Balkh (/ b lx /; perzijski / patu: Balkh; Bactrian: , axl ) bio je drevni grad i sredite budizma, sufizma i Zoroastrizam u ono to je sada sjeverni Afganistan. Danas je to mali gradi u pokrajini Balkh, oko 20 kilometara sjeverozapadno od glavnog grada pokrajine, Mazar-e Sharifa, a neki 74 km (46 mi) juno od Amu Darja. To je bio jedan od glavnih gradova Khorasan, budui naknadnoj najranije povijesti. Marko Polo opisao Balkh kao "plemenite i velikog grada". [1]

Antiki grad Balkh je poznat starih Grka to Bactra, dajui svoje ime Baktrija. To je uglavnom poznat kao sredite i glavni grad Baktrija ili Tokharistan. Balkh je sada najveim dijelom masa ruevina, nalazi se oko 12 km od desnoj obali sezonski tee Balkh rijeke, na nadmorskoj visini od oko 365 m (1.200 ft).

Vani je grad bio veliki budistiki samostan kasnije poznat kao Naubahar (ili Nava Vihra u sanskrtu). [2]

Francuski budist Alexandra David-Neel povezana Shambhala s Balkh, i nudi Perzijski Sham-i-Bala,"uzvieni svijeu" kao etimologije imena njezina. [3] Na slian nain je Gurdjieffian JG Bennett objavljena nagaanja da Shambalha je Shams -i-Balkh, A Bactrian sunce hram. [4]

amani u Balkh .... Shamis hr Balkh ... Shams ja Balkh ... Sams i-Bala .... Shamis hr Balkh ... na "Povieni Candle" (Sham-i-Bala) .... Povien / podigao (Bala) i svijea (prijevara, Sam) .... Sam = Sun .... Bala = Podignuta

"To je dio ruevine jednog od vanjskih zidina drevnog grada Shamis en Balkh ..... Balkh (Bactra, 67E..36N) ... U sreditu tih ruevina je veliki Kal'ah ( Dvorac, Kalaha, Kala).

"Shams ja Balkh je od najveih i najljepih tisua drevnih gradova. Balkh je na to visini od 2700- 2000 godine prije Krista, ali od velike vanosti od 600 godine prije Krista do 600. .....

2600 BC ..... "Balkh je jedan od najstarijih gradova na svijetu ... Od Indo-Iranci izgradili svoj prvi kraljevstvo u Balkh (Baktrija, Daxia, Bukhdi) neki znanstvenici vjeruju da je iz ovog podruja te razliiti valovi Indo-Iranci proirila na sjeveroistoku Irana i Seistan regije ... Razdoblje izmeu 26.-20 stoljea prije Krista bio najvaniji period u povijesti Balkh, to je u ovom relativno kratkom razdoblju da kraljevstvo je osnovano, a zatim Stanovnitvo je poeo raspriti i kraljevstvo poeo smanjivati. "

"U vrlo rano, Balkh bio suparnik Ekbatani, Ninive i Babilona. Tu je dugogodinja tradicija da drevni hram Anahita je trebalo nai ovdje, hram toliko bogata da je pozvao plijen."

900 pne .... "utvrenih gradova s sredinjim dvoraca (kal'ah) postojala Baktrija, merv (Mary) u Turkmenistanu), Maracandra, Samarkand

6. stoljeu prije Krista .... "Balkh se smatra prvom mjestu gdje Zaratustra propovijedao svoju vjeru, kao i mjesto gdje je i umro. Zoroastrizam, koji se nazivaju i Mazdaism Magianism je religija i filozofija temelji na uenjima prorok Zaratustra (takoer poznat kao Zaratustra u avestan) i prije biomeu najveim svjetskim religijama.

567-486 BC .... Shakyamuni Buddha .... "Prve dvije uenici Buddhe su trgovci iz Balkh. Njihovi stupas su jo uvijek nalazi u podruju .... Buda prvi leao disciples.When Trapusa i Bahalika elio njegov ostavite da se vrati kui, pitali Buddhu za neto kojom su mogli sjetiti i ast mu se u odsutnosti. Buddha im je osam njegovih glavu kao relikvija. Oni su zlatne lijesova za relikvije i odveli ih u svom gradu (Balkh ) gdje su ih sadrana u Stupa od strane gradskih vrata. Huang Tsang pripovijeda da je njihova prvi budistiki Stupa da se i da je Buddha imao prvi koji e ih pouiti

kako da ga podii preklapanjem svoja tri haljine na kvadrate ih gomilaju a zatim ih preljev off sa svojim obrnutim zdjelu.

"Nije trebalo dugo vremena od strane iranske budistiki pretvara graditi velianstveni hram u Balkh, a mnogi od tih hramova procvjetao do 19. stoljea AD U knjizi koju je napisao Aleksandar polihistora 80 ili 60 godina prije roenja Krista govori o Budizam, njegov odnos s Iranom i posebnoBalkh i daje detaljan raun o amani u Balkh ... tijekom prvog stoljea poslije Krista Balkh bio poznat sa budizmom hramovima i veliki broj iranskih dravljana u Balkh bili sljedbenici te vjere i propovijedao i propagira budizam . "..... Povijest iranskih ljudi prije islama, Abdolhussein Zarrinkub, str. 389.

Baktrija, koji se nazivaju Bactriana ili Zariaspa, drevna zemlja lei izmeu planina Hindu Kush i Amu Darja (antiki Oxus rijeke) u ono to je sada dio Afganistana, Uzbekistana, Tadikistana i. Baktrija je posebno vano izmeu oko 600 godina prije Krista, a oko 600 oglasa, koji slui za mnogo toga vremena kao mjesto susreta, ne samo za kopneni trgovine izmeu Istoka i Zapada, ali i za strujanja vjerskim i umjetnikim idejama. Baktrija kapitala bio Bactra, koji se nazivaju Bactra-Zariaspa (moderna Balkh, Afganistan). Baktrija je plodno zemlju, i obilje humaka i naputenih vodekanala

329 pne Aleksandar je ..... Baktrija u 329 pne, i napravio ga je njegov osnovni za osvajanja i pripajanja grke i iranske civilizacije ..... Balkh je star mnogo prije Aleksandrovog napada, a njegova povijest 2500 godina biljei vie nego rezultatom osvajaa. Arapi impresioniran Balkh bogatstva i starine, to se zove Umm-Al-belad, majka gradova.

