developments in primatology: progress and prospects
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Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects
Series Editors: Louise Barrett and Russell Tuttle
For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/5852
Judith Masters • Marco Gamba • Fabien Génin Editors
Leaping Ahead
Advances in Prosimian Biology
Editors Judith Masters Department of Zoology University of Fort Hare Alice , South Africa
Fabien Génin Department of ZoologyUniversity of Fort Hare Alice , South Africa
Marco Gamba Dipartimento di Biologia Animale
e dell’Uomo Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy
ISBN 978-1-4614-4510-4 ISBN 978-1-4614-4511-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4511-1 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012948133
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Frontispiece
Participants in the Prosimians 2007 International Congress, Ithala, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 15–19 July 2007
We dedicate this volume to our colleagues Daniel Montagnon and Bjoern Siemers, whose premature deaths have left us and the fi eld of prosimian biology much the poorer.
ix
Leaping Ahead takes its place in a series of collective and synthetic volumes updating current knowledge on prosimians. Initiated by Robert Martin, Gerald Doyle, and Alan Walker in 1974, and continued by Gerald Doyle and Robert Martin 5 years later, these volumes have become a recurrent necessity for the prosimian research community. It is no longer necessary to justify meetings or publications dedicated to prosimian studies: the gathering of papers synthesizing the latest contributions to the fi eld provides researchers with an irreplaceable bibliographic tool which, com-plemented by publications in specialized international journals, is essential to all scienti fi c disciplines.
In 1979, Gerald Doyle and Robert Martin questioned the practice of restricting these meetings to a fraction of primatologists, with the risk of seeing “prosimianol-ogy” become an autonomous discipline. This risk has not been realized, since pros-imian researchers also frequent primatology meetings; but we can question the dichotomy between studies of so-called higher and prosimian primates. There are probably many reasons for this distinction. One of them is methodological: studying the biology and the sociology of nocturnal animals requires very different methods from those designed for analyzing and decoding the behavior of gregarious, diurnal animals. But other, more, profound reasons may also play a role. When Linnaeus proposed the term “Primates” in 1758 for a group formerly known as “Simia” or “Anthropoidea,” he was implicitly placing them before the others, which seemed sensible at the time. A few decades later, in the same spirit, and basing his reasoning on the “degeneration” of the hand, Blainville created the “Secundates,” “Tertiates,” and “Quaternates” for the other mammalian orders. This nomenclature disappeared rapidly, but Linnaeus’ Primates survived. This term could as well have been replaced by “Quadrumanes,” created by Cuvier, but the notion of Primates is so deeply entrenched that no one would dare question it, despite the birth of Darwinism and modern theories which swept away the idea of linearity of evolution. This persis-tence is not fortuitous, and many people, including scientists, still regard primates as “primary” with an innate hierarchy of “higher” primates and prosimians.
Foreword
x Foreword
There is also the fact that many primatological studies are undertaken to improve our understanding of the evolutionary and paleontological history of humans: research on so-called higher primates tends to focus on anatomical and behavioral characteristics associated with hominization, while prosimian research is often viewed as revealing ancient primate characteristics. A comprehensive study of primate evolution requires a synthesis of elements from the anthropological and zoological approaches to primatology, and Leaping Ahead re fl ects such a synthesis.
The book reveals the preoccupations of our time, and several chapters discuss the loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction, consequences of climate change, and overexploitation of forest ecosystems. The fi elds of phylogeny and systematics are also included, and the multiplicity of newly created taxa urges more in-depth research into prosimian diversity. Particular attention has been paid to species previ-ously ignored because they are rare or localized, or because they were previously confused with other taxa. The fi eld of paleontology is also advancing, allowing a more global vision of prosimians. Ecological studies produce new data on interspeci fi c competition, dietary strategies, habitat use, social structures, ecophysi-ology, and much more. New technologies have been applied to several fi elds, while more classical methods have revealed unanticipated cerebral capacities in mouse lemurs. The study of vocalizations is undergoing renewal, providing behavioral data to support or challenge genetic taxonomic assignments. This broad diversity of approaches shows that prosimians still attract much interest among students and researchers and that their study allows scientists to ask essential questions, to which there are often unique answers.
