a profile of the south african citrus market value …

A PROFILE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN CITRUS MARKET VALUE CHAIN

2019

Directorate Marketing Tel: 012 319 8455 Private Bag X 15 Fax: 012 319 8131 Arcadia E-mail:[email protected] 0007 www.daff.gov.za

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY ......................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Production areas .................................................................................................................... 5

1.2 Citrus cultivars .................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Production ........................................................................................................................... 17 1.4 Employment ........................................................................................................................ 18

2. MARKET STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Orange crop distribution ..................................................................................................... 19

2.2 Orange prices ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Soft citrus crop distribution ................................................................................................ 20 2.4 Soft citrus prices ................................................................................................................. 21 2.5 Grapefruit crop distribution ................................................................................................ 22

2.6 Grapefruit prices ................................................................................................................. 22 2.7 Lemons and limes crop distribution .................................................................................... 23

2.8 Lemon and lime prices ........................................................................................................ 24 2.9 Exports ................................................................................................................................ 25

2.9.1 Oranges ........................................................................................................................ 26 2.9.2 Lemons and limes ........................................................................................................ 30 2.9.3 Grapefruits ................................................................................................................... 34

2.9.4 Soft citrus ..................................................................................................................... 38 2.10 Provincial and district export values of South African citrus ........................................... 40

2.11 Share analysis.................................................................................................................... 47 2.12 Imports .............................................................................................................................. 51

2.12.1 Orange ........................................................................................................................ 51

2.12.2 Grapefruit ................................................................................................................... 51

2.12.3 Lemons and limes ...................................................................................................... 51 2.12.4 Soft citrus ................................................................................................................... 51

2.13 Processing ......................................................................................................................... 52

2.13.1 Orange ........................................................................................................................ 52 2.13.2 Lemon ........................................................................................................................ 53

2.13.3 Lime ........................................................................................................................... 53 2.13.4 Grapefruit ................................................................................................................... 53

3. MARKET INTELIGENCE ........................................................................................................................ 54 3.1 Competitiveness of South African citrus products ............................................................. 54 3.2 South Africa vs. southern hemisphere production .............................................................. 70

4. MARKET ACCESS ................................................................................................................................. 73 4.1 Tariff, quotas and the price entry system ............................................................................ 73

4.2 Non-tariff barriers ............................................................................................................... 87 4.2.1 Quality standards ......................................................................................................... 87

4.2.2 Biosecurity ................................................................................................................... 87 4.2.3 Plant Protection Product (PPP) database ..................................................................... 87

4.3 European Union (EU) ......................................................................................................... 87 4.4 Consumer health and safety requirements .......................................................................... 87 4.5 Japan ................................................................................................................................... 89 4.6 United States of America .................................................................................................... 89

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5. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS .................................................................................................................. 90 6. LOGISTICS ............................................................................................................................................. 90

6.1 Mode of transport ................................................................................................................ 90 6.2 Cold chain management ...................................................................................................... 90

6.3 Packaging ............................................................................................................................ 91

7. MARKET VALUE CHAIN ........................................................................................................................ 91 7.1 Domestic and export markets.............................................................................................. 92 7.2 Processing industry ............................................................................................................. 93 7.3 Global retail chains ............................................................................................................. 93

7.4 Final consumer .................................................................................................................... 93

8. ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 94 8.1 Producer and associated organizations ............................................................................... 94 8.2 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threat analysis ................................................ 94

9. EMPOWERMENT ISSUES AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR ................. 96 9.1 Youth in citrus..................................................................................................................... 96

9.2 Mentorship .......................................................................................................................... 96 9.3 Extension............................................................................................................................. 96

10. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ............................................................................ 96 10.1 Business opportunities ...................................................................................................... 96 10.2 Challenges ......................................................................................................................... 97

11. ACKNOWLEDGEDMENTS ................................................................................................................... 97 List of figures Figure 1: Gross value of production for citrus products, 2009 - 2018 ............................................ 5 Figure 2: Citrus production areas in hectares, 2019 ....................................................................... 6

Figure 3: Area planted per variety group in hectares, 2018 ............................................................ 9

Figure 4: Production areas of Valencias, 2018 ............................................................................. 10

Figure 5: Production areas of navels in hectares, 2018 ................................................................ 11 Figure 6: Production areas of soft citrus, 2018 ............................................................................. 12

Figure 7: Production areas for grapefruit, 2018 ............................................................................ 12 Figure 8: Production areas for lemon and lime in hectares, 2018 ................................................ 13 Figure 9: Valencia (oranges) cultivars planted in 2018 (Ha) ........................................................ 14 Figure 10: Navels (oranges) cultivars planted in 2018 (Ha) ......................................................... 15

Figure 11: Soft citrus cultivars planted in 2018 (Ha) ................................................................... 16 Figure 12: Grapefruit cultivars planted in 2018 ............................................................................ 16 Figure 13: Lemon and lime cultivars planted in 2018 (Ha) .......................................................... 17 Figure 14: Total production of citrus products, 2009 - 2018 ........................................................ 18 Figure 15: Orange crop distribution, 2009 - 2018 ........................................................................ 19

Figure 16: Historical price trends for oranges, 2009 - 2018 ......................................................... 20 Figure 17: Soft citrus crop distribution, 2009 - 2018.................................................................... 21

Figure 18: Historical price trends of soft citrus, 2009 - 2018 ....................................................... 21 Figure 19: Grapefruit crop distribution, 2009 - 2018 ................................................................... 22 Figure 20: Historical price trends for grapefruit, 2009 - 2018 ...................................................... 23 Figure 21: Lemon and lime crop production, 2009 - 2018 ........................................................... 24 Figure 22: Historical price trends for lemon and lime, 2009 - 2018............................................. 25 Figure 23: Export volumes of citrus products, 2009 - 2018 ......................................................... 25

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Figure 24: Volumes of oranges exports to regions of the world, 2009 - 2018 ............................. 26

Figure 25: Volumes of orange exports to various regions in Europe, 2009 - 2018 ...................... 27 Figure 26: Volume of orange exports to various EU member states, 2009 - 2018 ....................... 28

Figure 27: Volume of orange exports to Asian regions, 2009 - 2018 ........................................... 29 Figure 28: Volume of range exported to various countries in Western Asia, 2009 - 2018 .......... 29 Figure 29: Volume of lemon and lime exports to various regions of the world, 2009 - 2018...... 30 Figure 30: Volume of lemon and lime exports to various regions of Europe, 2009 - 2018 ......... 31 Figure 31: Volume of lemon and lime exported to EU member states, 2009 - 2018 ................... 32

Figure 32: Volume of lemon and lime exported to various regions in Asia, 2009 - 2018 ........... 33 Figure 33: Volume of lemon and lime exported to various countries in Western Asia, 2009 -

2018............................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 34: Volume of grapefruit exports to various regions of the world, 2009 - 2018 ............... 35 Figure 35: Volume of grapefruit exports to various regions in Europe, 2009 - 2018 ................... 35

Figure 36: Volume of grapefruit exports to various EU member states, 2009 - 2018 .................. 36 Figure 37: Volume of grapefruit exports to various regions in Asia, 2009 - 2018 ....................... 37

Figure 38: Volume of grapefruit exports to various countries in Asia, 2009 - 2018 .................... 38 Figure 39: Volume of soft citrus exports to various regions of the world, 2009 - 2018............... 38

Figure 40: Volume of soft citrus exports to various regions in Europe, 2009 - 2018 .................. 39 Figure 41: Volume of soft citrus exported to various EU member states, 2009 - 2018 ............... 40

Figure 42:Value of citrus exports by provinces, 2009 - 2018 ....................................................... 41 Figure 43: Value of citrus exports by Eastern Cape province, 2009 - 2018 ................................. 42 Figure 44: Value of citrus exports by Limpopo province, 2009 - 2018 ....................................... 42

Figure 45: Value of citrus exports by Mpumalanga province, 2009 - 2018 ................................. 43 Figure 46: Value of citrus exports by Western Cape, 2009 - 2018............................................... 44

Figure 47: Value of citrus exports by Gauteng province, 2009 - 2018 ......................................... 44 Figure 48: Value of citrus exports by Kwazulu Natal, 2009 - 2018 ............................................. 45

Figure 49: Value of citrus exports by Free State province, 2009 - 2018 ...................................... 46 Figure 50: Value of citrus exports by North West province, 2009 - 2018 .................................... 46

Figure 51: Value of citrus exports by Northern Cape province, 2009 - 2018 .............................. 47 Figure 52: Volume of citrus products purchased for processing, 2009 - 2018 ............................. 52 Figure 53: Growth in demand for the South African oranges in 2018 ......................................... 55

Figure 54: Growth in demand for the South African lemon and limes in 2018 ........................... 57 Figure 55: Growth in demand for the South African grapefruit in 2018 ...................................... 59

Figure 56: Growth in demand for the South African naartjies in 2018 ........................................ 61 Figure 57: South African orange's prospects for market diversification in 2018 ......................... 63 Figure 58: South African lemon and limes' prospects for market diversification in 2018 ........... 65 Figure 59: South African grapefruit's prospects for market diversification in 2018 .................... 67 Figure 60: South African naartjies' prospect for market diversification in 2018 .......................... 69

Figure 61: Southern hemisphere production of orange, 2009 -2018 ............................................ 70 Figure 62: Southern hemisphere production of lemon and lime, 2008 - 2018 ............................. 71

Figure 63: Southern hemisphere production of grapefruit, 2009 - 2018 ...................................... 72 Figure 64: Southern hemisphere production of naartjie, 2009 - 2018 .......................................... 73 Figure 65: Food safety and quality control in the fruit and vegetable supply chain ..................... 89 Figure 66: The citrus value chain.................................................................................................. 92

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1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY In terms of gross value, the citrus industry is the second largest horticultural industry after vegetables. Since 2012, the industry has been faced with additional phytosanitary measures for fruit originating outside the CBS pest free areas particularly markets such as EU and Americas. During the 2017/18 production season the industry contributed R19.3 billion to total gross value of South African agricultural production. This represented 25% of the total gross value (R77.9 billion) of horticulture during the same period. The industry is also an important foreign exchange earner and comprises of four broad categories, namely oranges, easy peelers (soft citrus), grapefruit, and lemons and limes. Gross value of citrus production for the past decade is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Gross value of production for citrus products, 2009 - 2018

Source: DAFF, 2019

As depicted on Figure 1 on average, the gross value of production (GVP) for citrus has been increasing over the past ten years. The industry experienced nine successive good years starting from 2010 to 2018. The increase was mainly due to amongst others increased exports and the weakening of the Rand against the major currencies of South Africa’s trading partners. The total gross value of all citrus products increased by 6% between 2010 and 2011, 156% between 2002 and 2011, 19% between 2012 and 2013, 26% between 2013 and 2014, 22% between 2014 and 2015 and 17% between 2015 and 2016. The total gross value of citrus increased by 8% in 2017 compared to 2016 season. In 2018, total gross value of citrus increased by 5.5%. The biggest contributor to total citrus gross value is oranges, which accounted for 63% in 2018. The other three categories of citrus products except naartjie accounted for more than R1 billion each during the same period. The total gross value is driven by among other things the volume of production, volume of exports, the exchange rate, international prices, etc. 1.1 Production areas Citrus represents one of South Africa’s most important fruit group by value and volume. Production occurs mainly in the Limpopo, Western Cape, Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Northern Cape

