Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects

Series Editors: Louise Barrett and Russell Tuttle

For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/5852

Judith Masters • Marco Gamba • Fabien Génin Editors

Leaping Ahead

Advances in Prosimian Biology

Editors Judith Masters Department of Zoology University of Fort Hare Alice , South Africa

Fabien Génin Department of ZoologyUniversity of Fort Hare Alice , South Africa

Marco Gamba Dipartimento di Biologia Animale

e dell’Uomo Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy

ISBN 978-1-4614-4510-4 ISBN 978-1-4614-4511-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4511-1 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012948133

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Frontispiece

Participants in the Prosimians 2007 International Congress, Ithala, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 15–19 July 2007

We dedicate this volume to our colleagues Daniel Montagnon and Bjoern Siemers, whose premature deaths have left us and the fi eld of prosimian biology much the poorer.

ix

Leaping Ahead takes its place in a series of collective and synthetic volumes updating current knowledge on prosimians. Initiated by Robert Martin, Gerald Doyle, and Alan Walker in 1974, and continued by Gerald Doyle and Robert Martin 5 years later, these volumes have become a recurrent necessity for the prosimian research community. It is no longer necessary to justify meetings or publications dedicated to prosimian studies: the gathering of papers synthesizing the latest contributions to the fi eld provides researchers with an irreplaceable bibliographic tool which, com-plemented by publications in specialized international journals, is essential to all scienti fi c disciplines.

In 1979, Gerald Doyle and Robert Martin questioned the practice of restricting these meetings to a fraction of primatologists, with the risk of seeing “prosimianol-ogy” become an autonomous discipline. This risk has not been realized, since pros-imian researchers also frequent primatology meetings; but we can question the dichotomy between studies of so-called higher and prosimian primates. There are probably many reasons for this distinction. One of them is methodological: studying the biology and the sociology of nocturnal animals requires very different methods from those designed for analyzing and decoding the behavior of gregarious, diurnal animals. But other, more, profound reasons may also play a role. When Linnaeus proposed the term “Primates” in 1758 for a group formerly known as “Simia” or “Anthropoidea,” he was implicitly placing them before the others, which seemed sensible at the time. A few decades later, in the same spirit, and basing his reasoning on the “degeneration” of the hand, Blainville created the “Secundates,” “Tertiates,” and “Quaternates” for the other mammalian orders. This nomenclature disappeared rapidly, but Linnaeus’ Primates survived. This term could as well have been replaced by “Quadrumanes,” created by Cuvier, but the notion of Primates is so deeply entrenched that no one would dare question it, despite the birth of Darwinism and modern theories which swept away the idea of linearity of evolution. This persis-tence is not fortuitous, and many people, including scientists, still regard primates as “primary” with an innate hierarchy of “higher” primates and prosimians.

Foreword

x Foreword

There is also the fact that many primatological studies are undertaken to improve our understanding of the evolutionary and paleontological history of humans: research on so-called higher primates tends to focus on anatomical and behavioral characteristics associated with hominization, while prosimian research is often viewed as revealing ancient primate characteristics. A comprehensive study of primate evolution requires a synthesis of elements from the anthropological and zoological approaches to primatology, and Leaping Ahead re fl ects such a synthesis.

The book reveals the preoccupations of our time, and several chapters discuss the loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction, consequences of climate change, and overexploitation of forest ecosystems. The fi elds of phylogeny and systematics are also included, and the multiplicity of newly created taxa urges more in-depth research into prosimian diversity. Particular attention has been paid to species previ-ously ignored because they are rare or localized, or because they were previously confused with other taxa. The fi eld of paleontology is also advancing, allowing a more global vision of prosimians. Ecological studies produce new data on interspeci fi c competition, dietary strategies, habitat use, social structures, ecophysi-ology, and much more. New technologies have been applied to several fi elds, while more classical methods have revealed unanticipated cerebral capacities in mouse lemurs. The study of vocalizations is undergoing renewal, providing behavioral data to support or challenge genetic taxonomic assignments. This broad diversity of approaches shows that prosimians still attract much interest among students and researchers and that their study allows scientists to ask essential questions, to which there are often unique answers.