Clapiers, France Pierre Charles-Dominique
xi
The fi rst international conference dedicated to prosimian primates was held in April, 1972 at the Institute of Archaeology of the University of London and was organized by Bob Martin, Alan Walker, and Gerry Doyle. The resultant publication of the conference proceedings ( Prosimian Biology , Duckworth, London, 1974) became the “Bible” for prosimian primatologists working in the last decades of the twenti-eth century.
In June 1993, a conference dedicated to the nocturnal prosimians was held at Duke University, in Durham, NC. Kay Izard, Lon Alterman, and Gerry Doyle once again issued a volume of conference proceedings, entitled Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians (Plenum Press, New York, 1995), that became a mile-stone in the development of prosimian studies.
In September 1995, the Duke meeting was followed by the International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Prosimians, held at Chester Zoo in the UK. The proceedings were edited by Caroline Harcourt, Robin Crompton, and Anna Feistner and published as a supplement to Folia Primatologica in 1998. This volume served as a further focal point for prosimian biologists to re fl ect on the growth of their fi eld, and it became as indispensable as the previous proceedings volumes had been.
A decade elapsed before a fourth conference was convened, and work on prosimians—particularly on the Malagasy lemuriforms—had blossomed in the interim. The Prosimians 2007 International Congress took place in mid-July, 2007, in Ithala Game Reserve, South Africa. The fi nal program was comprised of 77 spoken pre-sentations spread over four-and-a-half days and 26 posters. One hundred partici-pants attended the conference, representing research and conservation institutions in 12 countries. Of particular note was the strong representation by participants from developing countries, who contributed one-third of the presentations. Prosimian
Editors’ Preface
xii Editors’ Preface
primates are found in the tropical and subtropical forests and woodlands of Africa, South-east Asia, and Madagascar, and the majority of countries in which they occur qualify as developing countries. For the conference to have a meaningful impact on the conservation and general understanding of prosimians, it was clear that a sub-stantial percentage of the participants should be drawn from these habitat countries. Funds to make this possible were generously supplied by Conservation International, the University of Fort Hare, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, and the South African Department of Science and Technology. We are also indebted to Dr Mikhail Mostovski, who volunteered his skills in Web site design and management, and Patricia Birkett, who drew the logo.
This collected volume, inspired by the Ithala conference proceedings, is not sim-ply an account of what transpired in July 2007. It presents a summary of the state and scope of prosimian research as we move into the second decade of the twenty- fi rst century. The diverse chapters have been grouped into seven sections: systematics and evolution; general ecology; behavioral ecology; dietary ecology; physiological ecology; sensory ecology, communication and cognition; and prosimian conserva-tion. Each chapter was thoroughly reviewed, and we acknowledge the following people who assisted with the review process:
Michelle Becker, Giovanna Bonodomo, Stefan Brudzynski, Robin Crompton, Frank Cuozzo, Massimiliano DelPero, Maarten de Wit, John Fleagle, Cristina Giacoma, Laurie Godfrey, Steven Goodman, Colin Groves, Sharon Gursky, Jean-Jacques Jaeger, David Lambert, Peter Lucas, Wolfgang Maier, Melchiorre Masali, Kate Meares, Nomakwezi Mzilikazi, Mike Perrin, Luca Pozzi, Michele Rasmussen, Kaye Reed, Marina Scheumann, Alain Schilling, Daniele Seglie, Myron Shekelle, Björn Siemers, Bruno Simmen, Viviana Sorrentino, Matt Sponheimer, Robert Sussman, Eleanor Weston, and Kirsten Wimberger. Unless otherwise stated, French translations of the summaries were provided by Fabien Génin, with help from Sébastien Couette. Gail Frank and David Masters performed many tasks as editorial assistants.