129 pne .... Baktrija ponovno pojavljuje sa svojom aneksije od strane Kushans (129 pne), ija je velika i mona carstva prui iz sredinje Azije duboko u Indiji. To je bio sretan doba, kada su zemljekroz koje prolazili karavani staze su podijeljene meu nekoliko stabilnih drava koje potopljenih svoje razlike u interesima trgovine; i Balkh procvjetao na raskriju kao skladite i pretovarni toka svjetskih raskoi. "Od Rimskog Carstva Karavane donio zlatne i srebrne posude i vino; FOM Sredinja Azija i Kina rubinima, krzna, aromatine smole, lijekovi, sirova svila i vezene svile; iz Indija zaina, kozmetika, bjelokosti i plemenitih dragulja beskonanu raznolikost "(Dupree, str 71). Uz trgovci doli redovnika propovijedao novu religiju budizma i Balkh postao sredite tovanja i uenja, poznat po svojim hramovima i samostanima.

"U 240 AD Mani imala nebesko vision.In ovo otkrivenje je bio pozvan da usavri" nepotpune "religije Zaratustra, Buda i Krista. Mani se najavio kao proroka nove religije. (Buddha svjetlosti) U Zaratustra sveenici (Magi) ga protjerali iz Perzije. Otiao je Balkh gdje je influuenced od budizma.Mani je razapet u jugozapadnoj Perziji u 276

400 AD .... "kineski hodoasnik Fa-Hein (c.400) pronaeno hinajana prevladava u Shan Shan, Kucha, Kashgar, Osh, Udayana i Gandara. Hsuan-Tsang takoer primjeuje da je budizam iroko prakticirali Huna vladara od Balkh koji tvrdile da potjeu od indijskih tantijema.

Napomene o knjizi Kasnije Han (5 st. Kinezi tekst), kao to je prevedeno John E. Hill. "Balkh ili Baktrija je drevni grad Yuezhi carstva u ono to je sada sjeverni Afganistan. To je jedan od najstarijih gradova na svijetu, a neki vjeruju da je izvorni dom Indo-Europljana.

642 AD ... U vrijeme islamskog osvajanja Perzije u 7. stoljeu, meutim, Balkh dala predstraa otpora i sigurno utoite za perzijski car Yedzgird koji je pobjegao tamo iz vojske Umar.

645 AD ... "Privuen rasko i bogatstvo Balkh, Arapi ga napali u 645 AD. To je bio samo 653 kada je Arapska zapovjednik al-Ahnaf opet upali u grad i prisiljen plaati danak. Arapske drite preko .

Grad je, meutim, ostao slab Podruje je doveo pod Arapa kontrolu tek nakon to je reconquered strane Muawiya u 663 AD prof Upasak opisuje uinak ovog osvajanja u ovim rijeima: ". Arapi opljakali grad i nasumice ubijali ljude , On je rekao da su oni upali slavni budistiki hram u Nava-Vihara, koji arapske povjesniari zovu "Nava Bahara" i opisuju ga kao jedan od velianstvenih mjesta koje se sastoje niz 360 stanica oko visokih stupa '. Oni opljakali dragulje i bisere koji su okovan klincima na mnogim slikama i stupa i uzeli bogatstvo akumulirano u Vihara, ali vjerojatno nije ni znatnu tetu na drugim samostanskim zgradama ili redovnika koji ive tamo ".

670 AD ... "Arapi" kontrolu nad Balkh ne moe trajati dugo, jer uskoro dolazi pod vlau mjesnog kneza, zove Nazak (ili Nizak) Tarkhan. Bacio se Arapi od svojih teritorija u 670 ili 671. Bio je gorljivi budist. On je rekao da su ne samo ukorio glavnom sveenik (Barmak) od Nava-Vihara, ali mu odrubili glavu za prihvaaju islam.

Ujgurski iz AD 745 do 840 primijenjen je iz imperijalnog kapitala Ordu-Baliq, jedan od najveih antikih gradova u Mongoliji. Tijekom carskog fazi, pojam Ujgurski (kineski: ; pinyin: Wiw'r) oznaava bilo koju graanin Uyghur Khaganate, za razliku od Uyghur plemena. Veliki broj Sogdian izbjeglica iz Balkh i Samarkand doao Ordu-Baliq pobjei islamski osvajanje svoje domovine. Oni pretvaraju u Ujgurski plemstvo od budizma do manihejstva. Dakle, Uyghurs naslijedili ostavtinu Sogdian kulture. Sogdians vodio graanski upravu carstva

Arapske geografi Yaqubi i Moqaddasi (9. i 10. stoljee) prikazuju Balkh kao to je bila pod vlau Samanid .... Veliki i prosperitetna grad blata cigle neke tri etvornih milja u podruju, je odrao moda 200.000 osoba. To je bio okruen blata opeke zidova probodeno sedam vrata. Sjajan petak damija zauzeli sredite, i jo mnogo toga damije su se rasprili meu stanova. Poar hram u predgraima, koji Xuanzang divio kada je budistiki samostan, jo panje.

966 AD ... "... KALA-akra je uveden u Indiji" - 965 ADMost izvori tvrde da Kalaakre je donio iz ambhali u Indiju i uveden na Nalanda samostana u 966 ili 967 AD od mahasiddihi Tsilupa

10. st .... Balkh opisan nai u spisima Arapska geograf Ibn Hawqal, arapskom putnik iz 10. stoljea, koji opisuje kao Balkh sagraena od gline, sa zidinama i est vrata, a protee pola parasang. On takoer spominje katel (Kala) i damiju.

1000. ... Al-Biruni, perzijski znanstvenik i pisac u slubi Ghaznavid sudu, izvijestio je da je, na prijelazu 2. tisuljea, budistike samostane u Baktrija, ukljuujui Navbahar, jo uvijek funkcionirai ukraena freskama Bude. Znatieljni obavijest o ovoj zgradi se nalaze u spisima Arapska geograf Ibn Hawqal, arapskom putnik iz 10. stoljea.

1220 AD ..... Mongolsko Mesar Dingis kan otkaz Balkh, kolju svoje stanovnike i izravnati sve zgrade koje mogu obrane - tretman na koji je ponovno izloen u 14. stoljeu Timur. Katastrofa udario u 1220, kada je Ghengis Khan je odluio napraviti primjer Balkh, moda kao kazna za pobunu. Stotinu tisua Mongolski konjanika krenula na orgije klanja, silovanja i razaranja koje su ostavile nita stoji; nekoliko tjedana kasnije vratili su se pokupiti preivjeli pokolj.

1275 AD .... Bez obzira na to, meutim, Marko Polo (1254-1324) moe jo uvijek ga opisuju kao "plemenite grad i veliki sjedite uenja." ... Balkh ostao u ruevinama za stoljea, a ws tako opisao Marco Polo (1275) i Ibn Batuta (1333); a ipak oivljavanje mora da je u tijeku, za Timur (Tamerlan)izabrao Balkh proglasiti svoj ulazak na prijestolje (1359). Timur i njegovi nasljednici omiljen Balkh; oni obnovljena zidove i obdarena grad s prekrasnim zgradama prilino, od kojih su neki preivjeli.