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provinces (see Figure 2 and Map 1). Within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Mozambique also produce citrus, although in much smaller volumes. Swaziland had 554 ha of land under citrus cultivation in 2018. A total area of 83 490 ha was under citrus production in South Africa during 2018. There are important differences between production regions in South Africa based mainly on climate. The Western Cape and Eastern Cape are considered ‘cooler’ citrus growing areas and production is focused on Navel oranges and lemons. The cooler climate allows farmers to respond to consumer demand for easy peelers like clementines and satsumas, and most of the country’s easy peelers are produced in these two regions. Farm sizes are also smaller and most citrus in the Western and Eastern Cape is packed by privatized cooperatives in huge facilities that are amongst the largest in the world. In Mpumalanga, Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal, the climate is warmer and better suited to the cultivation of grapefruit and Valencia oranges. Farm sizes in these regions are larger and many farmers pack in smaller privately owned facilities. The size in hectares and percentage contributions of the various citrus production regions to total citrus production during 2018 are depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Citrus production areas in hectares, 2019

Source: Citrus Growers Association (CGA), 2019 It is evident from Figure 2 that most citrus production takes place in the Limpopo province at 42% (34 763 ha). Limpopo is followed by the Eastern Cape and Western Cape at 25% (21 157 ha) and 18% (14 883 ha) respectively. Citrus production in hectares has increased in Mpumalanga from 5 739 ha in 2017 to 6 363 ha in 2018 after a series of land under citrus production decline. Kwazulu Natal and Northern Cape increased by 4% at 1 853 ha and by 19% at 1 773 ha respectively during the same period. The major citrus production areas in Kwazulu Natal are Pongola, Nkwalini and Kwazulu Natal Midlands (see Map 1). In the Eastern Cape, the major citrus production areas are the Eastern Cape Midlands, Sundays

Limpopo 42%

Eastern Cape 25%

Western Cape 18% Mpumalanga

8%

Zimbabwe 2%

KwaZulu-Natal 2%

Northern Cape 2%

Swaziland 1%

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River Valley and Patensie. The Boland region and Ceres region are the main citrus production areas in the Western Cape. Onderberg, Nelspruit and Senwes are the main citrus production areas in Mpumalanga while the major areas in Limpopo are Hoedspruit, Groblersdal, Zebediela, Letsitele and Vhembe.

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Map 1: Citrus producing regions of South Africa

Source: Citrus Growers Association (CGA), 2017

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The area planted per citrus variety or group during 2018 is shown in Figure 3. It can be observed from Figure 3 that the most planted citrus variety in 2018 was Valencia/midseason at 34% (28 455 ha). Limpopo province contributed 60 percent of all Valencia oranges in planted in 2018. Another citrus variety planted the most in 2018 was Navel oranges (20% or 16 285 ha). The Eastern Cape Province contributed 40 percent of all Navel oranges planted in 2018. The third largest planted citrus category was soft citrus at 19% (16 234 ha) of total area planted to citrus products in 2018. Lemons and limes accounted for 18% (14 740 ha) while grapefruit accounted for 9% (7 743 ha) during the same period.

Figure 3: Area planted per variety group in hectares, 2018


The production areas for Valencia oranges are shown in Figure 4. In 2018 most Valencia oranges were planted in the Limpopo province (60%) (17 009 ha). Limpopo was followed by the Eastern Cape province at 15 percent (4 105 ha) and Western Cape province at 9 percent (2 489 ha). Another important grower of Valencia oranges during 2018 was the Mpumalanga province which accounted for 8% of total area planted to Valencia oranges during the same year. The total hectares planted to Valencia oranges in 2018 was 28 454 ha. The 2018 figure was 0.06% higher than that of 2017 total hectares planted to Valencia.

Valencia34%

Navel20%

Soft citrus19%

Lemon & Lime18%

Grapefruit9%

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Figure 4: Production areas of Valencias, 2018


Figure 5 presents production areas for navel oranges during 2018. The Eastern Cape Province is the leading grower of navel oranges at 40 percent (6 367 ha). Second is Limpopo Province and Western Cape at 27 percent at 4 294 ha and at 25% at 4 067 ha respectively. Mpumalanga was the fourth largest navel grower at 6% (896 ha). The total hectares planted to navel oranges in 2018 was 16 234 ha. The total area planted to navel oranges during 2018 was 1.3% higher than the area planted in 2017.

Limpopo60%

Eastern Cape15%

Western Cape9%

Mpumalanga8%

Zimbabwe5%

Northern Cape2%

Kwazulu Natal1%

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Figure 5: Production areas of navels in hectares, 2018


Figure 6 presents production areas for soft citrus in 2018. The Western Cape Province is the leading grower of soft citrus at 39 percent (6 335 ha). It is followed by the Eastern Cape Province at 27 percent (4 341 ha) and Limpopo province at 26 percent (4 274 ha). The total hectares planted to soft citrus in 2018 was 16 285 ha. This was 23 percent higher than the area planted in 2017.

Eastern Cape40%

Limpopo27%

Western Cape25%

Mpumalanga6%

Northern Cape1%

Kwazulu Natal1%

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Figure 6: Production areas of soft citrus, 2018


Figure 7 presents production areas for grapefruit in 2018. Figure 7: Production areas for grapefruit, 2018


Western Cape39%

Eastern Cape27%

Limpopo26%

Mpumalanga4%

Northern Cape2%Others

2%

Limpopo57%

Mpumalanga21%

Kwazulu Natal11%

Northern Cape6%

Eastern Cape3%Other

2%

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The Limpopo Province is the leading grower of grapefruit at 57 percent (4 424 ha). It is followed by the Mpumalanga Province at 21 percent (1 622 ha), Kwazulu-Natal Province at 11 percent (846 ha), Northern Cape and Eastern Cape at 6 percent (504 ha) and 3 percent (195 ha) respectively. The total hectares planted to grapefruit in 2018 was 7 743 ha. This was less than 1.8 percent to the total area planted to grapefruit in 2017. Production areas for lemons and limes during 2018 are presented in Figure 8. The Eastern Cape Province is the leading grower of lemons and limes at 42 percent (6 148 ha). It is followed by the Limpopo and Western Cape at 32% (4 730 ha) and 13% (1 956 ha) respectively. The Mpumalanga Province is also a significant producer of lemons and limes, accounting for 5% (773 ha) during 2018. The total hectares planted to lemons and limes in South Africa during 2018 was 14 740 ha and this was 24 percent higher than the area planted in 2017. The production of lemons and limes, measured in land under production has been on the rise over the past 6 years. Figure 8: Production areas for lemon and lime in hectares, 2018


1.2 Citrus cultivars A number of cultivars or varieties of oranges, soft citrus, grapefruit, and lemons and limes are grown in South Africa. The varieties of Valencia oranges planted in South Africa during 2018 are presented in Figure 9. The cultivars planted mostly in South Africa are Midknight (36% or10 211 ha), Valencia Late (20% or 5 552 ha), Delta (16% or 4 536 ha), and Turkey (Juvalle) (10% or 2 864 ha). Together, the four cultivars accounted for 82% of total Valencia oranges planted during 2018. The total area planted to Valencia oranges in South Africa during 2018 was 28 454 ha. The area planted was 0.06 percent higher than that planted in 2017.

Eastern Cape42%

Limpopo32%

Western Cape13% Mpumalanga

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KZN4%

Northern Cape2%

Other2%

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Figure 9: Valencia (oranges) cultivars planted in 2018 (Ha)


The cultivars of navel oranges cultivated in South Africa during 2018 are illustrated in Figure 10.

Midnight36%

Valencia late20%

Delta16%

Turkey (Juvalle)10%

Bennie9%

Du Roi3%

Gusocora 2%Lavalle

1%Other3%

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Figure 10: Navels (oranges) cultivars planted in 2018 (Ha)


The major cultivar of navel oranges planted in South Africa is Palmer, with 3 243 ha of land planted to it in 2018. This represented 20% of total area planted to navel oranges in 2018. Palmer is followed by Bahianinha at 15% 2 378 ha, Cambria at 13% (2 195 ha) and Washington at 12% (2 000 ha). Other cultivars accounted for 15% (2 421 ha) of total area planted to navel oranges in 2018. The total area planted to Navel oranges during 2018 was 16 234 ha. Figure 11 presents cultivars of soft citrus planted in South Africa during 2018. The major soft citrus cultivar planted in South Africa during 2018 was Mandarin, representing 76% (12 416 ha) of total soft citrus cultivars planted in 2018. It was followed by Clementine at 17% (2 731 ha) and Satsuma at 7% (1 138 ha). A total area of 16 285 ha was planted to soft citrus in 2018.

Palmer20%

Bahianinha15%

Cambria13%Washington

12%

Witkrans6%

Navelina6%

Robyn5%

Lane late4%

Autumn Gold4%

Other15%

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Figure 11: Soft citrus cultivars planted in 2018 (Ha)


The cultivars of grapefruits cultivated in South Africa during 2018 are presented in Figure 12. Figure 12: Grapefruit cultivars planted in 2018


Clementine17%

Mandarin76%

Satsuma7%

Star Ruby84%

Marsh12%

Fe1 (Jackson)1%

Rose1%

Others2%

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During 2018, Star Ruby accounted for over four-fifth (84% or 6 517 ha) of the total grapefruit cultivars planted in South Africa. It was followed by Marsh at 12% (892 ha), Fe1, and Rose each at 1% while other cultivars accounted for 2%. A total area of 7 743 ha was planted to grapefruits in 2018. The cultivars of lemons and limes planted in South Africa in 2018 are presented in Figure 13. Figure 13: Lemon and lime cultivars planted in 2018 (Ha)


The most important cultivar of lemons and limes planted in South Africa is Eureka. Figure 13 indicates that Eureka was planted on a total area of 11 119 hectares, representing 75% of the total area planted to lemons and limes in 2018. Eureka was followed by Lisbon at 8% (1 244 ha) and 3X97 and Limoneira both at 5% (703 Ha and 667 Ha respectively). A total area of 14 740 ha was planted to lemons and limes in 2018. 1.3 Production Citrus production has over the past ten years has been fairly stable (see Figure 14). In 2018 oranges contributed 65 percent of total citrus production. It was followed by lemons and limes at 17%, grapefruit at 16% and soft citrus at 2%.

Clementine17%

Mandarin76%

Satsuma7%

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Figure 14: Total production of citrus products, 2009 - 2018

Source: Statistics and Economic Analysis, DAFF

According to Figure 14, orange production has been a steady increase since the 2009 production season. The increase has been mainly due to expansion of orchards and good climatic conditions in leading production areas. Production of oranges however experienced a 22% decline in 2016 when compared with 2015 and increased again to just over 1.4 million tons in 2017. Orange production increased by 18% between 2009 and 2015. In 2018, orange production increased significantly moving from over 1.4 million tons to over 1.7 million tons. The volume of lemons and limes remained stable between the previous decade. The volumes of lime and lemon increased by 46% in 2018 when compared to 2017 while production of grapefruits increased by 39%.The production of soft citrus also decreased by 30% during the same period. 1.4 Employment The citrus industry is labour intensive and it is estimated that it employs more than 100 000 people, with large numbers of workers in the orchards and packing houses. An unspecified number of people are employed throughout the supply chain services such as transport, port handing and allied services. It is estimated that more than a million households depend on the South African citrus industry for their livelihood. The Minimum Wage Act 9 of 2019 came into effect in January 2019. The Act applies to all workers and their employers, except members of the South African National Defence Force, the National Intelligence Agency, the South African Secret Service, and volunteers who perform work for another person without remuneration. Under this Act, farm workers are entitled to a minimum wage of R18 per hour. The Act establishes the National Minimum Wage Commission, which is tasked to review the national minimum wage and make recommendations to the Minister on any adjustment of the national minimum wage. The new national minimum wage will as from March 2020, be adjusted by 3.8%. Therefore, farm workers are entitled to a minimum wage of R18.68 per hour.