Alice, South Africa Judith C. MastersTorino, Italy Marco GambaAlice, South Africa Fabien G.S. Genin
xiii
Contents
Part I Systematics and Evolution
1 What’s in a Name? Higher Level Taxonomy of the Prosimian Primates ................................................................................................... 3Judith Masters, Marco Gamba, and Fabien Génin
2 Species-Level Diversity Among Malagasy Lemurs .............................. 11Ian Tattersall
3 Strepsirhine Divergence Dates Estimated from Mitochondrial Gene Sequences, and the Status of Daubentonia madagascariensis ..................................................................................... 21Daniel Montagnon
4 Organismal Biology, Molecular Systematics, and Phylogenetic Reconstruction ......................................................................................... 33Jeffrey H. Schwartz
5 Is Temporal Plasticity in Lemurs a Strategy for Dealing with Unpredictable or Predictable, Seasonal Environments? ............ 41Deborah J. Curtis and Giuseppe Donati
Part II General Ecology
6 Life History Variation in Madagascar’s Giant Extinct Lemurs ......... 51Laurie R. Godfrey, Gary T. Schwartz, William L. Jungers, Kierstin K. Catlett, Karen E. Samonds, Stephen J. King, Kathleen M. Muldoon, Mitchell T. Irwin, and David A. Burney
xiv Contents
7 Population Genetics, Parasitism, and Long-Term Population Dynamics of Microcebus murinus in Littoral Forest Fragments of South-Eastern Madagascar ............................................................... 61Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Andreas Hapke, Petra Lahann, Brigitte Raharivololona, Jean-Baptiste Ramanamanjato, Ernest Refaly, Jutta Schmid, Julia Schad, and Simone Sommer
8 Range Shifts of Mouse Lemurs in South-Eastern Madagascar: Evidence from Mitochondrial Genetic Data ................. 71Andreas Hapke, Tony B.D. Andrianaivo, Mark Gligor, and Emilienne Razafimahatratra
9 Habitat Use by the Red Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) in Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka ................................................................... 79Lilia Bernede, Simon K. Bearder, and Asoka Gunawardene
10 Forest Fragmentation Imperils Red Slender Lorises (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) in South-Western Sri Lanka .............. 89K. Anne-Isola Nekaris, Sarah M. Jaffe, and Giuseppe Donati
11 Head Posture and Visual Orientation in Loris tardigradus During Locomotion on Oblique Supports ............................................ 97Nancy J. Stevens and Christopher P. Heesy
12 Predation on Two Lemur Species in Sahamalaza Peninsula, North-Western Madagascar ................................................................... 105Guy Hermas Randriatahina and N. Sylviane M. Volampeno
Part III Behavioral Ecology
13 Preliminary Results on the Behavioral Ecology of the Hairy-Eared Dwarf Lemur (Allocebus trichotis) in Andasibe, Eastern Madagascar ............................................................................... 113Karla Biebouw
14 Venus in Fur: Female Power in Mouse Lemurs Microcebus murinus and M. griseorufus .................................................................... 121Fabien Génin
15 Group Size, Composition and Stability in a Wild Population of Blue-Eyed Black Lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons) at Ankarafa, Sahamalaza National Park ..................................................................... 127Guy Hermas Randriatahina and Jean-Jacques Roeder
xvContents
16 Eviction and Troop Reconstruction in a Single Matriline of Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta): What Happened When “Grandmother” Died? ................................................................. 137Takayo Soma and Naoki Koyama
Part IV Dietary Ecology
17 Coprolites Associated with Archaeolemur Remains in North-Western Madagascar Suggest Dietary Diversity and Cave Use in a Subfossil Prosimian ................................................. 149Natalie Vasey, David A. Burney, and Laurie R. Godfrey
18 The Dental Ecology of Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta).................. 157Frank P. Cuozzo and Michelle L. Sauther
19 Exudates and Animal Prey Characterize Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus, N. coucang and N. javanicus) Diet in Captivity and After Release into the Wild ........................................ 165Ulrike Streicher, Angelina Wilson, Rebecca L. Collins, and K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
20 Isotopic Variability and Lemur Diet in a Dry Madagascan Forest: A Cautionary Tale ...................................................................... 173Brooke E. Crowley and Laurie R. Godfrey
Part V Physiological Ecology
21 Variable Energetic Strategies in Disturbed and Undisturbed Rain Forests: Eulemur rubriventer Fecal Cortisol Levels in South-Eastern Madagascar ............................................................... 185Stacey R. Tecot
22 Photoperiod-Related Changes in Thermoregulatory Capacity in Gray Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus murinus) .................... 197Jérémy Terrien and Fabienne Aujard
23 Spoilt for Choice: Selection of Hibernacula by Cheirogaleus medius........................................................................... 205Kathrin H. Dausmann