Clapiers, France Pierre Charles-Dominique

xi

The fi rst international conference dedicated to prosimian primates was held in April, 1972 at the Institute of Archaeology of the University of London and was organized by Bob Martin, Alan Walker, and Gerry Doyle. The resultant publication of the conference proceedings ( Prosimian Biology , Duckworth, London, 1974) became the “Bible” for prosimian primatologists working in the last decades of the twenti-eth century.

In June 1993, a conference dedicated to the nocturnal prosimians was held at Duke University, in Durham, NC. Kay Izard, Lon Alterman, and Gerry Doyle once again issued a volume of conference proceedings, entitled Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians (Plenum Press, New York, 1995), that became a mile-stone in the development of prosimian studies.

In September 1995, the Duke meeting was followed by the International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Prosimians, held at Chester Zoo in the UK. The proceedings were edited by Caroline Harcourt, Robin Crompton, and Anna Feistner and published as a supplement to Folia Primatologica in 1998. This volume served as a further focal point for prosimian biologists to re fl ect on the growth of their fi eld, and it became as indispensable as the previous proceedings volumes had been.

A decade elapsed before a fourth conference was convened, and work on prosimians—particularly on the Malagasy lemuriforms—had blossomed in the interim. The Prosimians 2007 International Congress took place in mid-July, 2007, in Ithala Game Reserve, South Africa. The fi nal program was comprised of 77 spoken pre-sentations spread over four-and-a-half days and 26 posters. One hundred partici-pants attended the conference, representing research and conservation institutions in 12 countries. Of particular note was the strong representation by participants from developing countries, who contributed one-third of the presentations. Prosimian

Editors’ Preface

xii Editors’ Preface

primates are found in the tropical and subtropical forests and woodlands of Africa, South-east Asia, and Madagascar, and the majority of countries in which they occur qualify as developing countries. For the conference to have a meaningful impact on the conservation and general understanding of prosimians, it was clear that a sub-stantial percentage of the participants should be drawn from these habitat countries. Funds to make this possible were generously supplied by Conservation International, the University of Fort Hare, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, and the South African Department of Science and Technology. We are also indebted to Dr Mikhail Mostovski, who volunteered his skills in Web site design and management, and Patricia Birkett, who drew the logo.

This collected volume, inspired by the Ithala conference proceedings, is not sim-ply an account of what transpired in July 2007. It presents a summary of the state and scope of prosimian research as we move into the second decade of the twenty- fi rst century. The diverse chapters have been grouped into seven sections: systematics and evolution; general ecology; behavioral ecology; dietary ecology; physiological ecology; sensory ecology, communication and cognition; and prosimian conserva-tion. Each chapter was thoroughly reviewed, and we acknowledge the following people who assisted with the review process:

Michelle Becker, Giovanna Bonodomo, Stefan Brudzynski, Robin Crompton, Frank Cuozzo, Massimiliano DelPero, Maarten de Wit, John Fleagle, Cristina Giacoma, Laurie Godfrey, Steven Goodman, Colin Groves, Sharon Gursky, Jean-Jacques Jaeger, David Lambert, Peter Lucas, Wolfgang Maier, Melchiorre Masali, Kate Meares, Nomakwezi Mzilikazi, Mike Perrin, Luca Pozzi, Michele Rasmussen, Kaye Reed, Marina Scheumann, Alain Schilling, Daniele Seglie, Myron Shekelle, Björn Siemers, Bruno Simmen, Viviana Sorrentino, Matt Sponheimer, Robert Sussman, Eleanor Weston, and Kirsten Wimberger. Unless otherwise stated, French translations of the summaries were provided by Fabien Génin, with help from Sébastien Couette. Gail Frank and David Masters performed many tasks as editorial assistants.