Alexandra David Neel-- koji je ivio 1868-1969 - (http://www.alexandra-david-

neel.org/index_anim.htm) je francuska glumica, autor nekoliko knjiga, veliki tibetanski istraiva i enske tibetanske lame i jo mnogo toga. ... Ona navodi u svom pismu "Les Nouvelles Littraires": 1954, str.1; "da je Shamballa geografski se nalazi u neposrednoj blizini grada Balkh. To je poznato kao Majke svih gradova. U stara vremena grad Balkh se nalazi sjeverno od dananjeg grada Balkh. a ime je poznat kao" povienog Svijea "- iu Perzijskom tounge je nazvan" Sham-I-Bala "- izraz koji pokriva sanskrtu" Shamballa ".

Iz Google Earth, to ruevine vanjskim zidovima drevnog grada Shamis en Balkh ..... Balkh (Bactra, 67E..36N)

Uttamabhadras izvorno bili ljudi koji su uli Balkh Indiju u vedskim vremenima.

Shamans in Balkh....Shamis en Balkh...Shams i Balkh...Sams i-bala....Shamis en Balkh... the Elevated Candle (Sham-i-Bala) ....Elevated/raised (bala) and candle (sham,sam)....Sam=Sun....Bala=Raised

"This is part the ruins of one of the outer walls of the ancient city of Shamis en Balkh..... Balkh (Bactra, 67E..36N) ... In the center of these ruins was the great Kal'ah (Castle, Calah, Kala).

"Shams i Balkh was of the the largest and most grand of ancient cities. Balkh was at it height from 2700- 2000 BC but of great importance from 600 BC until 600 AD.....

2600 BC ....."Balkh is one of the oldest cities in the world...Since the Indo-Iranians built their first kingdom in Balkh (Bactria, Daxia, Bukhdi) some scholars believe that it was from this area that different waves of Indo-Iranians spread to north-east Iran and Seistan region...The period between 26th-20th century BC was the most important period in the history of Balkh; it's in this relatively short period that a kingdom was established, then the population started to disperse and the kingdom started to shrink."

"At a very early date, Balkh was the rival of Ecbatana, Nineveh and Babylon. There is a long-standing tradition that an ancient shrine of Anahita was to be found here, a temple so rich it invited plunder."

900 BC...."Walled Cities with central castles (kal'ah) existed in Bactria, Merv(Mary) in Turkmenistan), Maracandra, Samarkand

6th Century BC...."Balkh was regarded as the first place where Zoroaster first preached his religion,as well as the place where he died. Zoroastrianism, also called Mazdaism and Magianism, is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster (also known as Zarathustra in Avestan) and was formerly among the world's largest religions.

567-486 BC....Shakyamuni Buddha...."The first two disciples of the Buddha were merchants from Balkh. Their stupas are still located in the area....Buddha's first lay disciples.When Trapusa and Bahalika wished his leave to return home, they asked the Buddha for something by which they could remember and honour him in his absence. The Buddha gave them eight of his hairs as relics. They made golden caskets for the relics and took them to their own city (Balkh) where they enshrined them in a stupa by the city gate. Huang Tsang recounts that theirs was the first ever Buddhist Stupa to be made and that the Buddha had first to instruct them how to erect it by folding his three robes into squares piling them up and then topping them off with his inverted bowl.

"It did not take a long time by the Iranian Buddhist converts to build a magnificent temple in Balkh and many of these temples flourished until the 19th century A.D. In a book written by Alexander Polyhistor 80 or 60 years before the birth of Christ he speaks about Buddhism, its relation with Iran and specially Balkh and gives detailed account about Shamans in Balkh...during the first century A.D. Balkh was famous with Buddhism temples and a large number of Iranian citizens in Balkh were followers of that faith and preached and propagated Buddhism.".....The History of Iranian People Before Islam, Abdolhussein Zarrinkub, p. 389.

Bactria, also called Bactriana or Zariaspa, ancient country lying between the mountains of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) in what is now part of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Bactria was especially important between about 600 bc and about ad 600, serving for much of that time as a meeting place not only for overland trade between East and West but also for the crosscurrents of religious and artistic ideas. Bactrias capital was Bactra, also called Bactra-Zariaspa (modern Balkh, Afghanistan). Bactria was a fertile country, and a profusion of mounds and abandoned water channels

329 BC.....Alexander took Bactria in 329 B.C.E., and made it his base for conquest and amalgamation of the Greek and Iranian civilizations.....Balkh was old long before Alexanders raid, and its history of 2500 years records more than a score of conquerors. The Arabs, impressed by Balkhs wealth and antiquity, called it Umm-al-belad, the mother of cities.

129 BC....Bactria reappears with its annexation by the Kushans (129 B.C.E.), whose large and powerful empire stretched from Central Asia deep into India. This was a fortunate era, when the lands through which the caravan routes passed were divided among a few stable states which submerged their differences in the interests of trade; and Balkh flourished at the crossroads as a depot and trans-shipment point for the worlds luxuries. From the Roman Empire the caravans brought gold and silver vessels and wine; fom Central Asia and China rubies, furs, aromatic gums, drugs, raw silk and embroidered silks; from India spices, cosmetics, ivory and precious gems of infinite variety (Dupree, p 71). With the merchants came monks preaching the new religion of Buddhism, and Balkh became a center of worship and learning, famous for its temples and monasteries.

"In 240 AD Mani had a celestial vision.In this revelation he was called upon to perfect the "incomplete" religions of Zarathustra, Buddha and Christ. Mani announced himself as the prophet of a new religion. (Buddha of Light) The Zarathustra priests (Magi) expelled him from Persia. He went to Balkh where he was influuenced by Buddhism. Mani was crucified in Southwest Persia in 276

400 AD...."The chinese pilgrim Fa-Hein (c.400) found the Hinayana prevalent in Shan Shan , Kucha , Kashgar, Osh, Udayana and Gandhara. Hsuan-tsang also notices that Buddhism was widelypracticed by the Huns rulers of Balkh who claimed descent from Indian royalties.

Notes on The Book of Later Han (5th c. Chinese text), as translated by John E. Hill. "Balkh or Bactria was the ancient capital of the Yuezhi empire in what is now northern Afghanistan. It is one of the oldest cities in the world and some believe the original home of the Indo-Europeans.

642 AD...At the time of the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century, however, Balkh had provided an outpost of resistance and a safe haven for the Persian emperor Yedzgird who fled there from the armies of Umar.

645 AD..."Attracted by grandeur and wealth of Balkh, the Arabs attacked it in 645 AD. It was only in 653 when Arab commander, al-Ahnaf raided the town again and compelled it to pay tribute. The

Arab hold over the town, however, remained tenuous. The area was brought under Arabs' control only after it was reconquered by Muawiya in 663 AD. Prof. Upasak describes the effect of this conquest in these words: "The Arabs plundered the town and killed the people indiscriminately. It issaid that they raided the famous Buddhist shrine of Nava-Vihara, which the Arab historians call 'Nava Bahara' and describe it as one of the magnificent places which, comprised a range of 360 cells around the high stupas'. They plundered the gems and jewels that were studded on many images and stupas and took away the wealth accumulated in the Vihara but probably did no considerable harm to other monastic buildings or to the monks residing there".