24 Seasonality and Behavioral Energy Strategies in (Microcebus berthae and M. murinus) ............................................... 215Melanie Dammhahn and Peter M. Kappeler
Part VI Sensory Ecology, Communication and Cognition
25 The Ecology of Touch: Are Prosimians Special? .................................. 227Magdalena N. Muchlinski
xvi Contents
26 The Importance of Olfaction for Predator Detection in Spectral Tarsiers ................................................................................. 237Sharon L. Gursky
27 Size of Olfactory Structures in Strepsirhines: Ontogenetic and Ecological Factors ............................................................................ 247Timothy D. Smith, Laura J. Alport, and Anne M. Burrows
28 The Sensory Ecology of Foraging for Animal Prey.............................. 257Björn M. Siemers
29 Evolution of Auditory Sensitivity Among Strepsirhine Primates ................................................................................................... 265Marissa A. Ramsier
30 Vocalizations of Red Slender Lorises (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) in Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka ...................................................................... 271Lilia Bernede, Robert Davies, K. Anne-Isola Nekaris, Asoka Gunawardene, and Simon K. Bearder
31 Variation in Strepsirhine Infant Isolation Calls and Its Evolutionary Implications ......................................................... 279John D. Newman, Catherine D. Depeine, and Michelle L. Becker
32 Primate Serenades: Call Variation, Species Diversity, and Adaptation in Nocturnal Strepsirhines .......................................... 287Elke Zimmermann
33 Noises in the Dark: Vocal Communication in Lepilemur ruficaudatus and Other Nocturnal Pair-Living Primates ............................................................................... 297Claudia Fichtel and Roland Hilgartner
34 Artificial Neural Networks: A New Tool for Studying Lemur Vocal Communication ................................................................ 305Luca Pozzi, Marco Gamba, and Cristina Giacoma
35 A Quantitative Description of the Vocal Types Emitted in the Indri’s Song ................................................................................... 315Viviana Sorrentino, Marco Gamba, and Cristina Giacoma
36 What Can Virtual Vocal Tracts Tell Us About Lemur Communication? ........................................................................ 323Marco Gamba, Jules Medard, Haingoson Andriamialison, Gilbert Rakotoarisoa, and Cristina Giacoma
37 Cognitive Capacities of Captive Gray Mouse Lemurs as Evidenced by Object Manipulation .................................................. 331Alain Schilling
xviiContents
Part VII Conservation of Prosimians
38 Status, Distribution, and Conservation of Slender Lorises in India ........................................................................................ 343Honnavalli N. Kumara, Mewa Singh, Mohammed Irfan-Ullah, and Shanthala Kumar
39 Berenty Reserve: Past, Present, and Future ......................................... 353Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony and Alison Jolly
40 Berenty Reserve: Interactions Among the Diurnal Lemur Species and the Gallery Forest .................................................. 361Hantanirina Rasamimanana, Josia Razafindramanana, Anne S. Mertl-Millhollen, Kathryn Blumenfeld-Jones, Sahoby Marin Raharison, Donald Raymond Tsaramanana, Voahirana Razoliharisoa, and Laurent Tarnaud
41 Why Do Some Ring-Tailed Lemurs Feeding on Leucaena Not Suffer from Alopecia Syndrome? ............................. 369Vonjy Nirina Andrianome, Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony, and Hantanirina Rasamimanana
42 The Impact of Alopecia Syndrome on Female Reproductive Parameters in Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta) in Berenty Reserve, Madagascar ........................................................... 377Shinichiro Ichino, Takayo Soma, and Naoki Koyama
43 Conservation of Malagasy Prosimians: A View from the Great Red Island ............................................................................... 387Jonah H. Ratsimbazafy, Summer J. Arrigo-Nelson, Luke Dollar, Christopher M. Holmes, Mitchell T. Irwin, Steig E. Johnson, Nancy J. Stevens, and Patricia C. Wright
Index ................................................................................................................. 397
xix
Contributors
Laura J. Alport Department of Anthropology , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
Haingoson Andriamialison Parc Botanique et Zoologique Tsimbazaza , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Tony B.D. Andrianaivo Département de Biologie Animale , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Vonjy Nirina Andrianome Département des Eaux et Forêts, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Summer J. Arrigo-Nelson Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , California University of Pennsylvania , California , PA , USA
Fabienne Aujard Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179 , Brunoy , France
Simon K. Bearder Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
Michelle L. Becker Laboratory of Comparative Ethology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NICHD/NIH , Poolesville , MD , USA