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2. MARKET STRUCTURE Citrus production in South Africa is mainly aimed at the export market. Locally, citrus produce is sold though different marketing channels such as National Fresh Produce Markets (NFPMs), informal markets (street hawkers and bakkie traders), and directly to processors for juice making and dried fruit production. The fruits are also sold directly to wholesalers and retailers through direct supply contracts. The annual crop distribution and prices of the different citrus products are presented below. 2.1 Orange crop distribution The annual distribution of oranges to the different markets is presented in Figure 15. In 2018, 74% (1 168 363 tons) of all oranges produced (1 585 796 tons) was exported. This indicates the importance of export markets to South Africa’s production of oranges. The second most important market for South African oranges is the processing sector. The sector absorbed 20% (317 164 tons) of total orange production in 2018 while the remaining 6% (100 269 tons) was sold through the local markets. The total volume of oranges that were processed during 2018 were 67% higher than those processed in 2017 while the volumes exported increased by 8% and those sold through the local markets increased by 14% during the same period. Figure 15: Orange crop distribution, 2009 - 2018


2.2 Orange prices Figure 16 presents historical price trends of oranges during the past decade.

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Figure 16: Historical price trends for oranges, 2009 - 2018


As can be seen in Figure 16 oranges fetch higher returns in the export markets. The average price per ton in the export markets during 2018 was R8 600. This was 0.6% lower than the average export price during the previous year. The average prices of oranges increased significantly during the period under review. However, orange prices in the export market remained fairly stable during the past three years. Oranges sold in the local markets in 2018 fetched an average price of R3 361.00 per ton while those absorbed by the processing sector fetched the lowest price at R693.00 per ton. 2.3 Soft citrus crop distribution The annual soft citrus crop distribution for the past ten years is presented in Figure 17. The majority of the South African annual soft citrus crop is absorbed by the export market. A total volume of 242 123 tons of soft citrus was exported in 2018. This represented 68% of the total production (355 613 tons) of soft citrus in 2018. The local market is the second most important market for soft citrus in South Africa, absorbing approximately 8% (30 204 tons) of the total crop in 2018.

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Figure 17: Soft citrus crop distribution, 2009 - 2018


2.4 Soft citrus prices Historical price trends for soft citrus for the past ten years are presented in Figure 18. Figure 18: Historical price trends of soft citrus, 2009 - 2018


As in the case of oranges, soft citrus fetch the highest returns in the export markets. The average price received by a South African exporter in the export markets in 2018 was R13 489.00 per ton. Soft citrus also fetch higher prices in the local markets. The average price received in the local markets during 2018 was R6

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617.00 per ton. It is important to note that prices of soft citrus for exports markets remained stable between 2017 and 2018 while prices in local market also increased by 10% during the same period. 2.5 Grapefruit crop distribution Figure 19 presents the annual distribution of grapefruit in South Africa during the period 2009 to 2018. The leading market for South Africa’s grapefruits is the export market. Approximately 67% ( 270 566 tons) of the total grapefruits produced in South Africa during2018 (402 660 tons) was exported. Another important market for grapefruits in South Africa is the processing sector. The sector absorbed 32% (128 210 tons) of the total crop in 2018. A very minimal (3 884 tons) amount of grapefruit is sold through the locally markets annually. Figure 19: Grapefruit crop distribution, 2009 - 2018


2.6 Grapefruit prices Figure 20 illustrates historical price trends for grapefruits during the past ten years.

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Figure 20: Historical price trends for grapefruit, 2009 - 2018


The net realisation in the export market has been highly volatile during the past decade, reaching a high of R8 234 per ton in 2018 and a low of R1 856.00 per ton in 2009. The average price realised in the export market during 2018 was R8 234 per ton while those in the local and processing markets were R5 246.00/ton and R1 593.00/ton respectively. Prices realised in the export market has been on a rising trajectory over the past ten years but they all declined in 2017 while those in the local and processing sector experienced significant growth between 2017 and 2018. 2.7 Lemons and limes crop distribution The annual distribution of lemons and limes for the period 2009 to 2018 is presented in Figure 21.

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Figure 21: Lemon and lime crop production, 2009 - 2018


Over 299 thousand tons of lemons and limes were exported in 2018. This represented 67% of the total production of lemons and limes in 2018. The second most important market for South African lemons and limes is the processing industry. The processing industry accounted for 29% (128 833 tons) of the total annual crop was sent to the processing industry in 2018 while the remaining 4% was sold in the local markets. The quantities of lemons and limes sent to the export markets have been increasing throughout the last decade, those quantities to processing have been unstable while volumes sent to the local markets have been stagnant. 2.8 Lemon and lime prices Historical prices of lemons and limes for the past decade are presented in Figure 22. Prices realised in the export markets fluctuated strongly during the last ten years and the biggest fluctuation was experienced between 2016 and 2018 when prices moved from just over R16 483.00 per ton in 2016 to over R11 151.00 per ton in 2018. The average price realised in the export markets during 2018 was R11 151.00 per ton. This was a 16% decrease in lemon and lime export prices in 2018 when compared to prices in 2017. Prices realised in the local markets increased steadily during the past decade, reaching a high of R7 697.00 per ton in 2016. However, prices realised in the local markets have been declining since the 2016 peak. Prices realised in the processing sector also decreased from R1 657.00/ton in 2017 to R1 463.00/ton in 2018. Prices realised in in all categories decreased between 2017 and 2018.

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Figure 22: Historical price trends for lemon and lime, 2009 - 2018


2.9 Exports As already indicated in the preceding subsections, citrus production in South Africa is mainly aimed at the export market. South Africa exported a total combined volume of 2 142 628 tons of citrus products in 2018. The volume exported was 12% higher than the volume exported in the previous year (2018). Annual citrus produce exported by South Africa to the world from 2009 to 2018 are depicted in Figure 23. Figure 23: Export volumes of citrus products, 2009 - 2018

Source: Quantec Easydata

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2 000

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As can be seen in Figure 23, the biggest contributor to the total volume of South African citrus exports is oranges that contributed 60% (1 278 379 tons) to total citrus products exports in 2018. Oranges were followed by lemon and lime at 15% (315 247 tons), grapefruit and soft citrus at 13% and 12% respectively during the same year. Volumes of citrus products sold to export markets between 2009 and 2018 remained stable during the same period. 2.9.1 Oranges Exports of South African oranges to the various regions of the world over the past decade are presented in Figure 24. Oranges totalling 1 278 379 tons and worth R11 billion were exported by South Africa in 2018. During the last decade most of South Africa’s exports of oranges went to the European and Asian markets. In 2018 exports to Europe accounted for 47% of total South African orange exports while those to Asia accounted for 44%. South African exports of oranges to Europe have been relatively stable over the past decade, remaining over 500 thousand tons annually. Exports to Asia have also been relatively stable over the past decade. Exports to both Europe and Asia increased in 2018 compared to 2017 season. The Americas and Africa also constitute important markets for South African exports of oranges.

Figure 24: Volumes of oranges exports to regions of the world, 2009 - 2018


Due to their relative importance to exports of South African oranges, the European and Asian markets are further analysed below. Volumes of South African orange exports to the various regions of Europe from 2009 to 2018 are presented in Figure 25. In Europe, the bulk of South African exports of oranges go to the European Union. 84% of all

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

World 1033960 1123994 988178 1107394 1173289 1142642 1159430 1063855 1170507 1278379

Africa 49887 80920 46605 66883 74103 46970 52513 45969 36410 40585

Americas 73395 61850 69441 72793 75779 73585 82816 72975 71728 82310

Asia 393219 383193 366302 405739 414142 467499 473643 432186 490967 559315

Europe 516747 597663 505796 561443 609254 554519 550361 512502 570909 595818

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South African exports of oranges to Europe in 2018 were absorbed by the European Union. The EU was followed by both Eastern Europe at 15% while the remaining 1% went to Northern, Southern and Western Europe. Exports to Europe peaked at 609 254 tons in 2013. The exports of South African oranges to the European Union and Eastern Europe increased by 3.5% and 7.1% respectively between 2017 and 2018. Exports to Europe as a whole also increased by 4% between 2017 and 2018. Figure 25: Volumes of orange exports to various regions in Europe, 2009 - 2018


Due to its significance to South African exports of oranges the European Union market is further disaggregated in Figure 26. It is important to note that only those countries whose orange imports from South Africa were at least 10 000 tons in at least one year during the period under review are shown in Figure 26. The major importers of South African oranges in the European Union are the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Portugal. In 2018, the three countries accounted for 78% of all South African orange exports to the European Union (497 822 tons), with the Netherlands accounting for 47% and both the Portugal and United Kingdom contributing 16% and 15% respectively. Between 2017 and 2018, exports to the Portugal and United Kingdom increased by 18% and 4% respectively while exports to Netherlands decreased by 10%.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Europe 516747 597663 505796 561443 609254 554519 550361 512502 570909 595818

Eastern Europe 110623 154614 137043 133271 140458 140165 94845 75385 84220 90983

Northern Europe 5272 2345 2246 1990 2149 4055 3472 3414 2544 2447

Southern Europe 646 2231 315 2013 2583 2773 6602 5868 3348 3327

Western Europe 2971 342 719 301 2281 3297 453 0 76 1240

European Union 397235 438132 365474 423868 461784 404228 444989 427834 480721 497822

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Figure 26: Volume of orange exports to various EU member states, 2009 - 2018


Volumes of South African exports of oranges to the different regions of Asia are presented in Figure 27. The most important Asian region in terms of South African exports of oranges is Western Asia. In 2018, exports to Western Asia accounted for 43% of total South African exports of oranges to Asia. Total South African exports of oranges to Asia peaked at 559 315 tons in 2018. There was a 14% increase in total exports to Asia between 2017 and 2018.

