ecology - tropical rainforests

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TropicalRainforest

PARES, MarielSANTOS, Jemimah Joy

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Rainforest A dense evergreen forest with an annual

rainfall of at least 406 centimeters (160 inches).

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Types of RainforestTropical

Rainforest The best known

rain forests found in tropical regions between the Tropics of cancer and Capricorn.

Temperate Rainforest

coniferous or broadleaf forests that occur in the temperate zone and receive high rainfall.

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Tropical Rainforest an ecosystem type that occurs roughly

within the latitudes 28 degrees north or south of the equator (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn)

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Characterized in two words: WARM and WET

Jewels of the Earth World’s Largest Pharmacy The MOST threatened ecosystem

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Brief HistoryWhen do Tropical Rainforests exist?

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Types of Tropical Rainforest

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Types of Tropical Rainforest Lowland equatorial evergreen rain

forests  Moist deciduous and semi-

evergreen seasonal forests Montane rain forests Flooded forests (w/c has seven types)

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7 Types of Flooded Rainforest Permanently waterlogged swamp forest Seasonally waterlogged swamp forest Lower floodplain forest Middle floodplain forest Upper floodplain forest Old floodplain forest Previous floodplain

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Forest StructureHow does it structured?

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Layers of RainforestForest FloorUnderstory LayerCanopy LayerEmergent Layer

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Forest Floor

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The lowest level of the rainforest Detritus, duff and O horizon one of the most distinctive features of

a forest ecosystem also teems with a wide variety of fauna

and flora one of the richest components of the

ecosystem from the standpoint of biodiversity 

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OkapiOkapia johnstoni

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Sumatran RhinoDicerorhinus Sumatrensis

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TapirTapirus

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Understory Layer

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lies between the canopy and the forest floor

home to a number of birds, small mammals, insects, reptiles, and predators

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LeopardPanthera Leopardus

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Poison Dart FrogDendrobates

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Ring-Tailed CoatiNasua nasua

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Boa Constrictor

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Canopy Layer

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primary layer of the forest forming a roof over the two remaining layers

contains the majority of the largest trees

The densest areas of biodiversity

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Orchids

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Yellow-Casqued Wattled Hornbill

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Collared Sunbird

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Congo African Grey Parrot

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Emergent Layer

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contains a small number of very large trees, called emergents

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Crowned Eagle

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King Colobus

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Flying Fox

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EcologyClimate, soil, carbon flux, forest succession

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Climate “equatorial climate” (characterized by three major climatic

parameters) Temperature Rainfall Dry season intensity

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Soils – Soil Types Classification of soils

Ultisols - well weathered, acidic red clay soils

Oxisols - acidic, old, typically reddish, highly weathered and leached

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Soils – Nutrient Recycling How does nutrients in soils are recycled?

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Soils – Buttress Roots create a wide spread root network at the

surface for more efficient uptake of nutrients in a very nutrient poor and competitive environment.

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Carbon Flux defined as the exchange of carbon

dioxide between the atmosphere and a sink

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Forest Succession an ecological process that changes the

biotic community structure over time towards a more stable, diverse community structure after an initial disturbance to the community.

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GEOGRAPHY

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South and Central America Amazon Rainforest Atlantic Forest Central American Atlantic Moist Forest

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Africa Atlantic Equatorial Coastal Forest Ituri Rainforest Kilum-Ijim Forest Madagascar lowland forests

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Asia Sulawesi Lowland Rainforest Borneo Lowland Rainforest Palawan Rainforest Harapan Rainforest

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Australasia and Oceania Daintree Rainforest Huon Peninsula Montane Rainforest Hawaiian tropical rainforests

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Major Tropical RainforestsAround the world

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Amazon Rainforest A.k.a AMAZONIA one of the world's greatest natural

resources Climate:

“LUNGS OF OUR PLANET”

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Plants

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Animals

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People

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Congo River Basin Rainforest Known as the heart of darkness by

Joseph Conrad

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Plants

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Animals

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People

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Rainforest of Central America found in coastal Brazil, northern and

western South America (from Peru to Venezuela), central America (especially Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Belize), southern Mexico, and on some islands in the Caribbean. 

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Plants

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Animals

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People

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Madagascar Rainforest home to some of the richest rainforests

on Earth. Climate:

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Plants

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Animals

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People

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Rainforest of Southeast Asia the oldest, consistent rainforests on

Earth, dating back to the Pleistocene Epoch 70 million years ago.

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Plants

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Animals

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People

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Philippine RainforestOne of the Southeast Asian Rainforest

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Plants

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Animals

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People

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Biodiversity and SpeciationInterspecific competition hypothesis, Pleistocene refugia

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Interspecific Competition Hypothesis because of the high density of species

with similar niches in the tropics and limited resources available, they must do one of two things: become extinct or find a new niche.

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Pleistocene Refugia A theory developed by Jürgen Haffer in

1969 To further understand this theory, watch

this video of

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Human DimensionsHabitation, Indigenous People, Resources, Ecosystem Services, Tourism

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Habitation Tropical rainforests are unable to

support human life

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Indigenous People: Pygmy Peoplehunter-gatherer groups living in equatorial rainforests characterized by their short height

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ResourcesCultivated foods and spicesYam, Coffee, chocolate, banana, mango, papaya, macadamia, avocado, and sugarcane all originally came from tropical rainforest and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest.

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Ecosystem Services Humankind benefits from a multitude of

resources and processes that are supplied by natural ecosystems.

e.g. Clean Drinking Water

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Tourism an increase in tourism has increased

economic support, allowing more revenue to go into the protection of the habitat. e.g. Ecotours

increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with the environment.

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CONSERVATIONThreats and Protection

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PAST and PRESENTThe rainforests before, how it were slowly getting destroyed, and ways to conserve it.