Lilia Bernede Applied Road Ecology Group , Environmental Futures Centre and Griffi th School of Environment , Griffi th University, Nathan , QLD , Australia
Karla Biebouw Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
Kathryn Blumenfeld-Jones School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA
David A. Burney National Tropical Botanical Garden , Kalaheo , HI , USA
xx Contributors
Anne M. Burrows Department of Physical Therapy , Duquesne University , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
Department of Anthropology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
Kierstin K. Catlett Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA
Rebecca L. Collins Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
Brooke E. Crowley Department of Geology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
Department of Anthropology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
Frank P. Cuozzo Department of Anthropology , University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , ND , USA
Deborah J. Curtis School of Human and Life Sciences, Roehampton University , London , UK
Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
Melanie Dammhahn Abteilung Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum , Göttingen , Germany
Kathrin H. Dausmann Department of Ecology and Conservation , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
Robert Davies Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
Catherine D. Depeine Laboratory of Comparative Ethology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Poolesville , MD , USA
Luke Dollar Department of Biology , Pfeiffer University , Misenheimer , NC , USA
Giuseppe Donati Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
Claudia Fichtel Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center , CRC “Evolution of Social Behavior,” University of Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
Marco Gamba Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
Jörg U. Ganzhorn Animal Ecology and Conservation , Hamburg University , Hamburg , Germany
Fabien Génin Department of Zoology and Entomology , University of Fort Hare , Private Bag, Alice , South Africa
xxiContributors
Cristina Giacoma Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
Mark Gligor Institut für Anthropologie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
Laurie R. Godfrey Department of Anthropology , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , MA , USA
Asoka Gunawardene Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Ruhuna , Mapalana, Kamburupitiya , Sri Lanka
Sharon L. Gursky Department of Anthropology , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
Andreas Hapke Animal Ecology and Conservation, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
Institut für Anthropologie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Christopher P. Heesy Department of Anatomy , Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University , Glendale , AZ , USA
Roland Hilgartner Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center , University of Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
Department of Experimental Ecology , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
Christopher M. Holmes Wildlife Conservation Society , Soavimbahoaka, 101 Antananarivo , Madagascar
Shinichiro Ichino Unit of Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , German primate Center , Göttingen , Germany
Genome Diversity Section , Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University , Kanrin, Inuyama-city, Aichi , Japan
Mohammed Irfan-Ullah Ecoinformatics Centre , Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
RMSI Pvt. Ltd , Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India
Mitchell T. Irwin Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
Sarah M. Jaffe Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
Steig E. Johnson Department of Anthropology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
Alison Jolly Department of Biology and Environmental Science , University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences , Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
xxii Contributors
William L. Jungers Department of Anatomical Sciences , School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Drive , Stony Brook , NY , USA
Peter M. Kappeler Abteilung Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum , Göttingen , Germany
Abteilung Soziobiologie/Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
Stephen J. King Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Naoki Koyama The Center for African Area Studies , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan
Shanthala Kumar Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , India
Honnavalli N. Kumara Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History , Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , India
National Institute of Advanced Studies , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
Petra Lahann Conservation Department, ZSL London ZOO, Outer Circle , Regent’s Park, London, UK
Judith Masters Department of Zoology and Entomology , University of Fort Hare , Alice , South Africa
Jules Medard Parc Botanique et Zoologique Tsimbazaza, Rue Fernand Kasanga , Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo , Madagascar