670 AD..."The Arabs' control over Balkh could not last long as it soon came under the rule of a local prince, called Nazak (or Nizak) Tarkhan. He threw out Arabs from his territories in 670 or 671. He was a zealous Buddhist. He is said to have not only reprimanded the Chief-Priest (Barmak) of Nava-Vihara but beheaded him for embracing Islam.

Uyghur from AD 745 to 840 was administered from the imperial capital Ordu-Baliq, one of the biggest ancient cities in Mongolia. During the imperial phase, the term Uyghur (Chinese: ; pinyin: Wiw'r) denoted any citizen of the Uyghur Khaganate, as opposed to the Uyghur tribe. Large numbers of Sogdian refugees from Balkh and Samarkand came to Ordu-Baliq to escape the Islamic conquest of their homeland. They converted the Uyghur nobility from Buddhism to Manichaeism. Thus, the Uyghurs inherited the legacy of Sogdian Culture. Sogdians ran the civil administration of the empire

The Arab geographers Yaqubi and Moqaddasi (9th and 10th centuries) depict Balkh as it was under Samanid rule....A large and prosperous city of mud brick some three square miles in area, it held perhaps 200,000 persons. It was surrounded by mud-brick walls pierced by seven gates. A splendid Friday Mosque occupied the center, and many more mosques were scattered among the dwellings. The fire temple in the suburbs, which Xuanzang had admired when it was a Buddhist monastery, was still noteworthy.

966 AD...". . . the Kala-chakra was introduced into India" - 965 ADMost sources assert that the Kalachakra was brought from Shambhala to India and introduced at Nalanda Monastery in 966 or 967 AD by the mahasiddihi Tsilupa

10th Century....Balkh is described found in the writings of Arabian geographer Ibn Hawqal, an Arabian traveler of the 10th century, who describes Balkh as built of clay, with ramparts and six gates, and extending half a parasang. He also mentions a castle (kala) and a mosque.

1000 AD...Al-Biruni, a Persian scholar and writer in service to the Ghaznavid court, reported that, at the turn of the 2nd millennium, the Buddhist monasteries in Bactria, including Navbahar, were still functioning and decorated with Buddha frescoes. A curious notice of this building is found in the writings of Arabian geographer Ibn Hawqal, an Arabian traveler of the 10th century.

1220 AD.....The Mongol Butcher Genghis Khan sacked Balkh, butchered its inhabitants and levelled all the buildings capable of defense treatment to which it was again subjected in the 14thcentury by Timur. Catastrophe struck in 1220, when Ghengis Khan chose to make an example of Balkh, perhaps as punishment for an uprising. One hundred thousand Mongol horsemen embarked on an orgy of slaughter, rape and destruction that left nothing standing; a few weeks later they returned to pick off the survivors of the carnage.

1275 AD....Notwithstanding this, however, Marco Polo (1254-1324) could still describe it as "a noble city and a great seat of learning."...Balkh remained in ruins for a century, and ws so described by Marco Polo (1275) and by Ibn Batuta (1333); and yet revival must have been under way, for

Timur (Tamerlane) chose Balkh to proclaim his accession to the throne (1359). Timur and his successors favored Balkh; they restored the walls and endowed the city with quite splendid buildings, some of which survive.

Alexandra David-Neel - who lived 1868-1969 - ( http://www.alexandra-david-neel.org/index_anim.htm ) was french actress, author of several books, a great Tibetan explorer and female Tibetan Lama and more. ...She mentions in her script "Les Nouvelles Littraires";1954, p.1 ;"that Shamballa is geographically placed near the city of Balkh. It is known as Mother of all Cities. In the olden days the city of Balkh was situated north of the present day city of Balkh. And its namewas known as "The Elevated Candle" - and in the persian tounge it was named "Sham-I-Bala" - an expression covering the sanskrit "Shamballa".

From Google Earth, this is the ruins of the outer walls of the ancient city of Shamis en Balkh..... Balkh (Bactra, 67E..36N)

Uttamabhadras originally were people of Balkh who had entered India in Vedic times

Airyana Vaeja, Arya Varta i Shambhala

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Airyana Vaeja & Susjedne Zemljita u Avesta ..... Domovina Arijci, ili Arijskih zemlje zvali AiryanaVaeja ili Airyanam Dakhyunam u Avesta i Arya Varta u Vedama. .... Knjigama Avesta kao i Srednji Perzijski Pahlavi tekstovima poput Lesser Bundahishn, recite nam kako Airyana Vaeja, arijske domovinu, bio gdje Zarathushtra otac ivio (20.32) i gdje Zarathushtra prvi iznio svoja uvjerenja (32,3 ). ...... Uz spomenuti Airyana Vaeja je Zoroastrizam spise, knjige i Avesta, takoer spomenuti susjedne narode ili zemlje.

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Kralj Vishtasp od Bakhdi / Balkh ... Meu Farvardin Yasht listi Zarathushtra prvih "sluateljima i nastavnika" je Kavoish Vishtaspahe (Kava Vishtasp) (13,99). U Yasht, kava Vishtasp ima posebno mjesto ima stih posveen njemu. Zajedniki ekstrapolacija je da kava Vishtasp je Kai Gushtasp (Gushtasp je kasnije oblik Vishtasp) spominje u kasnijim tekstovima koji takoer navode da je kralj Vishtasp a / Gushtasp kapital bio Bakhdhi ili Bakhdi, odnosno dananji Balkh u sjevernom Afganistanu.

..... Bakhdi je na popisu kao nacija u Vendidad ali ne u Farvardin Yasht. Ovi kasniji tekstovi nam takoer govore da Zarathushtra umro u Bakhdi / Balkh, ubio turanskih. ...... Balkh izravno juno od Samarkand preko istone mamuza od Pamir planine. Prethodnici dananje Samarkand i Balkh su meu prvim zemljama navedenim u drugom (i kasnije) knjigu Avesta - na Vendidad.