Alice, South Africa Judith C. MastersTorino, Italy Marco GambaAlice, South Africa Fabien G.S. Genin

xiii

Contents

Part I Systematics and Evolution

1 What’s in a Name? Higher Level Taxonomy of the Prosimian Primates ................................................................................................... 3Judith Masters, Marco Gamba, and Fabien Génin

2 Species-Level Diversity Among Malagasy Lemurs .............................. 11Ian Tattersall

3 Strepsirhine Divergence Dates Estimated from Mitochondrial Gene Sequences, and the Status of Daubentonia madagascariensis ..................................................................................... 21Daniel Montagnon

4 Organismal Biology, Molecular Systematics, and Phylogenetic Reconstruction ......................................................................................... 33Jeffrey H. Schwartz

5 Is Temporal Plasticity in Lemurs a Strategy for Dealing with Unpredictable or Predictable, Seasonal Environments? ............ 41Deborah J. Curtis and Giuseppe Donati

Part II General Ecology

6 Life History Variation in Madagascar’s Giant Extinct Lemurs ......... 51Laurie R. Godfrey, Gary T. Schwartz, William L. Jungers, Kierstin K. Catlett, Karen E. Samonds, Stephen J. King, Kathleen M. Muldoon, Mitchell T. Irwin, and David A. Burney

xiv Contents

7 Population Genetics, Parasitism, and Long-Term Population Dynamics of Microcebus murinus in Littoral Forest Fragments of South-Eastern Madagascar ............................................................... 61Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Andreas Hapke, Petra Lahann, Brigitte Raharivololona, Jean-Baptiste Ramanamanjato, Ernest Refaly, Jutta Schmid, Julia Schad, and Simone Sommer

8 Range Shifts of Mouse Lemurs in South-Eastern Madagascar: Evidence from Mitochondrial Genetic Data ................. 71Andreas Hapke, Tony B.D. Andrianaivo, Mark Gligor, and Emilienne Razafimahatratra

9 Habitat Use by the Red Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) in Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka ................................................................... 79Lilia Bernede, Simon K. Bearder, and Asoka Gunawardene

10 Forest Fragmentation Imperils Red Slender Lorises (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) in South-Western Sri Lanka .............. 89K. Anne-Isola Nekaris, Sarah M. Jaffe, and Giuseppe Donati

11 Head Posture and Visual Orientation in Loris tardigradus During Locomotion on Oblique Supports ............................................ 97Nancy J. Stevens and Christopher P. Heesy

12 Predation on Two Lemur Species in Sahamalaza Peninsula, North-Western Madagascar ................................................................... 105Guy Hermas Randriatahina and N. Sylviane M. Volampeno

Part III Behavioral Ecology

13 Preliminary Results on the Behavioral Ecology of the Hairy-Eared Dwarf Lemur (Allocebus trichotis) in Andasibe, Eastern Madagascar ............................................................................... 113Karla Biebouw

14 Venus in Fur: Female Power in Mouse Lemurs Microcebus murinus and M. griseorufus .................................................................... 121Fabien Génin

15 Group Size, Composition and Stability in a Wild Population of Blue-Eyed Black Lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons) at Ankarafa, Sahamalaza National Park ..................................................................... 127Guy Hermas Randriatahina and Jean-Jacques Roeder

xvContents

16 Eviction and Troop Reconstruction in a Single Matriline of Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta): What Happened When “Grandmother” Died? ................................................................. 137Takayo Soma and Naoki Koyama

Part IV Dietary Ecology

17 Coprolites Associated with Archaeolemur Remains in North-Western Madagascar Suggest Dietary Diversity and Cave Use in a Subfossil Prosimian ................................................. 149Natalie Vasey, David A. Burney, and Laurie R. Godfrey

18 The Dental Ecology of Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta).................. 157Frank P. Cuozzo and Michelle L. Sauther

19 Exudates and Animal Prey Characterize Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus, N. coucang and N. javanicus) Diet in Captivity and After Release into the Wild ........................................ 165Ulrike Streicher, Angelina Wilson, Rebecca L. Collins, and K. Anne-Isola Nekaris

20 Isotopic Variability and Lemur Diet in a Dry Madagascan Forest: A Cautionary Tale ...................................................................... 173Brooke E. Crowley and Laurie R. Godfrey

Part V Physiological Ecology

21 Variable Energetic Strategies in Disturbed and Undisturbed Rain Forests: Eulemur rubriventer Fecal Cortisol Levels in South-Eastern Madagascar ............................................................... 185Stacey R. Tecot