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

European Union 457398 467085 397235 438132 365474 423868 461784 404228 444989 427834 480721 497822

Belgium 50746 32167 33626 5472 4559 3860 2663 1557 2149 3412 2831 6411

Spain 71103 57931 32412 19430 15629 22413 18582 11994 50 845 2348 6928

France 7654 7503 8829 25478 16045 23280 25743 17841 25589 16948 6729 17469

United Kingdom 78696 82856 71441 70560 66194 65874 81274 66545 67296 60154 73360 75950

Greece 16867 8678 4687 4091 2591 1775 1856 1268 1429 1926 2632 482

Italy 35887 35501 60911 41686 29389 31940 36459 36150 36361 33517 38038 42641

Netherlands 155569 189823 151982 197867 174516 200732 222494 206059 231978 221671 258477 233511

Portugal 6581 10072 5602 40126 29122 42315 41017 39919 54840 57872 67514 79970

Germany 7849 10988 11167 12817 9871 10618 9019 4070 3556 10796 10705 16276

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Figure 27: Volume of orange exports to Asian regions, 2009 - 2018


Volumes of South African orange exports to the different countries in Western Asia during the last decade are presented in Figure 28. Figure 28: Volume of range exported to various countries in Western Asia, 2009 - 2018


2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Asia 393219 383193 366302 405739 414142 467499 473643 432186 490967 559315

Eastern Asia 60799 60475 71473 66907 55046 79519 101387 109865 159105 191286

South-central Asia 72930 39373 44974 43302 39948 51569 55259 41886 62117 74871

South-eastern Asia 35538 33750 32152 43366 45838 51164 45972 45828 48748 52924

Western Asia 223952 249595 217703 252164 273309 285246 271026 234607 220998 240233

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Western Asia 223952 249595 217703 252164 273309 285246 271026 234607 220998 240233

United Arab Emirates 100743 104088 78634 93916 106855 120910 116098 99483 86156 81191

Bahrain 3722 3543 3884 5888 5211 4060 4614 4809 8833 4121

Georgia 87 540 982 391 711 760 1296 805 344 210

Kuwait 23541 35342 30352 32943 50628 51347 47246 25943 23216 21053

Oman 19238 13936 9126 12354 11158 8186 7511 5266 11248 10339

Qatar 3753 2771 4568 5176 5715 6964 6713 4122 8917 12264

Saudi Arabia 72204 88891 89404 101176 92882 92795 86906 93220 81541 84422

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Note that only those countries whose orange imports from South Africa were at least 1000 tons in at least one year during the period under review are shown in Figure 28. The major importers of South African oranges in Western Asia are the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. In 2018 the Saudi Arabia imported 84 422 tons of oranges from South Africa while United Arab Emirates imported 81 191 tons from South Africa. Another notable importer of South African orange in the past decade was Kuwait, importing on average 34 000 tons. Between 2017 and 2018, South African exports of oranges to Saudi Arabia increased by 3.5% while those to the United Arab Emirates also decreased by 6%. 2.9.2 Lemons and limes Exports of South African lemons and limes to the various regions of the world over the past decade are presented in Figure 29. Lemons and limes totalling 315 247 tons were exported by South Africa in 2018. Between 2009 and 2010 the total volume of lemons and limes exported by South Africa decreased by 62%. The total volume of exports however recorded an increase of 5% between 2017 and 2018. During the last decade most of South Africa’s exports of lemons and limes went mainly to the European and Asian markets. In 2018 exports to Asia accounted for 46% of total South African lemons and limes exports while those to Europe accounted for 48%. It can be observed in Figure 29 that total South African exports of lemons and limes are predominantly determined by quantities absorbed by the Asian and European market. Total South African exports of lemons and limes to the world peaked in 2009 at 396 945 tons while those to Asia peaked at 287 644 tons during the same year. Africa and the Americas also constitute important markets for South African lemons and limes. Figure 29: Volume of lemon and lime exports to various regions of the world, 2009 - 2018


2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

World 396945 151640 166853 166620 175991 219456 246293 236868 299260 315247

Africa 13984 3817 4622 4522 4604 4532 4346 3966 4481 6059

Americas 637 1697 2809 2623 6682 9499 10682 9223 12454 14395

Asia 287644 70252 77686 88159 91146 118619 137246 130895 165069 143993

Europe 94515 75715 81731 71303 73553 86791 94018 92784 117255 150750

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Figure 30 presents volumes of lemons and limes exported to various regions of Europe during the last ten years. Europe absorbed a total volume of 150 750 tons of lemons and limes from South Africa in 2018. The volume was 29% up from the 117 255 tons imported from South Africa during 2017. Within Europe, the major markets for South African lemons and limes are the European Union and Eastern Europe. The European Union absorbed 78% of total South African exports of lemons and limes to the European continent in 2018. Figure 30: Volume of lemon and lime exports to various regions of Europe, 2009 - 2018


Due to its significance to exports of South African lemons and limes, the European Union market is further disaggregated in Figure 31. Within the European Union, the major importers of South African lemons and limes are the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Together the two countries accounted for 62% of total European Union imports of lemons and limes from South Africa in 2018, with the Netherlands accounting for 37% and the United Kingdom accounting for 25%.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Europe 94515 75715 81731 71303 73553 86791 94018 92784 117255 150750

Eastern Europe 29303 24710 30723 22085 33440 34158 34434 19068 31984 29449

Northern Europe 75 162 185 176 153 433 113 466 304 230

Southern Europe 3777 427 403 1566 2178 886 1384 498 2109 2118

Western Europe 148 141 549 92 0 6 66 131 51 1560

European Union 61212 50275 49871 47384 37782 51307 58021 72621 82806 117394

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Figure 31: Volume of lemon and lime exported to EU member states, 2009 - 2018


Volumes of lemons and limes exported by South Africa to the various regions of Asia are presented in Figure 32. Asia has been a top importer of South African lemon and lime over the past five years. It is evident that the majority of South African exports of lemons and limes that went to Asia during the last decade were destined for Western Asia. Approximately 74% of all South African exports of lemons and limes to Asia in 2018 were absorbed by Western Asia. The remainder went to Eastern Asia (15%) and South-Eastern Asia (11%).

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

European Union 61212 50275 49871 47384 37782 51307 58021 72621 82806 117394

Belgium 4060 94 214 189 83 51 0 180 124 3915

Spain 169 135 214 51 247 725 74 31 98 1955

France 3151 902 1178 742 480 540 690 771 2183 3111

United Kingdom 15889 17096 14244 16203 10445 12565 16174 20428 22703 29897

Greece 2410 616 1172 777 153 1146 1101 1136 1640 2091

Croatia 326 532 530 653 176 24 90 0 0 50

Ireland 611 500 312 312 656 447 562 449 1056 2404

Italy 16380 4479 7765 4240 2591 5590 5122 8655 10455 14564

Netherlands 13855 21132 19152 19609 16019 22289 23734 33940 33986 43091

Portugal 204 420 1226 862 170 829 1571 3308 5881 10216

Sweden 16 65 849 782 101 276 553 279 1067 271

Germany 1755 1961 1349 1383 5352 5776 7310 2977 2105 4059

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Figure 32: Volume of lemon and lime exported to various regions in Asia, 2009 - 2018


Volumes of South African exports of lemons and limes to the different countries within Western Asia during the last decade are presented in Figure 33. Note that only those countries whose imports of lemons and limes from South Africa were at least 1 000 tons in at least one year during the period under review are shown in Figure 33. It is evident that the major importers of South African lemons and limes in Western Asia are the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. In 2018 the two countries accounted for 73% of all South African exports of lemons to Western Asia, with the United Arab Emirates accounting for 44% and Saudi Arabia contributing 29%. Exports to the United Arab Emirates declined by 11% between 2017 and 2018 while those to Saudi Arabia also declined by 3% during the same period.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Asia 287644 70252 77686 88159 91146 118619 137246 130895 143993 170433

Eastern Asia 42650 9937 11017 11716 10108 32177 21049 16020 27652 21473



Western Asia 234473 56094 58928 69253 72286 73262 97176 100528 117275 106504

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Figure 33: Volume of lemon and lime exported to various countries in Western Asia, 2009 - 2018


2.9.3 Grapefruits Quantities of South African exports of grapefruits to the various regions of the world during the last decade are shown in Figure 34. Grapefruits totalling 288 118 tons and worth R2.4 billion were exported by South African in 2018. Most of South Africa’s exports of grapefruits are destined for the European and Asian markets. In 2018, Europe accounted for 48% (139 313 tons) of total South African exports (288 118 tons) of grapefruits while those to Asia accounted for 45% (128 557 tons). There was a 41% decrease in South African grapefruit exports in 2010. The decrease was after a huge increase in the demand for South African grapefruits in Asia and Europe in 2009. Exports to the world increased by 25% between 2017 and 2018. Exports to Africa and the Americas remained below 30 000 tons for most part during the period under review. The European and Asian markets will be disaggregated further below.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Western Asia 234473 56094 58928 69253 72286 73262 97176 100528 117275 106504

United Arab Emirates 131196 28371 25009 33851 35319 40203 48748 49115 52510 46592

Bahrain 2112 1794 2609 2525 2421 2026 2919 2994 3463 3298

Georgia 124 502 659 924 883 963 2970 2197 1420 306

Jordan 793 368 103 328 1002 235 309 283 545 180

Kuwait 30616 4493 7501 8586 8473 7336 12465 14540 18915 9940

Oman 4466 806 820 1914 1554 576 547 608 2346 3537

Qatar 842 705 1476 2095 1621 2097 3218 1768 3449 4097

Saudi Arabia 64324 19056 20717 18850 20987 19800 25813 28951 31925 30864

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Figure 34: Volume of grapefruit exports to various regions of the world, 2009 - 2018


Volumes of South African exports of grapefruits to the various regions of Europe from 2009 to 2018 are presented in Figure 35. Figure 35: Volume of grapefruit exports to various regions in Europe, 2009 - 2018


It is evident from Figure 35 that during the last decade the bulk of South African grapefruit exports that went to Europe were destined for the European Union. In 2018, 84% of all South African exports of grapefruits to Europe were absorbed by the European Union, with the remaining quantities going to Eastern Europe. Total South African exports of grapefruits to Europe peaked in 2009 at 208 298 tons. South African grapefruit

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

World 370699 216112 220054 180542 262943 217193 220262 202502 230636 288118

Africa 13787 50319 15740 12733 30682 17156 4757 4193 5443 5999

Americas 22973 4711 6607 5224 8367 9934 8929 8759 10950 14233

Asia 124620 56237 72927 67579 83857 84775 91145 73852 89865 128557

Europe 208298 104809 124777 94942 140005 105328 115431 115697 124378 139313

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Europe 208298 104809 124777 94942 140005 105328 115431 115697 124378 139313

Eastern Europe 20471 18660 24902 14710 27860 19311 19143 16874 20789 21497

Northern Europe 2019 165 100 109 162 112 112 119 111 133

Southern Europe 2008 25 142 277 229 140 90 86 39 70

Western Europe 169 39 417 33 478 1012 295 0 0 63

European Union 183631 85921 99217 79813 111277 84752 95792 98618 103440 117550

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exports to Europe rose by 20% between 2017 and 2018. Another growing market for South African grapefruits is Eastern Europe. Grapefruit exports to Eastern Europe increased by 3% in 2018 as compared to 2017. Due to its significance to South African grapefruit exports the European Union market is further disaggregated in Figure 36. Figure 36: Volume of grapefruit exports to various EU member states, 2009 - 2018


It is important to note that only those countries whose grapefruit imports from South Africa were at least 1 000 tons in at least one year during the period under review are shown in Figure 36. The major importers of South African grapefruits in the European Union are the Netherlands, Italy and the United Kingdom. In 2018 the Netherlands accounted for 58% of all South African grapefruit exports to the European Union while the Italy and United Kingdom accounted for 11% and 10% respectively during the same year. Other important

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

European Union 121779 97961 183631 85921 99217 79813 111277 84752 95792 98618 103440 117550

Belgium 31892 7511 10745 1265 1319 239 528 283 586 1099 426 1735

Spain 6416 4402 8203 2637 2884 1150 2047 2259 23 42 545 1105

Finland 193 239 233 426 271 306 270 171 0 22 0 1

France 5156 3359 21676 3439 4703 2634 5259 4198 5816 3183 3251 4329

United Kingdom 15298 18776 14104 11218 10862 10097 12161 9812 11415 9946 11990 12275

Greece 1458 80 900 870 1497 1339 1932 1117 1317 1128 1325 1535

Italy 11742 9326 43621 7979 10012 9095 12408 10074 11976 9365 9533 12858

Lithuania 1326 435 390 433 720 502 1308 821 1011 877 773 624

Netherlands 40214 47791 72932 50121 59761 46798 64913 49170 53256 59219 63869 68137

Portugal 1418 412 276 1411 1393 2181 3464 2979 4368 6009 6231 7768

Sweden 1488 584 392 460 640 733 1244 530 887 767 872 481

Germany 1738 2610 6820 4110 3254 3082 2887 1378 1819 5015 2386 3912

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players in 2018 included Portugal (7%) and France (4 %). Grapefruit exports to the European Union as a whole increased by 14% between 2017 and 2018. Figure 37 presents volumes of South African exports of grapefruits to the different regions of Asia. The major Asian region in terms of South African grapefruit exports is Eastern Asia. The region absorbed 93% of the total South African exports of grapefruits to Asia in 2018. The total South African grapefruit exports to Asia peaked at 128 557 tons in 2018. South African exports of grapefruits to Asia increased by 3% between 2009 and 2018 while those to Eastern Asia also increased by 14% during the same period. South African exports of grapefruits to Asia declined from 124 620 tons in 2009 to 56 237 tons in 2010, representing a decline of 55%. Between 2017 and 2018, exports of grapefruit to Asia increased by 143%.