"Od svih uzoraka Svastika uzorak se koristi. Mnogi smatraju da je to hinduistiki simbol. Meutim Svastika je drevni arijski simbol Sunca, a Zoroastrians smo potovati sunce kao oblik poara energije." ... .http: //tenets.zoroastrianism.com/pcustm33.html

"Budizmu Kalachakra koristi Hindu vedsku legendu Mount Meru (avestan Hara Berezaiti) i

okruuje planinu Meru s mitskom kraljevstvu ambhali, sanskrtske rijei koja znai zemlju mira. ambhali, takoer napisane Shambala ili Shamballe, je rekao da se zemlja ivoga ognja i Gyanganj,dom besmrtne mudrosti i sveznajueg mudri bog vremena (opisi neki koriste za Ahura Mazda, Boga, u Zoroastrizam). Koncept, opis i osobine Shambala podudaraju s onima za Arya Vartinom / Airyana Vaeja , arijske domovina, i pomoi nam s dodanom informacija o njegovom moguem mjestu .... http:. //www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm

"Mjesto Airyana Vaeja, arijske domovine ..... ovih zapaanja, zajedno s promatranjima cijeloj ovoj web stranici, pokaite na mjesto za Airyana Vaeja, drevne arijske domovini, u opoj blizini Tadikistana, Uzbekistana, june sjeveru Afganistana i jugozapadni Turkmenistan ..... Tonije, opaanja ukazuju na jake kandidaturu Pamir-Badakhshan regija (podruja susjedne Balkh na istoku i sjeveru: gornji Amu Darja bazena i Wakhan doline istone Tadikistana i sjeverni Afganistan), hinduistiki Kush svoje istone ekstremiteta juno od Balkh i granii s Murgab i Harirud dolinama, Yagnobi, Zerafshan i Fergana doline, kao i alai planinska okolica u zapadnoj Kirgistanu. "...... http : //www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm

Identifikacija Indo-Iranci izvorne kue .... Kao po tradiciji iranske sauvane u Vendidad, Fargard sam od Zend -Avesta, postoji referenca na 16 dobre zemlje stvorio Ahura Mazde jednu za drugom ija imena kako bi stvaranja se :1. Airyyana Vaejo ili Iranvej: Prvi Bog izabrao zemljita za koje je koritena rije 'Iranvej'. To znai "sjeme Iranaca." Dakle, moe se izjednaiti s kolijevkom Iranaca i prvi put stvorio u Vendidad kao dobre zemlje. Istraivanje Ernst Herzfeld kae u tom smislu: '' Od pamtivijeka, barem iz treeg tisuljea sve do sredine drugog, Arijci naseljen, kao nepodijeljene etnikoj skupini, ogromne ravnice Oxus i Jaxtartes, zemlja Eranvej dviju rijeka Vahvi-Datiya i Ranha. "[citirano iz Irana u starom Istoku, [1941], str. 190 od Misra, D.P. , Op cit., P.32]. Meutim, Pithawalla kae da Iranvej leao u dolini Sir-Darja "...... http:. //www.jatland.com/home/General_History

Od: http: //www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm .....

Airyana Vaeja kao raj. Shambhala / Shangri-La ...... Budistiki thangki pokazati Shambhala s brda Meru i hramu u centru ..... Dva kruna planinski masivi podsjeaju na opis Hara i Zeredaza planinama ..... u Avesta je Zamyad Yasht "lae sve oko" - The Zeredaza kao vanjski raspon ..... zoroastrijskim tekstovi opisuju Airyana Vaeja kao planinski s plodnim livadama i dolinama. Osim toga, otvaranju rijeima avestan Vendidad u poglavlju popisani esnaest narode, kae da ako Bog nije napravio druge zemlje lijepe na neki nain, cijeli svijet bi nahrupili u Airyana Vaeja zbog svoje velike ljepote i - kao to je spomenuto negdje drugdje u Avesta - zbog svoje mudre kralja i dobre vlasti, zakona i reda, plemenitih ljudi i spokoj. Airyana Vaeja bio raj na zemlji - zemlja mira i spokoja, najbolje mjesto za ivot i podizanje obitelji ..... Nebeska priroda Airyana Vaeja tijekom Jamshidi doba dosegla mitske proporcije u Yasht 19,33, u Zamyad Yasht. Zatim je vrijeme bilo ni studen ni vru, nije bilo neistine i zavist, ljudi su besmrtna, voda i biljke nikada ne sui. Sve zbog Kralj Jamshid vladao mudro i ljudi ivjeli poteno. Meutim, kada je kralj izgubio milost i ljudi izgubilo plemenite naine, Airyana Vaeja postala raj izgubljen.

Tibetanski budizam je knjiga Kala-akra, vrijeme-ciklusa i tibetanskog budizma prethodnika religije, Bon, izgraen na i popularizirao ovaj koncept izgubljenom i skrivene raj na zemlji, sada poznat u svijetu kao Shangri-La.

[Osnivanje Bon religije pripisuje se Tonpe Shenraba Miwoche koji je roen - prema nekim procjenama prije 18.000 godina - u zemlji Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring. Tagzig, vjeruje se da je oblik imena tajik. (Ime Shenrab zvui iranskih kao dobro.) Doktrina poduavao Tonpe Shenraba irili svojim uenicima i njihovim studentskim-prevoditelja u susjednim zemljama, kao to su Zhang-zhunga (takoer Zhangzhung, Shang Shung ili Xang Xung - zemlju sjeverno od Himalaja , koji je

sadravao Kailash u dananjem zapadnom Tibetu), Indija (sjeverna doline Inda), Kamir, Kina i na kraju vea Tibet. Tonpa Shenrab je navodno posjetio dananji zapadni Tibet jednom. Na taj posjet jepronaao ljude nespremne da primi itavo tijelo njegova uenja, ali on je prorekao da njegovo uenje e cvjetati u Tibetu u nadolazeim godinama. Uenici uenicima nastavio njegovi spisi misije i Tibetanski Bon su iz tekstova u jeziku Zhang-zhunga.

"Bon tvrdi da su se proirile na jug do Indijskog potkontinenta i da su utjecali na razvoj vedskog hinduizma. Moda prije tibetanski Bon je jedan oblik iskonske arijske religije prije Zoroastrizam i vedskog hinduizma. Budizma je pak razvio iz vedskog hinduizma (c . 400 pne). Zavretak puni krug, dananji Bon je tako jako pod utjecajem budizma da zvui kao budistiki sekte. Moda neki znanstvenici mogu ga uzeti na sebe i pokuati izolirati propise pre-budizam Bon.

To moe biti od interesa onima koji studiraju promjenu Vrijeme u Airyana Vaeja, da analiza pelud i godova oznaava Chang Tang visoravan u sjevernoj Tibet je imao daleko vie podnoljiv okruenja nego to je danas - jedan koji podrava je iskonski civilizaciju - do klime postaju hladniji i vlaniji poevi oko 1500 godina prije Krista, a klimatske promjene koji je izazvao stanovnitvo da migriraju iz sjevernog platoa. Ovaj Autori takoer osjea da drevni arijski i Zoroastrizam link na zapadnom Tibetu, nadalje, prikazuju zajednike tradicije izlaganje mrtvih ptica.