22 Photoperiod-Related Changes in Thermoregulatory Capacity in Gray Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus murinus) .................... 197Jérémy Terrien and Fabienne Aujard

23 Spoilt for Choice: Selection of Hibernacula by Cheirogaleus medius........................................................................... 205Kathrin H. Dausmann

24 Seasonality and Behavioral Energy Strategies in (Microcebus berthae and M. murinus) ............................................... 215Melanie Dammhahn and Peter M. Kappeler

Part VI Sensory Ecology, Communication and Cognition

25 The Ecology of Touch: Are Prosimians Special? .................................. 227Magdalena N. Muchlinski

xvi Contents

26 The Importance of Olfaction for Predator Detection in Spectral Tarsiers ................................................................................. 237Sharon L. Gursky

27 Size of Olfactory Structures in Strepsirhines: Ontogenetic and Ecological Factors ............................................................................ 247Timothy D. Smith, Laura J. Alport, and Anne M. Burrows

28 The Sensory Ecology of Foraging for Animal Prey.............................. 257Björn M. Siemers

29 Evolution of Auditory Sensitivity Among Strepsirhine Primates ................................................................................................... 265Marissa A. Ramsier

30 Vocalizations of Red Slender Lorises (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) in Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka ...................................................................... 271Lilia Bernede, Robert Davies, K. Anne-Isola Nekaris, Asoka Gunawardene, and Simon K. Bearder

31 Variation in Strepsirhine Infant Isolation Calls and Its Evolutionary Implications ......................................................... 279John D. Newman, Catherine D. Depeine, and Michelle L. Becker

32 Primate Serenades: Call Variation, Species Diversity, and Adaptation in Nocturnal Strepsirhines .......................................... 287Elke Zimmermann

33 Noises in the Dark: Vocal Communication in Lepilemur ruficaudatus and Other Nocturnal Pair-Living Primates ............................................................................... 297Claudia Fichtel and Roland Hilgartner

34 Artificial Neural Networks: A New Tool for Studying Lemur Vocal Communication ................................................................ 305Luca Pozzi, Marco Gamba, and Cristina Giacoma

35 A Quantitative Description of the Vocal Types Emitted in the Indri’s Song ................................................................................... 315Viviana Sorrentino, Marco Gamba, and Cristina Giacoma

36 What Can Virtual Vocal Tracts Tell Us About Lemur Communication? ........................................................................ 323Marco Gamba, Jules Medard, Haingoson Andriamialison, Gilbert Rakotoarisoa, and Cristina Giacoma

37 Cognitive Capacities of Captive Gray Mouse Lemurs as Evidenced by Object Manipulation .................................................. 331Alain Schilling

xviiContents

Part VII Conservation of Prosimians

38 Status, Distribution, and Conservation of Slender Lorises in India ........................................................................................ 343Honnavalli N. Kumara, Mewa Singh, Mohammed Irfan-Ullah, and Shanthala Kumar

39 Berenty Reserve: Past, Present, and Future ......................................... 353Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony and Alison Jolly

40 Berenty Reserve: Interactions Among the Diurnal Lemur Species and the Gallery Forest .................................................. 361Hantanirina Rasamimanana, Josia Razafindramanana, Anne S. Mertl-Millhollen, Kathryn Blumenfeld-Jones, Sahoby Marin Raharison, Donald Raymond Tsaramanana, Voahirana Razoliharisoa, and Laurent Tarnaud

41 Why Do Some Ring-Tailed Lemurs Feeding on Leucaena Not Suffer from Alopecia Syndrome? ............................. 369Vonjy Nirina Andrianome, Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony, and Hantanirina Rasamimanana

42 The Impact of Alopecia Syndrome on Female Reproductive Parameters in Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta) in Berenty Reserve, Madagascar ........................................................... 377Shinichiro Ichino, Takayo Soma, and Naoki Koyama