Figure 37: Volume of grapefruit exports to various regions in Asia, 2009 - 2018


Volumes of South African grapefruit exports to the different countries in Eastern Asia during the last decade are presented in Figure 38. Note that only those countries whose grapefruit imports from South Africa were at least 1 000 tons in at least one year during the period under review are shown in Figure 38. The major importer of South African grapefruit in Eastern Asia is China. In 2018, China absorbed 46% of the total South African exports of grapefruits to Eastern Asia. South African exports of grapefruits to China increased by 146% between 2017 and 2018. Other importers of South African grapefruit in Eastern Asia are Japan, Korea and Taiwan.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Asia 124620 56237 72927 67579 83857 84775 91145 73852 89865 128557

Eastern Asia 104331 51297 65539 60830 72974 76046 81642 66221 80873 118971



Western Asia 19035 3462 5648 5014 8510 6533 7326 5515 6333 6625

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Figure 38: Volume of grapefruit exports to various countries in Asia, 2009 - 2018


2.9.4 Soft citrus Figure 39 presents volumes of South African exports of soft citrus to the different regions of the world during the last decade. Figure 39: Volume of soft citrus exports to various regions of the world, 2009 - 2018


2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Eastern Asia 104331 51297 65539 60830 72974 76046 81642 66221 80873 118971

China 295 331 1340 1436 9571 14029 19972 17463 20253 54530

Hong Kong 8883 3476 5608 5033 4680 4516 5034 5851 7265 13671

Japan 91834 45498 55571 49789 51967 48222 44802 31154 39479 37770

Taiwan Province of China 3319 1993 3020 4573 5769 3351 2801 2011 3344 3268

Republic of Korea 0 0 0 0 986 5928 9032 9738 10531 9732

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

World 127115 116670 108569 122636 133587 153214 156589 189601 209788 260884

Africa 3488 3312 3604 3989 3614 4369 4047 5209 5400 5929

Americas 15402 13148 9491 13560 10510 14812 14844 17041 19215 25251

Asia 18000 17464 18985 15879 19475 30605 19442 25894 34563 53055

Europe 90149 82733 76490 89207 99987 103425 118253 141437 150499 176373

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Most of South Africa’s exports of soft citrus during the past ten years went to Europe. The continent absorbed 68% of the total South African exports of soft citrus in 2018. South African exports of soft citrus to the world increased by 24% between 2017 and 2018. The second most important continent for South African exports of soft citrus in 2018 was Asia, which absorbed 20% (53 055 tons) during the same year. Exports to Africa and the Americas have been stable over the last decade, remaining below the 30 000 tons mark. Export volumes for South African soft citrus to the various regions of Europe for the period 2009 to 2018 are presented in Figure 40. It is evident that during the last decade the European Union absorbed the bulk of South African exports of soft citrus that went to Europe. The European Union accounted for 80% of the total South African exports of soft citrus in 2018. Eastern Europe absorbed 16% of the grapefruit exports while the remaining 4% was shared by other regions. Figure 40: Volume of soft citrus exports to various regions in Europe, 2009 - 2018


Due to its relative importance to exports of South African soft citrus the European Union market is further disaggregated below. Volumes of South African exports of soft citrus to the different European Union member states during the last decade are presented in Figure 41. Only those countries whose imports of soft citrus from South Africa were at least 1 000 tons in at least one year during the period under review are shown in Figure 41. The major importers of soft citrus from South Africa are the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In 2018, the two countries accounted for 85% of the total South African exports of soft citrus to the European Union, with the United Kingdom accounting for 49% and the Netherlands contributing 36%. Between 2017 and 2018, exports to the United Kingdom went up by 10% while those to the Netherlands also increased by 3%.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Europe 90149 82733 76490 89207 99987 103425 118253 141437 150499 176373

Eastern Europe 8538 12836 12778 12365 12776 11435 14607 14241 20231 28551

Northern Europe 206 12 32 0 0 0 351 209 416 788

Southern Europe 2204 248 132 64 20 0 96 969 3041 5206

Western Europe 0 0 16 45 1 114 0 23 0 0

European Union 79201 69637 63532 76733 87189 91876 103198 125996 126811 141828

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Figure 41: Volume of soft citrus exported to various EU member states, 2009 - 2018


2.10 Provincial and district export values of South African citrus Figure 42 below depicts the value of citrus exports from each province of South Africa during the last ten years. The figure presents an interesting but somewhat misleading view of the source of citrus products destined for the export markets. Firstly, the fact that approximately 63% of the citrus export value was derived from the Western Cape in 2018 does not mean that the province was the main producer of citrus. It only implies that the majority of registered exporters are based in the Western Cape. Secondly, the province (Western Cape) serves as exit point for citrus exports through the Cape Town harbour. Citrus products worth R20 billion were exports by South Africa in 2018. Following the Western Cape in terms of the value of citrus exports in 2018 were the Eastern Cape at 16.2%, Limpopo at 8.6% and Gauteng both at 8.5%.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

European Union 79201 69637 63532 76733 87189 91876 103198 125996 126811 141828

Belgium 2736 834 315 45 172 22 151 131 261 499

Spain 670 181 465 618 232 209 24 0 0 247

France 763 587 603 766 1555 1845 974 1357 1246 2579

United Kingdom 55585 45269 40634 48186 50267 52506 61307 66152 63213 69285

Ireland 3251 1808 1782 1901 1946 3800 3742 5637 5044 6889

Italy 238 271 1187 110 93 200 137 300 272 585

Lithuania 249 346 65 247 130 137 118 47 70 10

Portugal 122 375 214 160 442 852 1102 2412 4348 6287

Germany 160 398 20 428 1219 1120 2057 1559 1460 3307

Netherlands 14798 18820 17880 23987 30318 30146 32023 47255 49706 51426

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Figure 42:Value of citrus exports by provinces, 2009 - 2018


The following figures (Figures 43 - 51) show the value of citrus exports from the various districts in the nine provinces of South Africa. Figure 43 illustrates values of citrus exports by the Eastern Cape Province. It is clear from Figure 43 that citrus exports from the Eastern Cape are mainly from the Nelson Mandela, Cacadu and Amathole municipalities. High export values for the leading municipalities were recorded in 2016 (for Amatole, Nelson Mandela and Cacadu). The use of the Port Elizabeth harbour as an exit point may have played a major role in both Nelson Mandela and Cacadu municipalities being leaders in the export of citrus from the Eastern Cape. A total of R3.2 billion worth of citrus products exports was recorded by the Eastern Cape in 2018. This was 4% lower than the value exported in 2017.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

RSA 5294 6693 6906 7414 9397 11799 13922 17123 18655 20273

Western Cape 3964 5004 5175 5433 6791 8410 9410 10481 11519 12792

Eastern Cape 429 514 725 795 1174 1837 2424 3806 3410 3284

Northern Cape 31 25 34 32 51 76 85 115 157 121

Free State 0 4 2 6 27 17 20 13 11 6

KwaZulu-Natal 38 21 25 30 36 37 39 24 19 21

North West 2 1 10 0 0 0 1 1 1 2

Gauteng 106 319 227 284 292 406 537 1189 1452 1721

Mpumalanga 206 270 222 304 360 359 417 367 616 592

Limpopo 516 535 486 531 666 657 989 1127 1470 1735

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Figure 43: Value of citrus exports by Eastern Cape province, 2009 - 2018


Values of citrus exports by the Limpopo province are shown in Figure 44.

Figure 44: Value of citrus exports by Limpopo province, 2009 - 2018


The major citrus exporting region in the Limpopo province is Mopani. The region recorded R1.1 billion worth of citrus product exports in 2018. Other important exporting regions are the Greater Sekhukhune and Vhembe municipalities. High export values of the leading municipalities were recorded in 2018 for both for Mopani

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Eastern Cape 429 514 725 795 1174 1837 2424 3806 3410 3284

Cacadu 143 273 389 468 745 1056 1474 2082 1836 1893

Amathole 13 18 45 49 67 83 146 185 176 205

Nelson Mandela Bay 273 223 290 278 362 698 803 1539 1398 1187

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Limpopo 516 535 486 531 666 657 989 1127 1470 1735

Mopani 283 292 338 350 447 449 729 718 1000 1138

Vhembe 66 30 52 64 53 63 49 62 65 63

Capricorn 9 1 3 7 6 0 2 2 3 18

Waterberg 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

Greater Sekhukhune 156 212 92 109 160 144 209 344 402 514

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and Greater Sekhukhune. The total export value for citrus product exports from Limpopo increased from R1.4 billion in 2017 to R1.7 billion in 2018. Values of citrus exports from the Mpumalanga province are depicted in Figure 45.