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U sreditu zemlje Tagzig (zove Shambhala u Kalaakre) je Olmo Lungring koji je imao u svom sreditu, Yungdrung Gutsek, etverostrana planine slian planini Meru / Sumeru (vidi gore). Planinaje okruena hramovima, gradovima i parkovima. Za jugu planine je Barpo Sogye palae, gdje je roen Tonpa Shenrab. Kompleks palaa, rijeka i parkova s planinom Yungdrung Gutseg u sredini predstavlja unutarnji regiju (Nang-gling) Olmo Lungring. Intermedijerni regija (Bar-gling) sastoji se od dvanaest gradova, od kojih su etiri lee u etiri stoerne smjera. Trea regija ukljuuje vanjsko zemljite (mTha'-gling). Ove tri regije su okruene snijegom prekrivenim planinama i oceana.

http://kwling.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/OlmoLungringThankabyHarriet1.jpg

Planina Yungdrung Gutsek ima devet Yungdrungs (svastike) uzlazno poput stubita. Nije bez znaaja da svastika ima vanu simboliku ulogu u oba Bon i vedske Hindu religija. U Bon, Devet svastike predstavlja Devet naina. Swastika (Yungdrung) sama je simbol trajnosti i neunitivosti od uma potoka, mudrosti Bon. Puni naziv Bon je Yungdrung Bon znai vjeni istinu.

etiri strane planine suoen etiri stoerne smjera. Od etiri, od kojih svaki predstavlja etiri arhetipske misaone forme, teku etiri rijeke:- Od misao oblik snijega lava tee rijeka Narazara na istoku,- Od misao oblik konja tee rijeka Pakshi na sjeveru,- Od misli obliku pauna tee rijeka Gyim Shang na zapadu i- Od misao oblik slona tee rijeka Sindhu (na perzijskom: Hindu koji je kasnije postao Inda) na jugu.

Nekoliko pojmovi proizlaze iz opisa Tagzig je teren u sklopu kojeg se nalazi etiri-sided planinu, Yungdrung Gutsek. Prvo, dok je na prijevod kae jednini, etverostrana planine, planine u svim povezanim drevnih avestan, vedske i Bon tekstova esto se odnosi na skupinu ili asortiman planina s nekoliko vrhova. Na primjer Hara Berezaiti sadravao dvije tisue dvije stotine i etrdeset i etiri planine vrhova (vidi gore). Dalje, od etverostrana planine Yungdrung Gutsek (e) nastala nekoliko rijeka tee u svim smjerovima kardinal. Osim toga, ovo podruje je sjeverno od sjevernog Inda regiji. (Takoer pogledajte na odjeljak na etverostrane ortografije Pamirs. To je nerazumno

oekivati geografske opise u drevnim tekstovima se savreno uskladiti na moderne karte. Drevni koriste aproksimacije formulirane s rauna putnika tijekom nekoliko generacija i dobar primjeri ovetvrdnje su zemljovidi privueni klasinih zapadnih autora poput Ptolomeja.)

Tibetanski budizam je Kalachakra koristi Hindu vedsku legendu Mount Meru (avestan Hara Berezaiti) i okruuje planinu Meru s mitskom kraljevstvu ambhali, sanskrtske rijei koja znai zemlju mira. Shambhala, takoer precizirao Shambala ili Shamballe, je rekao da se zemlje ivih vatre i Gyanganj, dom besmrtne mudrosti i sveznajueg mudri bog vremena (opisi neki koriste za Ahura Mazde, Boga, u Zoroastrizam). Koncept, opis i osobine Shambala podudaraju s onima za Arya Vartinom / Airyana Vaeja, arijske domovine, i pomoi nam dodatne informacije o njegovom moguem mjestu.

Prema budistikoj Kalaakre, ambhali, trenutno skrivene od ostatka svijeta, je raj mira, tiine, potenja i mudrosti. To je dom iskonsko i najvie duhovna uenja, A Tantra ciklusa vremena sada skrivena od nas, ali onaj koji e na kraju spasiti svijet od zla. Prije nego to je usvojila budizam, ljudi su sljedbenici Mlechha, a Yavana ili zapadnoj, religije, od kojih su neki oboavali sunce. Ugledajui vremenskih razdoblja u zoroastrijskim eshatologije koja koristi ciklus vremena, kao i natjecanje u zoroastrijskim koncept konane borbe izmeu dobra protiv zla, budistika legenda kaeda je kako vrijeme napreduje, svijet oko Shambala e podlei zlu. Meutim, tri tisue godina nakon to je drevni Shambhala kralja najprije otputovao u Indiju i usvojen budizam, a Shambhalians e se pojaviti da spasi svijet. Tu e biti epska bitka izmeu pravednika Shambhalians i okolnih zlih sila - bitke u kojoj su pravednici Shambhalians e prevladati i pobijediti zlo zauvijek. Kao to smo naveli,ova legenda usko paralele zoroastrijskim legende koje navjeuju konanu borbu izmeu sila dobra i zla u kojoj, prevladavaju e dobro, ashavan, pretvarajui svijet u raj, raj, na zemlji - na vahishtem anghuim - transformativnog dogaaj bude frasho-kereti.

Shambhala ima i vanjski vremenski i unutarnji duhovni smisao. U vanjskom znaenju, Shambhala je zemlja koja je dostupna samo ista srca. Oni s neistim motivima e izgubiti svoj put u meuvremenu pustinjama i planinama, zaslijepljeni oluje. Predstavljajui unutarnje znaenje, neki thangka slike ambhali prikazuju kraljevstvo okolnog brda Meru kao osam latica lotosa - simbol za srane akre i znak da Shambhala se moe nai u ovjekovo srce.

Ovaj autor stoga predlae da se od ambhali, zemljite okruuje planinu Meru, identificiran kao vedske Arya Varta, a od vedske Arya Varta pak odgovara avestan Airyana Vaeja (koji sadri brdo Hara), da je zemljite okruuje ambhali Mount Meru i Airyana Vaeja blisko su povezani, ako ne i ista zemlja. Ako ova autorova Udruga tona, ono to sve etiri tradicije, Zoroastrizam, hindu, Bon i budist, sauvao je topografija drevne Airyana Vaeja. - Zemlja plodnim dolinama i alpske livade okruene visokim snijegom prekrivenim visokih planina "

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"To e biti od interesa onima prouavanje promjena Vrijeme u Airyana Vaeja, da analiza pelud i godova oznaava Chang Tang visoravni u zapadnoj i sjevernoj Tibet je imao daleko vie podnoljiv okruenja nego to je danas - jedan koji podrava je iskonski civilizaciju - dok se, s poetkom oko 1500 prije Krista, klima postala hladnija i sua. Klimatske promjene bi uzrokovalo stanovnitvo da migriraju iz sjevernog platoa. Ovaj tip klime s umjerena do hladna i nastalih promjena u okoliu iz udobne i zelen da otra i kamenita, slian je zoroastrijskim priama o klimatskim promjenama za vrijeme vladavine kralja legendarnog Jamshid ".... http:. //zoroastrianheritage.blogspot.com

Kliknite na kartu za uveanje ........ http: //takshasila.wikidot.com/article: esnaest zemljita-of-ahuras

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E-mail .... okarresearch@gmail.com

John Hopkins ..... Sjeverni Novi Meksiko ... .December 2012

Airyana Vaeja, Arya Varta & Shambhala

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Airyana Vaeja & Neighbouring Lands in the Avesta.....The homeland of the Aryans, or Aryan lands was called Airyana Vaeja or Airyanam Dakhyunam in the Avesta and Arya Varta in the Vedas. ....The books of the Avesta as well as the Middle Persian Pahlavi texts such as the Lesser Bundahishn, tell us that Airyana Vaeja, the Aryan homeland, was where Zarathushtra's father lived (20.32) and where Zarathushtra first expounded his beliefs (32.3). ......In addition to mentioning Airyana Vaeja, the Zoroastrian scriptures, the books of the Avesta, also mention neighbouring nations or lands.