43 Conservation of Malagasy Prosimians: A View from the Great Red Island ............................................................................... 387Jonah H. Ratsimbazafy, Summer J. Arrigo-Nelson, Luke Dollar, Christopher M. Holmes, Mitchell T. Irwin, Steig E. Johnson, Nancy J. Stevens, and Patricia C. Wright

Index ................................................................................................................. 397

xix

Contributors

Laura J. Alport Department of Anthropology , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA

Haingoson Andriamialison Parc Botanique et Zoologique Tsimbazaza , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Tony B.D. Andrianaivo Département de Biologie Animale , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Vonjy Nirina Andrianome Département des Eaux et Forêts, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Summer J. Arrigo-Nelson Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , California University of Pennsylvania , California , PA , USA

Fabienne Aujard Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179 , Brunoy , France

Simon K. Bearder Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

Michelle L. Becker Laboratory of Comparative Ethology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NICHD/NIH , Poolesville , MD , USA

Lilia Bernede Applied Road Ecology Group , Environmental Futures Centre and Griffi th School of Environment , Griffi th University, Nathan , QLD , Australia

Karla Biebouw Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

Kathryn Blumenfeld-Jones School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA

David A. Burney National Tropical Botanical Garden , Kalaheo , HI , USA

xx Contributors

Anne M. Burrows Department of Physical Therapy , Duquesne University , Pittsburgh , PA , USA

Department of Anthropology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA

Kierstin K. Catlett Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA

Rebecca L. Collins Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

Brooke E. Crowley Department of Geology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA

Department of Anthropology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA

Frank P. Cuozzo Department of Anthropology , University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , ND , USA

Deborah J. Curtis School of Human and Life Sciences, Roehampton University , London , UK

Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

Melanie Dammhahn Abteilung Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum , Göttingen , Germany

Kathrin H. Dausmann Department of Ecology and Conservation , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany

Robert Davies Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

Catherine D. Depeine Laboratory of Comparative Ethology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Poolesville , MD , USA

Luke Dollar Department of Biology , Pfeiffer University , Misenheimer , NC , USA

Giuseppe Donati Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

Claudia Fichtel Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center , CRC “Evolution of Social Behavior,” University of Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany

Marco Gamba Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy

Jörg U. Ganzhorn Animal Ecology and Conservation , Hamburg University , Hamburg , Germany

Fabien Génin Department of Zoology and Entomology , University of Fort Hare , Private Bag, Alice , South Africa

xxiContributors

Cristina Giacoma Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy

Mark Gligor Institut für Anthropologie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany

Laurie R. Godfrey Department of Anthropology , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , MA , USA

Asoka Gunawardene Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Ruhuna , Mapalana, Kamburupitiya , Sri Lanka

Sharon L. Gursky Department of Anthropology , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA

Andreas Hapke Animal Ecology and Conservation, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany

Institut für Anthropologie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

Christopher P. Heesy Department of Anatomy , Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University , Glendale , AZ , USA

Roland Hilgartner Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center , University of Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany

Department of Experimental Ecology , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany

Christopher M. Holmes Wildlife Conservation Society , Soavimbahoaka, 101 Antananarivo , Madagascar

Shinichiro Ichino Unit of Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , German primate Center , Göttingen , Germany

Genome Diversity Section , Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University , Kanrin, Inuyama-city, Aichi , Japan

Mohammed Irfan-Ullah Ecoinformatics Centre , Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India

RMSI Pvt. Ltd , Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India

Mitchell T. Irwin Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA

Sarah M. Jaffe Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

Steig E. Johnson Department of Anthropology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada

Alison Jolly Department of Biology and Environmental Science , University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences , Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom

xxii Contributors

William L. Jungers Department of Anatomical Sciences , School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Drive , Stony Brook , NY , USA

Peter M. Kappeler Abteilung Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum , Göttingen , Germany

Abteilung Soziobiologie/Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany

Stephen J. King Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Naoki Koyama The Center for African Area Studies , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan

Shanthala Kumar Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , India

Honnavalli N. Kumara Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History , Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , India

National Institute of Advanced Studies , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India

Petra Lahann Conservation Department, ZSL London ZOO, Outer Circle , Regent’s Park, London, UK

Judith Masters Department of Zoology and Entomology , University of Fort Hare , Alice , South Africa

