5). Any work accepted for publication, but not yet

printed. (in press).

Work with no available date. (n.d.).


References: Titles Capitalization

Capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns in titles of books and articles

Agony and you: How to survive really long, dry presentations.

Do not capitalize the second word of a hyphenated compound. (APA, 2001, p. 95)


References: Titles Do not use quotation marks or underlining as title designators. Use italics for titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and

journals. Note: For articles in periodicals, the rules of capitalization and

italicizing are split between the title of the article and the title of the periodical:

Use special capitalization rules for the actual article, but do not italicize.

Italicize the name of the periodical, but use the standard Heading capitalization rules.


References: Titles Title components within a reference listing require

ending punctuation. Use a period unless there is a specific ending

punctuation in the title. Example:Aren’t they just so tricky about their rules? Journal of

annoying citation standards and all of their exceptions.


References: Titles Edition.

Edition information appears in parentheses immediately following the title before the period.

Use the designation of ed. with a lower-case e and a period.

Picky, picky (375th ed.).


References: Publication Information Books

City of publication – comma – space – state abbreviation – colon – space – name of publisher – period.

Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Note: When a city that is well-known for publishing

can be readily linked to its state, the state abbreviation is not necessary (e.g. Boston, San Francisco, New York, etc.)

For a complete list of exceptions, see p. 217 of the APA manual.


References: Publication Information Periodicals (e.g. Magazines, Newspapers, etc.)

Immediately following the title of the periodical, provide a volume number.

Include the issue number for journals if, and only if, each issue begins on page 1.

Include range of page numbers for a citation of a specific article within the periodical.


References: Publication Information

Periodical title (italicized) – comma – space – volume number (italicized) – open parentheses – issue number – close parentheses – comma – space – page range – period.

Note: do not include any designations or abbreviations, such as vol. for volume number or p. or pp. for page numbers.

Borman, W. C. (2001). Role of supervisor. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 443-449.


References: Publication Information Electronic Sources

Electronic publication information comes in the form of a path. In other words “follow this” or “go here” and you will find the source.

Website: the “path” is in the form of a URL, or web address. Note: Do not insert a terminating punctuation mark, or period, after a

web address. Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines.

Break only after a slash or a period.

Database: the “path” is the mention of the exact database.


References: Publication Information – Websites

Electronic Sources Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being

cited – whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.

Reasons why it may not be possible to direct the reader to the precise document:

The URL is too long The parent website or organization archives its articles after a

period of time The item exists behind a firewall


References: Publication Information – Websites Electronic Sources

In such cases, direct the reader to the URL, usually a parent website or the search site housing the document, that provides information on how to obtain the cited material.

Replace the requisite “Retrieved” with “Available from” and the name of the website.

Do not hyperlink the website. Place a comma after the title of the site and insert the url.

Example:Available from National Technical Information Service Web site,

http://www.ntis.gov


References: Last Access Web sites and database citation have a special

component that depends on the last date where the researcher knows a source was available. Note: if an address or path no longer works or is invalid, the

source should be replaced and all citations updated.

Last access date appears at the end of a citation, but before the path.


References: Last Access Introduce the date with the word “Retrieved” Date format: Month Day, 4-digit year,

Do not abbreviate the month There is a comma after the day and one after the year

Follow the date with the word “from” Do not place any punctuation between the “from” and

the path.


References: Last Access

Jones, G. (2001). Role of reference elements. Retrieved October

13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/article.html


Examples


Examples: Electronic Source Retrieved from University Program or Department Site

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

Reason: If a document is contained within a large complex Web site, identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document (APA, 2001, p 274).


Examples: Internet Article Based on a Print Source (Exact Duplication)

Correct:VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference

elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

Incorrect:VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference

elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.


Correct:VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference

elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html

Incorrect:VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference

elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

Examples: Internet Article Based on a Print Source (Modified Content)


Examples: Database

Correct:Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A

history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved January 12, 2001, from PsycARTICLES database.

Incorrect: Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A.

(1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765.


Examples: Document Deposit Service

Correct:

Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star Trek: The Next Generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 364932)

Incorrect:

Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star Trek: The Next Generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association.

Reason: This is a report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) in print, on microfiche, or other non-web-based source. Give the ERIC ID in parentheses at the end of the entry. Do not use a period after the document number (APA, 2001, pp. 256-257).


Examples: Article on Web Site

Correct:Henry, E. (n.d.) Rice confirmed as secretary of state: Ex-national security

adviser first black female to hold office. Retrieved January 26, 2005, from http://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/26/rice.confirmation/index.html There is no terminating punctuation, or period, after a website.

Incorrect:Henry, E. Rice confirmed as secretary of state: Ex-national security adviser

first black female to hold office. (n.d.) Retrieved January 26, 2005, from http://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/26/rice.confirmation/index.html.


Examples: Personal Communication

Correct:

J. Burkow (personal communication, September 3, 2002) said…

or

(J. Burkow, personal communication, September 3, 2002)

Incorrect:

Burkow, J. (2002, September 3). Personal communication.


For Further Examples

See the APA Manual, Chapter 4, for detailed examples related to Periodicals, Books, brochures, and book chapters, Technical and research reports, Proceedings of meetings and symposia, Doctoral dissertations and master’s theses, Unpublished work and publications of limited circulation, Reviews, Audiovisual media, and Electronic media.


Resources

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychological Association. (2003). APAstyle.org. Retrieved January 25,

2007, from http://apastyle.apa.org/

Cornell University Library. (2005). APA citation style. Retrieved January 25, 2007,

from Cornell University:

http://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.html

Hacker, D. (2006). APA research paper [Electronic version]. Retrieved January 25,

2007, from http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdf


Hacker, D. (2007a). A writer’s reference (6th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Hacker, D. (2007b). A writer’s reference (6th ed.) [Electronic version]. Retrieved

January 25, 2007, from

http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player/Pages/Main.aspx

The OWL at Purdue. (2007). APA formatting and style guide. Retrieved January 25,

2007, from Purdue University:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

University of Maryland University College. (2004). Tutorials. Retrieved January 25,

2007, from http://www.umuc.edu/library/tutorials.html


Resources

The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2006). APA

documentation guide. Retrieved May 25, 2007, from University of Wisconsin-

Madison: http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

Writing Tutorial Services. (2004). Citing sources in APA style. Retrieved January 25,

2007, from Indiana University: http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?

pageId=337


Resources

Reference

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.


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