Click on the map to enlarge

King Vishtasp of Bakhdi / Balkh...Among the Farvardin Yasht's list of Zarathushtra's first "hearers and teachers" is Kavoish Vishtaspahe (Kava Vishtasp) (13.99). In the Yasht, Kava Vishtasp has a special place having a verse devoted to him. The common extrapolation is that Kava Vishtasp is the Kai Gushtasp (Gushtasp is a later form of Vishtasp) mentioned in later texts which also state that King Vishtasp's / Gushtasp's capital was Bakhdhi or Bakhdi, i.e. present day Balkh in Northern Afghanistan.

.....Bakhdi is listed as a nation in the Vendidad but not in the Farvardin Yasht. These later texts also tell us that Zarathushtra died in Bakhdi/Balkh, killed by a Turanian. ......Balkh is directly south of Samarkand over an eastern spur of the Pamir mountains. The predecessors of present day Samarkand and Balkh are among the first nations listed in another (and later) book of the Avesta - the Vendidad.

"Of all the patterns the Swastika pattern is also used. Many consider it to be a Hindu symbol. However the Swastika is an ancient Aryan symbol of the sun, and Zoroastrians we revere the sun as a form of fire energy."....http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/pcustm33.html

"Buddhism's Kalachakra uses the Hindu Vedic legend of Mount Meru (Avestan Hara Berezaiti) and surrounds Mount Meru with the mythic kingdom of Shambhala, a Sanskrit word meaning the land of peace. Shambhala, also spelt Shambala or Shamballa, is said to be the land of the Living Fire andGyanganj, the home of immortal wisdom and the omniscient wise god of time (descriptions some use for Ahura Mazda, God, in Zoroastrianism). The concept, description and qualities of Shambala coincide with those for Arya Varta / Airyana Vaeja, the Aryan homeland, and help provide us with added information on its possible location. ....http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm

"Location of Airyana Vaeja, the Aryan Homeland.....These observations, together with observations

throughout this web site, point to a location for Airyana Vaeja, the ancient Aryan homeland, in the general vicinity of Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, northern Afghanistan, and south-western Turkmenistan.....More specifically, the observations point to the strong candidacy of the Pamir-Badakhshan region (the areas neighbouring Balkh to the east and north: the upper Amu Darya basin and the Wakhan Valley of eastern Tajikistan and northern Afghanistan), the Hindu Kush to its eastern extremity south of Balkh and bordering the Murgab and Harirud valleys, the Yagnobi , Zerafshan and Fergana valleys, as well as the Alai mountain environs in Western Kyrgyzstan."......http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm

Identification of Indo-Iranians original home....As per the Iranian tradition preserved in the Vendidad, Fargard I of the Zend -Avesta, there is reference to 16 good lands created by Ahura Mazda one after another whose names in order of creation are:1. Airyyana Vaejo or Iranvej: The first god chosen land for which the word Iranvej has been used. It means the seed of the Iranians. Therefore, it may be equated with the cradle of Iranians and first created in the Vendidad as the good land. The research by Ernst Herzfeld says in this regard: Fromtime immemorial, at least from the third millennium down to the middle of the second, the Aryans inhabited, as an undivided ethnical group, the vast plains of the Oxus and the Jaxtartes, the land of Eranvej of the two rivers Vahvi-Datiya and Ranha. [cited from Iran in the Ancient East, [1941], p. 190 by Misra, D.P. , op cit., p.32]. However, Pithawalla says that Iranvej lay in the valley of Syr Darya."......http://www.jatland.com/home/General_History

From: http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm.....

Airyana Vaeja as Paradise. Shambhala / Shangri-La......Buddhist thangkas show Shambhala with Mount Meru & a temple in the centre.....The two circular mountain ranges remind us of the description of the Hara and Zeredaza Mountains.....in the Avesta's Zamyad Yasht "lying all around" - the Zeredaza being the outer range.....Zoroastrian texts describe Airyana Vaeja as being mountainous with fertile meadows and valleys. In addition, the opening words of the Avestan Vendidad's chapter listing the sixteen nations, states that if God had not made other countries beautiful in some manner, all the world would have swarmed into Airyana Vaeja on account of its great beauty and - as mentioned elsewhere in the Avesta - because of its wise king and good government, law and order, noble people and serenity. Airyana Vaeja was a paradise on earth - a land of peace and serenity, the best place to live and raise a family.....The heavenly nature of Airyana Vaeja during the Jamshidi era reached mythic proportions in Yasht 19.33, the Zamyad Yasht. Then, the weather was neither cold nor hot, there was no untruth and envy, people were undying, water and plants never drying. All because King Jamshid ruled wisely and the people livedhonestly. However, when the king lost his grace and the people lost their noble ways, Airyana Vaeja became a paradise lost.

Tibetan Buddhism's book of Kala-Chakra, the Time-Cycle, and Tibetan Buddhism's predecessor religion, Bon, built on and popularized this concept of a lost and hidden paradise on earth, now known to the world as Shangri-La.

[The founding of the Bon religion is ascribed to Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche who was born - by some estimates 18,000 years ago - in the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring. Tagzig, is believed to be a formof the name Tajik. (The name Shenrab sounds Iranian as well.) The doctrine taught by Tonpa Shenrab was spread by his disciples and their student-translators to adjacent countries such as Zhang-Zhung (also Zhangzhung, Shang Shung or Xang Xung - a land north of the Himalayas, which contained Mount Kailash in today's Western Tibet), India (northern Indus valley), Kashmir, China and eventually Greater Tibet. Tonpa Shenrab is reputed to have visited present-day western Tibet once. On that visit he found the people unprepared to receive the entire body of his teachings, but he prophesied that his teachings would flourish in Tibet in the coming ages. The students of his

disciples continued his mission and Tibetan Bon scriptures were translated from texts in the language of Zhang-Zhung.