Figure 45: Value of citrus exports by Mpumalanga province, 2009 - 2018


Citrus exports from Mpumalanga are mainly from Ehlanzeni and to a lesser extend Gert Sibande municipalities. High export values for the leading municipalities were recorded in 2017 (for Ehlanzeni) and in 2009 (for Gert Sibande municipality). A total value of R592 million worth of citrus products exports was recorded by Mpumalanga in 2018. This was a decrease from R610 million recorded in 2017. Values of citrus exports from the Western Cape are illustrated in Figure 46. The major citrus exporting region in the Western Cape is the City of Cape Town. The city recorded citrus exports worth R6.1 billion in 2018. Other leading municipalities are the Cape Winelands and Eden which recorded citrus exports worth R4.3 billion and R1.1 billion respectively during 2018. The use of the Cape Town harbour as an exit point plays a major role in the City of Cape Town being a leader in the export of citrus from the Western Cape.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Mpumalanga 206 270 222 304 360 359 417 367 616 592

Gert Sibande 11 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 1

Nkangala 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 5

Ehlanzeni 196 270 221 303 358 356 412 362 610 586

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Figure 46: Value of citrus exports by Western Cape, 2009 - 2018


Citrus export values from the Gauteng province are presented in Figure 47. Figure 47: Value of citrus exports by Gauteng province, 2009 - 2018


2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Western Cape 3964 5004 5175 5433 6791 8410 9410 10481 11519 12792

City of Cape Town 2507 3169 3217 3313 3892 4636 4943 4950 5412 6160

West Coast 242 196 171 288 272 450 573 837 908 932

Cape Winelands 749 1222 1364 1396 2042 2581 3127 3708 3949 4305

Overberg 141 85 79 86 127 148 144 231 273 234

Eden 325 331 344 349 458 594 623 754 978 1160

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Gauteng 106 319 227 284 292 406 537 1189 1452 1721

Sedibeng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

West Rand 1 0 0 0 14 5 19 29 32 50

Ekurhuleni 25 16 15 15 13 16 12 13 14 20

City of Johannesburg 61 159 98 104 130 169 289 732 967 1071

City of Tshwane 19 143 114 164 135 216 218 415 439 581

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The total value of citrus products exports from Gauteng increased from R106 million in 2009 to R1.7 billion in 2018, an increase of 1 519% in ten years. The major citrus products exporting regions in Gauteng are the Cities of Tshwane and Johannesburg. The City of Tshwane (as well as City of Johannesburg) have been recording high values throughout the entire decade. The Ekurhuleni municipality and to lesser extent, the West Rand, are other exporters of citrus products in Gauteng over the past ten years. Values of citrus exports from Kwazulu Natal are presented in Figure 48. The major exporter of citrus products in Kwazulu Natal is eThekwini municipality. The municipality recorded exports of citrus products worth R15 million in 2018. This was an increase from the R17 million recorded in 2017. Other important contributors towards the total value of citrus products exports in Kwazulu Natal during the past ten years are Zululand and Umgungundlovu. Generally, there were some fluctuations on the citrus export values for eThekwini municipality over the past decade. The use of the Durban harbour as an exit point plays a major role in eThekwini municipality being a leader in the export of citrus from Kwazulu Natal. Figure 48: Value of citrus exports by Kwazulu Natal, 2009 - 2018


Values of citrus exports from the Free State province are shown in Figure 49. It is clear from Figure 49 that citrus exports from the Free State are mainly from Xhariep, Thabo Mofutsanyane and Mangaung municipalities. High export value for the leading municipality was recorded in 2013 when the Xhariep municipality exported citrus products worth R270 million. Citrus products worth R57 million were exported by the Free State province in 2018.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

KwaZulu-Natal 38 21 25 30 36 37 39 24 19 21

Ugu 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

UMgungundlovu 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 1 0 3

Amajuba 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0

Zululand 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 2

Uthungulu 12 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eThekwini 25 17 24 29 34 33 21 20 17 15

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Figure 49: Value of citrus exports by Free State province, 2009 - 2018


Values of citrus exports from the North West province are shown in Figure 50. Figure 50: Value of citrus exports by North West province, 2009 - 2018

Source: Quantec Easydata The major exporters of citrus products in the North West province are Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati and Bojanala districts. Values of citrus exports from the Northern Cape province are shown in Figure 51.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Free State 0 35 24 61 270 171 197 131 115 57

Xhariep 0 0 0 8 122 7 5 12 11 8

Lejweleputswa 0 28 20 15 54 38 98 41 50 31

Thabo Mofutsanyane 0 1 4 31 83 114 81 71 40 7

Mangaung 0 0 0 1 6 10 9 5 7 6

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Bojanala 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0,9

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Figure 51: Value of citrus exports by Northern Cape province, 2009 - 2018


It is clear from Figure 51 that citrus exports from the Northern Cape are mainly from Siyanda municipality. High export values for the Siyanda district were recorded in 2017. Citrus products exports worth R121 million were recorded in the Northern Cape in 2018. The value was down from the R157 million recorded in 2017. 2.11 Share analysis Table 2 is an illustration of provincial shares towards national citrus exports. It shows that Western Cape together with Eastern Cape and Limpopo province (to a lesser extend) have commanded the greatest share of citrus exports for the past ten years. The three provinces accounted for 88% of the total value of citrus products exports in 2018. This is in spite of the fact that Limpopo, Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga provinces are the leading producers of citrus products. Limpopo, Gauteng and Mpumalanga provinces accounted for 8.6%, 8.5% and 2.9% respectively while Kwazulu Natal accounted for 0.1% in 2018. The Eastern Cape Province accounted for 16.2% of the total citrus products export value in 2018. As explained earlier, this means that the leading export provinces (Western Cape and Gauteng) derive their advantage from the fact that the registered exporters are based in their provinces and they also have exit points for citrus exports. Table 2: Share of Provincial citrus exports to the total RSA citrus exports (%), 2009 – 2018

Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

RSA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Western Cape 74.9 70.5 69.9 69.1 67.5 67.6 62.3 58.9 62.1 63.1

Eastern Cape 8.1 7.7 10.5 10.7 12.5 15.8 17.5 22.2 18.8 16.2

Northern Cape 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.6

Free State 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Kwazulu-Natal 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Siyanda 31 25 34 32 51 76 85 115 157 121

Northern Cape 31 25 34 32 51 76 85 115 157 121

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Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

North West 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Gauteng 2.0 8.0 6.1 6.4 5.9 5.4 7.2 9.1 8.0 8.5

Mpumalanga 3.9 4.4 3.4 4.4 3.8 2.6 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.9

Limpopo 9.8 8.8 9.1 8.6 9.4 7.8 9.0 6.8 7.5 8.6 Source: Calculated from Quantec Easydata

Tables 3 to 11 show shares of the various districts’ citrus exports to the various provincial citrus exports. Table 3 presents the shares of district citrus exports to the total Eastern Cape provincial citrus exports for the years 2009 to 2018. The leading citrus export district in the Eastern Cape is Cacadu and Nelson Mandela. The Cacadu district contributed 57.6% to total Eastern Cape citrus exports in 2018 while Nelson Mandela accounted for 36.1% of total exports. Nelson Mandela was followed by Amatole districts with 6.2% in 2018. Table 3: Share of districts’ citrus exports to total Eastern Cape provincial citrus exports (%), 2009 – 2018

Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Eastern Cape

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Cacadu 33.3 30.9 24.3 26.7 20.9 19.3 19.3 15.6 53.2 57.6

Amathole 3.1 3.5 6.2 6.2 5.7 4.5 6.0 4.9 5.3 6.2

Nelson Mandela

63.6 65.6 69.4 67.3 73.5 76.2 74.7 79.5 41.4 36.1

Source: Calculated from Quantec Easydata

The shares of district citrus exports to the Mpumalanga provincial citrus exports are presented in Table 4. The leading contributor to provincial citrus exports in 2018 was the Ehlanzeni district (99%). The Gert Sibande contributed 0.8% of total exports in 2018. Table 4: Share of districts’ citrus exports to total Mpumalanga provincial citrus exports (%), 2009 - 2018

Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Mpumalanga 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0

Gert Sibande 5.3 5.1 6.4 8.5 15.2 13.2 7.0 0.3 0 0.8

Ehlanzeni 95.2 94.9 94.0 91.5 84.8 86.8 93.0 96.5 100 99.0 Source: Calculated from Quantec Easydata

In the Limpopo province, the contributions of the various districts to total provincial citrus exports are distributed between two main districts (see Table 5). In 2018 the leading district was Mopani with 65.6% share. It was followed by Greater Sekhukhune and Vhembe at 29.7% and 3.6% respectively.

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Table 5: Share of districts’ citrus exports to total Limpopo provincial citrus exports (%), 2009 - 2018 Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Limpopo 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Mopani 54.9 56.4 74.0 70.1 74.3 75.8 79.0 61.9 68.0 65.6

Vhembe 12.8 7.3 11.1 11.7 7.0 8.2 4.2 7.3 4.1 3.6

Capricorn 1.7 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.1

Waterberg 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Sekhukhune 30.2 36.1 14.6 17.2 18.1 16.0 16.6 30.5 27 29.7 Source: Calculated from Quantec Easydata

Table 6 presents the shares of citrus exports to the Free State provincial citrus exports for years between 2009 and 2018. Majority of citrus products recorded in the Free State province were from the Lejweleputswa district. In 2018, Lejweleputswa district was the leading (54.2%) municipality. It was followed by Xhariep at 14%, which was followed by both Thabo Mofutsanyane and Mangaung municipalities who recorded 13% and 11% respectively (see Table 6). Table 6: Share of districts’ citrus exports to total Free State provincial citrus exports (%), 2009- 2018

Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Free State 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Xhariep 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 11.1 8.3 12.8 9.1 14.1 Lejweleputswa

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 16.7 5.7 46.0

54.2

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0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 67.7 67.7 75.7 36.2

13.0

Mangaung 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 8.3 5.7 8.7 11.0 Source: Calculated from Quantec Easydata

In the Northern Cape, all of the citrus exports recorded in 2018 were from the Siyanda district (100%). Table 7: Share of districts’ citrus exports to total Northern Cape provincial citrus exports (%), 2009 - 2018

Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Northern Cape

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Siyanda 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Calculated from Quantec Easydata

During 2018, the major citrus exporting district in the North West province was Ngaka Modiri Molema. This district recorded citrus exports worth 63.6% in 2018, followed by the Bojanala district which recorded 36.3% worth of exports in the same period. (see Table 8). Table 8: Share of districts’ citrus exports to total North West provincial citrus exports (%), 2009 - 2018

Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

North West 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

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Bojanala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 20.2 33 36.3

Dr Ruth Mompati

100.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.9 79.8 0.0 0.0

Ngaka Modiri Molema

0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.6


The shares of district citrus exports to the Kwazulu Natal provincial citrus exports are presented in Table 9. In 2018, the majority of citrus exports in Kwazulu Natal were from the eThekwini district (70.9%). eThekwini was followed by Umgungundlovu district at 15.8%. Table 9: Share of districts’ citrus exports to total Kwazulu Natal provincial citrus exports (%), 2009 - 2018

Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Kwazulu-Natal

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Ugu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.7 0.5 0.0

Umgungundlovu

1.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 37.5 3.6 0.7 15.8

Amajuba 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 7.5 0.0 0.0

Zululand 2.6 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.6 7.0 10.3

Uthungulu 31.6 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

eThekwini 65.8 75.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.9 52.5 86.6 91 70.9 Source: Calculated from Quantec Easydata

In the Gauteng province the contributions of the various districts to total provincial citrus exports are distributed between three main districts (see Table 10). In 2018 the leading district was the City of Johannesburg with 62.2% share. It was followed by the City of Tshwane and West Rand at 33.7% and 2.9%, respectively. Table 10: Share of districts’ citrus exports to total Gauteng provincial citrus exports (%), 2007 - 2016

Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Gauteng 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

West Rand 0.9 0.0 1.7 2.1 2.7 1.1 2.0 2.0 0.0 2.9

Ekurhuleni 23.6 2.6 3.1 2.7 1.6 2.2 1.3 0.9 2 1.2 City of Johannesburg

57.6 39.9 29.5 28.6 33.6 28.3 18.6 46.5 1 62.2

City of Tshwane

17.9 57.6 65.8 66.5 62.1 68.5 78.2 50.6 67 33.7


The shares of district citrus exports to the total Western Cape provincial citrus exports are presented in Table 11. The leading citrus export districts in the Western Cape in 2018 were the City of Cape Town (48.2%) and the Cape Winelands (33.7%). The Eden, West Coast and Overberg districts followed at 9.1%, 7.2% and 1.8% respectively.