Jules Medard Parc Botanique et Zoologique Tsimbazaza, Rue Fernand Kasanga , Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo , Madagascar

Anne S. Mertl-Millhollen Department of Anthropology , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA

Daniel Montagnon Faculté de Médecine , Unité EA3428, Espèce Humaine et Primates: Variabilité et Évolution , Strasbourg , France

Magdalena N. Muchlinski Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA

Kathleen M. Muldoon Department of Anatomy , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA

Department of Anthropology , Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA

K. Anne-Isola Nekaris Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

John D. Newman Laboratory of Comparative Ethology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Poolesville , MD , USA

Luca Pozzi Department of Anthropology , Center for the Study of Human Origins , New York University , New York , NY , USA

xxiiiContributors

Sahoby Marin Raharison École Normale Supérieur , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Brigitte Raharivololona Animal Ecology and Conservation , Hamburg University , Hamburg , Germany

Département de Paléontologie et Anthropologie Biologique , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Gilbert Rakotoarisoa Parc Botanique et Zoologique Tsimbazaza, Rue Fernand Kasanga , Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo , Madagascar

Jean-Baptiste Ramanamanjato QMM , Tolagnaro , Madagascar

Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony Ecole Nomale Supérieure , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Department of Zoology and Entomology , University of Fort Hare , Alice , South Africa

Marissa A. Ramsier Department of Anthropology , Humboldt State University , Arcata , CA , USA

Guy Hermas Randriatahina Département de Paléontologie et d’Anthropologie Biologique , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Association Européene pour l ‘Etude et la Conservation des Lemuriens (AEECL) , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Hantanirina Rasamimanana Ecole Nomale Supérieure , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Jonah H. Ratsimbazafy Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Emilienne Raza fi mahatratra Département de Biologie Animale , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Josia Raza fi ndramanana Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Anthropology , School of Social Science and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

Voahirana Razoliharisoa École Normale Supérieure , University of Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Ernest Refaly QMM , Tolagnaro , Madagascar

Jean-Jacques Roeder DEPE, UMR 7178 , Strasbourg , France

Karen E. Samonds Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA

Michelle L. Sauther Department of Anthropology , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA

xxiv Contributors

Julia Schad Animal Ecology and Conservation , Hamburg University , Hamburg , Germany

Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research , Berlin , Germany

Alain Schilling Achères la forêt , France

Jutta Schmid Department Experimental Ecology , Ulm , Germany

Gary T. Schwartz Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA

Jeffrey H. Schwartz Departments of Anthropology and History and Philosophy of Science , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA

Björn M. Siemers Sensory Ecology Group , Max-Planck Institute for Ornithology , Seewiesen , Germany

Mewa Singh Bio-Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology , University of Mysore , Mysore , Karnataka , India

Timothy D. Smith School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University , Slippery Rock , PA , USA

Department of Anthropology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA

Takayo Soma The Center for African Area Studies , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan

Simone Sommer Animal Ecology and Conservation , Hamburg University , Hamburg , Germany

Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research , Berlin , Germany

Viviana Sorrentino Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy

Nancy J. Stevens Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies , Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA

Ulrika Streicher Endangered Primate Rescue Center , Ninh Binh Province , Vietnam

Laurent Tarnaud Unité scienti fi que 104 du Muséum “Eco-anthropologie et eth-nobiologie,” Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle , Paris Cedex 05 , France

Ian Tattersall Division of Anthropology , American Museum of Natural History , New York , NY , USA

Stacey R. Tecot School of Anthropology , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA

Jérémy Terrien Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179 , Brunoy , France

xxvContributors

Donald Raymond Tsaramanana École Normale Supérieur , Université d’Antananarivo , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Natalie Vasey Department of Anthropology , Portland State University , Portland , OR , USA

N. Sylviane M. Volampeno School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Scottsville , South Africa

Community Centred Conservation , Antananarivo , Madagascar

Angelina Wilson Nocturnal Primate Research Group , School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK

Patrica C. Wright Department of Anthropology , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA

Elke Zimmermann Institute of Zoology , Veterinary University , Hannover , Germany