"Bon claims to have spread south to the Indian subcontinent and to have influenced the development of Vedic Hinduism. Perhaps pre-Tibetan Bon was a form of the primordial Aryan religion before Zoroastrianism and Vedic Hinduism. Buddhism in turn evolved out of Vedic Hinduism (c. 400 BCE). Completing a full circle, today's Bon is so heavily influenced by Buddhismthat it sounds like a Buddhist sect. Perhaps some scholars may take it upon themselves to try and isolate the precepts of the pre-Buddhism Bon.

It may be of interest to those studying the weather change in Airyana Vaeja, that pollen and tree ringanalysis indicates the Chang Tang plateau in Northern Tibet had a far more liveable environment than it has today - one that supported a primordial civilization - until the climate become colder and drier starting around 1500 BCE, a climate change that caused the population to migrate out of the northern plateau. This authors also feels that the ancient Aryan and Zoroastrian link to western Tibetis further exemplified by the common tradition of exposing the dead to birds.

Click on the map to enlarge

At the centre of the land of Tagzig (called Shambhala in the Kalachakra) was Olmo Lungring whichhad at its centre, Yungdrung Gutsek, a four-sided mountain similar to Mount Meru / Sumeru (see above). The mountain is surrounded by temples, cities and parks. To the mountain's south is the Barpo Sogye palace, where Tonpa Shenrab was born. The complex of palaces, rivers and parks withMount Yungdrung Gutseg in the centre constitutes the inner region (Nang-gling) of Olmo Lungring.The intermediate region (Bar-gling) consists of twelve cities, four of which lie in the four cardinal directions. The third region includes the outer land (mTha'-gling). These three regions are encircled by snow-capped mountains and an ocean.

http://kwling.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/OlmoLungringThankabyHarriet1.jpg

The mountain Yungdrung Gutsek has nine Yungdrungs (swastikas) ascending like a staircase. It is not without significance that the swastika plays an important symbolic role in both the Bon and Vedic Hindu religions. In Bon, The nine swastikas represent the Nine Ways. The swastika (Yungdrung) itself is a symbol of permanence and indestructibility of the mind-stream, the wisdom of Bon. The full name of Bon is Yungdrung Bon meaning Everlasting Truth.

The four sides of the mountain faced the four cardinal directions. From the four corners, each of which represent four archetypal thought forms, flow four rivers:- From the thought form of a snow lion flows the river Narazara to the east,- From the thought form of a horse flows the river Pakshi to the north,- From the thought form of a peacock flows the river Gyim Shang to the west, and- From the thought form of an elephant flows the river Sindhu (In Persian: Hindu which later became Indus) to the south.

A few concepts emerge from the description of Tagzig's terrain within which lies the four-sided mountain, Yungdrung Gutsek. First, while our translation states the singular, a four-sided mountain, a mountain in all the related ancient Avestan, Vedic, and Bon texts frequently refers to a group or range of mountains with several peaks. For instance Hara Berezaiti contained two thousand, two hundred and forty four mountains peaks (see above). Next, from the four-sided Yungdrung Gutsek mountain(s) arose several rivers flowing in all the cardinal directions. In addition, this region was north of the northern Indus region. (Also see our section on the four-sided topography of the Pamirs. It is unreasonable to expect the geographic descriptions in the ancient texts to align

perfectly on a modern map. The ancients used approximations formulated from the accounts of travellers over several generations and good examples of this contention are the maps drawn by classical Western authors such as Ptolemy.)

Tibetan Buddhism's Kalachakra uses the Hindu Vedic legend of Mount Meru (Avestan Hara Berezaiti) and surrounds Mount Meru with the mythic kingdom of Shambhala, a Sanskrit word meaning the land of peace. Shambhala, also spelt Shambala or Shamballa, is said to be the land of the Living Fire and Gyanganj, the home of immortal wisdom and the omniscient wise god of time (descriptions some use for Ahura Mazda, God, in Zoroastrianism). The concept, description and qualities of Shambala coincide with those for Arya Varta / Airyana Vaeja, the Aryan homeland, and help provide us with added information on its possible location.

According to the Buddhist Kalachakra, Shambhala, presently hidden to the rest of the world, is a paradise of peace, tranquility, honesty and wisdom. It is home of the primordial and highest spiritualteachings, a tantra of the cycle of time now hidden from us but one that will eventually save the world from evil. Before it adopted Buddhism, the people were followers of the Mlechha, a Yavana or western, religion, some of whom worshiped the sun. Emulating the time periods in Zoroastrian eschatology which uses a cycle of time, as well as emulating the Zoroastrian concept of a final struggle between good against evil, the Buddhist legend states that as time progresses, the world around Shambala will succumb to evil. However, three millennia after ancient Shambhala king first travelled to India and adopted Buddhism, the Shambhalians will emerge to save the world. There will be a epic battle between the righteous Shambhalians and the surrounding evil forces - a battle in which the righteous Shambhalians will prevail and defeat evil forever. As we have noted, this legend closely parallels Zoroastrian legends that presage a final struggle between the forces of goodand evil in which the good, the ashavan, will prevail, transforming the world to a paradise, a heaven, on earth - the vahishtem anghuim - the transformative event being frasho-kereti.

Shambhala has both an outer temporal and an inner spiritual meaning. In the outer meaning, Shambhala is a land that is only accessible to the pure in heart. Those with impure motives will losetheir way in the intervening deserts and mountains, blinded by storms. Representing the inner meaning, some thangka paintings of Shambhala depict the kingdom surrounding Mount Meru as an eight-petal lotus - a symbol for the heart chakra and an indication that Shambhala is to be found in aperson's heart.

This author therefore proposes that since Shambhala, the land surrounding Mount Meru, is identified as the Vedic Arya Varta, and since the Vedic Arya Varta in turn corresponds to the AvestanAiryana Vaeja (which contains Mount Hara), that the land surrounding Shambhala, Mount Meru and Airyana Vaeja are intimately linked if not the same land. If this author's association is correct, what all four traditions, Zoroastrian, Hindu, Bon and Buddhist, have preserved, is the topography ofancient Airyana Vaeja - a land of fertile valleys and alpine meadows ringed by high snow-capped high mountains."

Click on map to enlarge

"It will be of interest to those studying the weather change in Airyana Vaeja, that pollen and tree ring analysis indicates the Chang Tang plateau in Western and Northern Tibet had a far more liveable environment than it has today - one that supported a primordial civilization - until, starting around 1500 BCE, the climate become colder and drier. The climate change would have caused the population to migrate out of the northern plateau. This type of climate change from temperate to cold, and the resulting changes in the environment from comfortable and verdant to harsh and rocky, is similar to the Zoroastrian stories of a climate change during the reign of legendary King Jamshid."....http://zoroastrianheritage.blogspot.com

Click on the map to enlarge........http://takshasila.wikidot.com/article:sixteen-lands-of-ahuras

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Email....okarresearch@gmail.com

John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico.December 2012