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Table 11: Share of districts’ citrus exports to total Western Cape provincial citrus exports (%), 2009 - 2018

Years District

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Western Cape

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

City of Cape Town

63.2 66.5 65.5 61.9 58.8 55.0 55.7 48.0 46 48.2

West Coast 6.1 4.2 3.5 5.6 5.3 5.7 6.6 8.3 8 7.2

Cape Winelands

18.9 20.2 22.3 23.8 27.3 28.7 28.3 33.2 35 33.7

Overberg 3.6 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.2 1.6 2.1 2 1.8

Eden 8.2 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.7 8.4 7.8 8.4 9 9.1 Source: Calculated from Quantec Easydata

2.12 Imports South Africa is a net exporter of all citrus products. As will be illustrated in the subsections that follow, South Africa annually imports relatively little citrus products from the rest of the world. 2.12.1 Orange During 2018, South Africa imported a total volume of 3 672 tons of oranges worth US$1 301 thousands. Of the total tonnages imported in 2018, 62% (2 270 tons) came from Swaziland. South Africa’s imports of oranges in 2018 represented 0.01% of world orange imports and its ranking in the world was number 107. 2.12.2 Grapefruit A total volume of 2 703 tons with a value of US$628 thousands was imported by South Africa in 2018. Eswatini contributed 77% (2 083 tons) to total South African grapefruit imports in 2018. Another major source of South Africa’s grapefruit imports in 2018 was Spain. The country accounted for 14% (374 tons) to total South African imports of grapefruits during the same year. During 2018 South Africa’s imports of grapefruits represented 0.1% of world grapefruit imports and its ranking in the world was number 49. 2.12.3 Lemons and limes South Africa imported a total volume of 1 193 tons of lemons and limes worth US$974 thousands in 2018. Of the total imported volume, 837 tons (70%) came from SACU member states; 142 tons (12%) came from Spain. In 2018, South Africa’s imports of lemons and limes represented 0.0% of world imports and its ranking in the world was 85. 2.12.4 Soft citrus During 2018, South Africa imported a total volume of 888 tons of soft citrus valued at US$1 200 thousands. South Africa’s imports from Spain took up 42% (375 tons) of the total imports to the country. Israel contributed

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39% (346 tons) towards South Africa’s total soft citrus imports in 2018. South Africa’s imports of soft citrus represented 0.01% of world soft citrus imports and its ranking in the world was number 80. 2.13 Processing The volumes of citrus available for processing in South Africa fluctuate yearly, depending on the crop size and the percentages of exportable fruit. In 2018, the processing industries absorbed approximately 24% (657 493 tons) of all citrus production (2 746 175 tons). That represents direct purchases from growers and quantities of citrus purchased from the NFPMs. The quantities of citrus purchased for processing are presented in Figure 52.

Figure 52: Volume of citrus products purchased for processing, 2009 - 2018

Source: CGA, 2019

It is clear from Figure 52 that oranges constitute the majority of citrus purchased for processing. In terms of the total citrus purchased for processing in 2018, oranges constituted 48%, followed by lemons and limes and grapefruit at 20% each. Most citrus products processed are converted into juice and can be presented in different forms such as frozen, concentrate and freshly-squeezed juice. 2.13.1 Orange Oranges are commonly peeled and eaten fresh, or squeezed for juice. It has a thick bitter rind that is usually discarded, but can be processed into animal feed by removing water, using pressure and heat. It is also used in certain recipes as flavouring or a garnish. The outer most layer of the rind is grated or thinly veneered with a tool called a zester, to produce orange zest, popular in cooking because it has a flavour similar to the fleshy inner part of the orange. The white part of the rind called the pericarp with the pith, is a source of pectin and has nearly the same amount of vitamin C as the flesh. Products made from the orange include:

Orange juice,

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Orange 254138 279449 270607 300468 421474 485707 403946 195435 189417 317 164

Lemon and lime 53 561 64 190 79 204 58 694 72 015 101 662 97 570 66 278 126 929 128 833

Grapefruit 187 082 122 572 199 034 120 043 178 331 191 138 153 801 101 303 78 639 128 210

Soft Citrus 31 007 35 283 16 212 30 216 25 227 27 948 28 541 16 420 29 488 83 286

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Sweet orange oil, a by-product of the juice industry is produced by pressing the peel.

Orange blossom. The petals of orange blossoms can be made into delicately citrus scented version of rosewater. Orange blossom water is a common part of the Middle Eastern cuisine. Fallen blossoms can be dried and be used to make tea.

Orange blossom honey or citrus honey is produced by putting beehives in the citrus groves during bloom, which also pollinates seeded citrus varieties. Orange blossom honey is highly priced, and tastes much like orange.

Marmalade. All parts of the orange are used to make marmalade: the pith and the pips are separated and typically placed in a muslin bag where they are boiled in the juice (and sliced peel) to extract their pectin, aiding the setting process.

Orange peel is used by gardeners as a slug repellent. 2.13.2 Lemon Slices of lemon are served as a garnish on fish or meat or with iced or hot tea, to be squeezed for the flavourful juice. Lemon soup is made by adding slices of lemon to dry bread roll that has been sautéed in shortening until soft and then sieved. Sugar and a cup of wine are added and the mixture brought to a boil, and then served. Lemon juice, fresh, canned, concentrated and frozen, or dehydrated and powdered, is primarily used for lemonade, in carbonated beverages, or other drinks. It is also used for making pies and tarts, as a flavouring for cakes, cookies, cake icings, puddings, sherbet, confectionery, preserves and pharmaceutical products. A few drops of lemon juice, added to cream before whipping, gives stability to the whipped cream. Lemon peel can be candied at home and is preserved in brine and supplied to manufacturers of confectionery and baked goods. It is the source of lemon oil, pectin and citric acid. Lemon oil, often with terpenes and sesquiterpenes removed, is added to frozen or otherwise processed lemon juice to enrich the flavour. It is much employed as a flavouring for hard candies. 2.13.3 Lime Lime fruit particularly their juices are used in beverages, such as limeade (akin to lemonade). Alcoholic beverages prepared with lime include cocktails such as gin and tonic, margarita and Cuba libre, as well as many drinks that may be garnished with thins slice of the fruit or corkscrew strip of the peel (twist). 2.13.4 Grapefruit Grapefruit is customarily a breakfast fruit, chilled, cut in half, the sections loosened from the peel and each other by a special curved knife, and the pulp spooned from the "half-shell". Some consumers sweeten it with white or brown sugar, or a bit of honey. Some add cinnamon, nutmeg or cloves. As an appetizer before dinner, grapefruit halves may be similarly sweetened, lightly broiled, and served hot, often topped with a maraschino cherry. The sections are commonly used in fruit cups or fruit salads, in gelatines or puddings and tarts. They are commercially canned in syrup. In countries like Australia, grapefruit is commercially processed as marmalade. It may also be made into jelly. The juice is marketed as a beverage fresh, canned, or dehydrated as powder, or concentrated and frozen. It can be made into excellent vinegar or carefully fermented as wine.

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Grapefruit peel is candied and is an important source of pectin for the preservation of other fruits. The peel oil, expressed or distilled, is commonly employed in soft-drink flavouring, after the removal of 50% of the monoterpenes. The main ingredient in the outer peel oil is nookatone. Extracted nookatone, added to grapefruit juice powder, enhances the flavour of the reconstituted juice. Naringin, extracted from the inner peel (albedo), is used as a bitter in "tonic" beverages, bitter chocolate, ice cream and ices. It is chemically converted into a sweetener about 1,500 times sweeter than sugar. After the extraction of naringin, the albedo can be reprocessed to recover pectin. Grapefruit seed oil is dark and exceedingly bitter but, bleached and refined, it is pale-yellow, blend, much like olive oil in flavour, and can be used similarly. Because it is an unsaturated fat, its production has greatly increased since 1960. 3. MARKET INTELIGENCE 3.1 Competitiveness of South African citrus products Competitiveness is described as an industry’s capacity to create superior value for its customers and improved profits for the stakeholders in the value chain. The driving force in sustaining a competitive position is productivity that is output efficiency in relation to specific inputs with regard to human, capital and natural resources. In 2018, South African orange exports represented 14.4% of world exports and its ranking in the world exports was number 2. South African lemon and lime exports represented 7.4% of world exports and its ranking on the world exports was number 5. South African grapefruit exports represented 19.4% of world exports and its ranking on the world exports was number 2. South African naartjie exports represented 5.6% of world exports and its ranking on the world exports was number 5. As depicted on Figure 53 below, South African orange exports are growing faster than the world imports in, Hong Kong, China, Bangladesh, Qatar, India and Italian markets. South Africa’s performance in those markets can be regarded as gains in dynamic markets. South African orange exports have declined faster than world imports in the Kuwait and United Arab Emirates markets. South Africa’s performance into those markets can be regarded as losses in declining markets. South African orange exports are declining while the world imports are declining in the Russian Federation markets. South Africa’s performance in those markets can be regarded as gains in declining and should be viewed as achievement in adversity. South African orange exports are declining while the world imports are growing in China and Portugal markets. These markets are dynamic and South African performance should be regarded as an underachievement.

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Figure 53: Growth in demand for the South African oranges in 2018

Source: TradeMap, ITC

56

As depicted on Figure 54 below, South African lemon and lime exports are growing faster than the world imports in Oman, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, and Qatar markets. South Africa’s performance in those markets can be regarded as gains in dynamic markets. South African lemon and lime exports are growing while the world imports are declining in Hong Kong, China and Singapore markets. South Africa’s performance in those markets can be regarded as gains in declining markets and should be viewed as achievement in adversity. South African lemon and lime exports are declining while the world imports are growing in the Germany, and Malaysia markets. These markets are dynamic and South African performance should be regarded as an underachievement.

57

Figure 54: Growth in demand for the South African lemon and limes in 2018


58

As depicted in Figure 55 below, South African grapefruit exports are growing faster than the world imports in Spain, China, Hong kong, China, Portugal, Republic of Korea and United States of America. South Africa’s performance in those markets can be regarded as gains in dynamic markets. South Africa’s grapefruit exports have declined faster than world imports in Netherlands markets. These markets are dynamic and South Africa’s performance in these markets should be regarded as an underachievement. South African lemon and lime exports are growing while the world imports are declining, Japan and Belgium markets. South Africa’s performance in those markets can be regarded as gains in declining markets and should be viewed as achievement in adversity. South African orange exports have declined faster than world imports in the Saudi Arabia markets. South Africa’s performance into those markets can be regarded as losses in declining markets.

59

Figure 55: Growth in demand for the South African grapefruit in 2018


60

As depicted on Figure 56 below, South African naartjie exports are growing faster than the world imports in China, United State of America, Portugal, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Mauritius markets. South Africa’s performance in those markets can be regarded as gains in dynamic markets. South African naartjie exports are growing while the world imports are declining in United Arab Emirates, Malaysia and Netherlands markets. South Africa’s performance in those markets can be regarded as gains in declining markets and should be viewed as achievement in adversity. South African naartjie exports are declining while the world imports are growing in Hong Kong, China markets. These markets are dynamic and South Africa’s performance should be regarded as an underachievement.

61

Figure 56: Growth in demand for the South African naartjies in 2018


62

Figure 57 below illustrates prospects for market diversification by South African exporters of oranges in 2018. Netherlands, China, United Arab Emirates, and Hong Kong, China hold a bigger market share of South African orange exports. In terms of market size, France was the largest orange importer in 2018 with just over US$459 million ( 489 302 tons) worth of orange imports, or roughly 7.7% of the world orange market. Second was the China with just over US$436 million ( 390 109 tons) worth of orange imports, or roughly 7.3% market share followed by Germany with just over US$431 million (469 295 tons) worth of orange imports, or roughly 7.2% market share. Whilst three countries dominate world orange imports, it is interesting to note that countries like Vietnam, together with Myanmar and Denmark have experienced higher annual growth rates in terms of orange imports from 2014 - 2018. In terms of growth in value, Myanmar experienced an annual growth rate of 89%. Second was Denmark with 45% annual growth rate followed by Slovakia at 29%. It is important to note that growth by all these mentioned countries has been off a relatively low base These countries represent possible lucrative markets for South African orange producers. It is also important to note that orange imports from the world to countries such as the Russia, Italy and Belgium, Germany and United Kingdom have declined from 2014 – 2018 and as a result those countries recorded negative growth rates in orange imports.