Anne S. Mertl-Millhollen Department of Anthropology , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA
Daniel Montagnon Faculté de Médecine , Unité EA3428, Espèce Humaine et Primates: Variabilité et Évolution , Strasbourg , France
Magdalena N. Muchlinski Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
Kathleen M. Muldoon Department of Anatomy , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA
Department of Anthropology , Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
K. Anne-Isola Nekaris Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
John D. Newman Laboratory of Comparative Ethology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Poolesville , MD , USA
Luca Pozzi Department of Anthropology , Center for the Study of Human Origins , New York University , New York , NY , USA
xxiiiContributors
Sahoby Marin Raharison École Normale Supérieur , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Brigitte Raharivololona Animal Ecology and Conservation , Hamburg University , Hamburg , Germany
Département de Paléontologie et Anthropologie Biologique , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Gilbert Rakotoarisoa Parc Botanique et Zoologique Tsimbazaza, Rue Fernand Kasanga , Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo , Madagascar
Jean-Baptiste Ramanamanjato QMM , Tolagnaro , Madagascar
Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony Ecole Nomale Supérieure , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Department of Zoology and Entomology , University of Fort Hare , Alice , South Africa
Marissa A. Ramsier Department of Anthropology , Humboldt State University , Arcata , CA , USA
Guy Hermas Randriatahina Département de Paléontologie et d’Anthropologie Biologique , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Association Européene pour l ‘Etude et la Conservation des Lemuriens (AEECL) , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Hantanirina Rasamimanana Ecole Nomale Supérieure , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Jonah H. Ratsimbazafy Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Emilienne Raza fi mahatratra Département de Biologie Animale , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Josia Raza fi ndramanana Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Anthropology , School of Social Science and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
Voahirana Razoliharisoa École Normale Supérieure , University of Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Ernest Refaly QMM , Tolagnaro , Madagascar
Jean-Jacques Roeder DEPE, UMR 7178 , Strasbourg , France
Karen E. Samonds Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
Michelle L. Sauther Department of Anthropology , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
xxiv Contributors
Julia Schad Animal Ecology and Conservation , Hamburg University , Hamburg , Germany
Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research , Berlin , Germany
Alain Schilling Achères la forêt , France
Jutta Schmid Department Experimental Ecology , Ulm , Germany
Gary T. Schwartz Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA
Jeffrey H. Schwartz Departments of Anthropology and History and Philosophy of Science , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
Björn M. Siemers Sensory Ecology Group , Max-Planck Institute for Ornithology , Seewiesen , Germany
Mewa Singh Bio-Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology , University of Mysore , Mysore , Karnataka , India
Timothy D. Smith School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University , Slippery Rock , PA , USA
Department of Anthropology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
Takayo Soma The Center for African Area Studies , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan
Simone Sommer Animal Ecology and Conservation , Hamburg University , Hamburg , Germany
Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research , Berlin , Germany
Viviana Sorrentino Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
Nancy J. Stevens Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies , Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA
Ulrika Streicher Endangered Primate Rescue Center , Ninh Binh Province , Vietnam
Laurent Tarnaud Unité scienti fi que 104 du Muséum “Eco-anthropologie et eth-nobiologie,” Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle , Paris Cedex 05 , France
Ian Tattersall Division of Anthropology , American Museum of Natural History , New York , NY , USA
Stacey R. Tecot School of Anthropology , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
Jérémy Terrien Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179 , Brunoy , France
xxvContributors
Donald Raymond Tsaramanana École Normale Supérieur , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Natalie Vasey Department of Anthropology , Portland State University , Portland , OR , USA
N. Sylviane M. Volampeno School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Scottsville , South Africa
Community Centred Conservation , Antananarivo , Madagascar
Angelina Wilson Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
Patrica C. Wright Department of Anthropology , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
Elke Zimmermann Institute of Zoology , Veterinary University , Hannover , Germany
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