63

Figure 57: South African orange's prospects for market diversification in 2018


64

Figure 58 below illustrates prospects for market diversification by South African exporters of lemon and limes in 2018. Netherlands, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates, and Hong Kong, China hold a bigger market share of South African lemon and lime exports. In terms of market size, USA was the largest lemon and lime importer in 2018 with just over US$651 million ( 780 183 tons) worth of lemon and lime imports, or roughly 16.2% of the world lemon and lime market. Second was Germany with just over US$371 million (196 572 tons) worth of lemon and lime imports, or roughly 9.2% market share followed by Netherlands with just over US$292 million worth of lemon and lime imports, or roughly 7.3% market share. Whilst three countries dominate world lemon and lime imports, it is interesting to note that countries like Belgium, together with Switzerland and Spain have experienced higher annual growth rate in terms of lemon and lime imports from 2014 – 2018. Belgium experienced an annual growth rate of 4 586%. Second was Switzerland at 4 484% annual growth rate followed by Spain at 1 890%. These countries represent possible lucrative markets for South African lemon and lime producers. It is also important to note from Figure 58 that lemon and lime imports from the world to countries such as Vietnam and Kuwait have declined from 2014 – 2018 and as a result those countries recorded negative growth rates in lemon and lime imports.

65

Figure 58: South African lemon and limes' prospects for market diversification in 2018


66

Figure 59 below illustrates prospects for market diversification by South African exporters of grapefruit in 2018. Netherlands, Japan, Russia and China hold a bigger market share of South African grapefruit exports. In terms of market size, the Netherlands was the largest grapefruit importer in 2018 with just over US$198 million (201 769 tons) worth of grapefruit imports, or roughly 18.3% of the world grapefruit market. Second was Russia with just over US$112 million (147 501 tons) worth of grapefruit imports, or roughly 10.3% market share followed by China with just over US$87 million (79 441 tons) worth of grapefruit imports, or roughly 8% market share. Whilst three countries dominate world grapefruit imports, it is interesting to note that countries like Bahamas, together with Kuwait and Iraq have experienced higher annual growth rate in terms of grapefruit imports from 2014– 2018. Bahamas experienced an annual growth rate of 114%. Second was Kuwait with 109% annual growth rate followed by Iraq at 89%. It is important to note that growth by all these mentioned countries has been from a relatively low base. These countries represent possible lucrative markets for South African grapefruit producers. It is also important to note that grapefruit imports from the world to countries such as the Argentina and Slovakia have declined from 2014 – 2018 and as a result those countries recorded negative growth rates in grapefruit imports.

67

Figure 59: South African grapefruit's prospects for market diversification in 2018


68

Figure 60 below illustrates prospects for market diversification by South African exporters of naartjies in 2018. The United Kingdom, Netherlands and Russian Federation hold a bigger market share of South African naartjie exports. In terms of market size, Russia was the largest naartjie importer in 2018 with just over $610 million (843 870 tons) worth of naartjie imports, or roughly 12.5% of the world naartjie market. Second was USA with just over $555 million (340 696 tons) worth of naartjie imports, or roughly 11% market share followed by Germany with just over $441 million (362 311 tons) worth of naartjie imports, or roughly 9% market share. Whilst three countries dominate world lemon and lime imports, it is interesting to note that countries like Malaysia, together with Bangladesh and Kazakhstan have experienced higher annual growth rates in terms of naartjie imports from 2014 – 2018. Malaysia experienced an annual growth rate of 643%. Second was Bangladesh with 78% annual growth rate followed by Kazakhstan at 75%. It is important to note that growth by all these mentioned countries has been from a relatively low base. These countries represent possible lucrative markets for South African naartjie producers. It is also important to note that naartjie imports from the world to countries such as Sweden have declined from 2014 – 2018 and as a result those countries recorded negative growth rates in naartjie imports.

69

Figure 60: South African naartjies' prospect for market diversification in 2018


70

Figures 61 to 64 below illustrate southern hemisphere production of oranges, lemons and limes, grapefruit and naartjies during the past ten years.

3.2 South Africa vs. southern hemisphere production Figure 61 presents southern hemisphere production of oranges for the years 2009 to 2018.

Figure 61: Southern hemisphere production of orange, 2009 -2018

Source: FAOSTAT

It can be seen from Figure 61 that South Africa was the second largest producer of oranges (9% in 2018) in the southern hemisphere after Brazil (82%). A total volume of 20 million tons of oranges was produced in the world during 2018 and southern hemisphere production represented 27% of total world production in the same year. The major producers of oranges in the Southern hemisphere are vying for the lucrative North American and European markets. The fact that a country can produce a large output does not necessarily mean it will be a big net exporter as this depends on the size of the quality of production, domestic market and whether excess produce is harvested. In the case of Brazil, the largest producer of oranges in the southern hemisphere, their domestic market is so large that the country exports relatively little. Brazil exported 26 068 tons of oranges in 2018. This represented 0.2% of its total production during the same year. Volumes for southern hemisphere production of lemons and limes for the years 2008 to 2018 are presented in Figure 62.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Argentina 898732 833486 1130074 933526 859752 1022276 1001309 1032446 1025000 1006779

Australia 347724 391343 291223 389799 400554 350000 337636 398610 332321 378233

Brazil 17618450185031391981106418012560175495361692845716939560172512911749288216713534

Peru 377598 394573 418631 428753 436388 450423 456154 490869 498454 502822

South Africa 1369474 1414585 1495566 1644434 1810559 1796805 1762579 1366002 1459757 1775760

Uruguay 130100 154211 135180 156700 117535 150617 112042 139100 131972 106864

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

Vo

lum

e in

To

ns

Years

71

Figure 62: Southern hemisphere production of lemon and lime, 2008 - 2018

Source: FAOSTAT It can be observed from Figure 62 that South Africa was the third largest producer of lemon and limes (11% in 2018) in the southern hemisphere after Argentina (46%). World production of lemons and limes during 2018 stood at 19.3 million tons while southern hemisphere production stood at 4.2 million tons during the same year. This means that 22% of world production of lemons and limes came from the southern hemisphere in 2018. As already highlighted above, the fact that a country can produce a large output does not necessarily mean it will be a big net exporter as this depends on the size of the domestic market and whether excess produce is harvested. In the case of Peru, the fourth largest producer of lemon and limes in the southern hemisphere in 2018, their domestic market is so large that the country exports relatively little. Peru exported 11 012 tons of lemons and limes in 2018 and its share in world exports was 0.3%. Volumes for southern hemisphere production of grapefruit for the years 2009 to 2018 are presented in Figure 63. It is clear from Figure 63 that South Africa was the largest producer of grapefruit (68% in 2018) in the southern hemisphere. Argentina was the second largest producer with 18% followed by Brazil with 13%. World production of grapefruits during 2018 stood at 9.3 million tons while southern hemisphere production stood at 651 thousand tons during the same year. This means that 7% of world production of grapefruit came from the southern hemisphere in 2018.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Argentina 1425529 1113375 1756351 1456069 1485963 953890 1561606 1678337 1676000 1989400

Australia 29764 31914 30238 28699 29121 29088 34329 46788 37227 33421

Brazil 899821 1020741 1126736 1208275 1169370 1101799 1180396 1262353 1293774 1481322

Peru 207963 233032 224698 232742 238991 275520 281007 282918 179886 270663

South Africa 204317 215985 260646 240977 257046 328401 353180 323440 446340 474149

Uruguay 41993 37656 38215 46895 32816 31102 36222 35688 37993 37884

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000V

olu

me

in T

on

s

Years

72

Figure 63: Southern hemisphere production of grapefruit, 2009 - 2018

Source: FAOSTAT Volumes of southern hemisphere production of naartjies for the past ten years are presented in Figure 64. It can be seen from Figure 62 that South Africa was the fourth largest producer of naartjies (8% in 2018) in the southern hemisphere after Brazil (43%), Peru (21%) and Argentina (19%).The fact that a country can produce a large output does not necessarily mean it will be a big net exporter as this depends on the size of the domestic market and whether excess produce is harvested. In the case of Peru, the largest producer of naartjies in the southern hemisphere exported 158 847 tons of naartjies in 2018 and its share in world exports was 3.9%. This was lower than the fourth placed South Africa which exported 260 850 tons and its share in world exports was 5.6%. Total world production of naartjies during 2018 stood at 34.3 million tons while southern hemisphere production stood at 2.3 million tons during the same period.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Argentina 237479 188820 172382 132196 113549 130786 130382 102259 112000 114118

Australia 10681 10349 9217 9182 8823 8371 7942 8192 6988 9518

Brazil 74006 75158 76264 78000 78000 78565 79579 79986 81178 81931

South Africa 406628 343055 415545 308742 442847 417613 391800 361300 325566 445385

Uruguay 3751 1897 3570 2328 1014 776 1491 1231 1074 886

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000V

olu

me

in T

on

s

Years

73

Figure 64: Southern hemisphere production of naartjie, 2009 - 2018

Source: FAOSTAT, SHAFFE

4. MARKET ACCESS Barriers to trade can be divided into tariff barriers (including quotas, ad valorem tariffs, specific tariffs and entry price systems) and non-tariff barriers (sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, labels, etc.). The main markets for fruit (including citrus products) employ various measures, both tariff and non-tariff to protect the domestic industries. Whilst many of the non-tariff measures can be justified under the auspices of issues such as health and standards, the tariff measures are increasingly under the scrutiny of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and as such are gradually being phased out. Nevertheless, exporters need to be aware of all the barriers that they may encounter when trying to get their produce onto foreign shelves. 4.1 Tariff, quotas and the price entry system Tariffs are either designed to earn government revenue from products being imported or to raise the price of imports so as to render local produce more competitive and protect domestic industries. Quotas can be used to protect domestic industries from excessive imports originating from areas with some form of competitive advantage (which can therefore produce lower cost produce). Tariffs and quotas are often combined, allowing the imports to enter at a certain tariff rate up to a specified quantity. Thereafter, imports from that particular region will attract higher tariffs, or will not be allowed at all. This phenomenon is referred to as tariff rate quotas (TRQs). The entry price system, which is used in many northern hemisphere markets, makes use of multiple tariff rates during different periods when domestic producers are trying to sell their produce, and lower the tariffs during their off-season. Alternatively, the tariff rate can be a function of a market price – if the produce enters at a price which is too low (and therefore likely to be too competitive), it qualifies for a higher tariff schedule.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Argentina 401543 423737 554640 373970 364883 486630 491384 468278 459000 431374

Australia 90316 91002 97871 85109 91101 100176 101437 125233 127267 138007

Brazil 1094429 1122009 1004727 959672 937819 965167 1000546 997993 967139 996872

Peru 166072 221324 236282 281061 313719 339604 357912 403857 408025 481594

South Africa 145000 147925 163367 163177 167257 171606 175809 180092 189505 194007

Uruguay 92777 121445 93407 123700 83308 104846 102282 95095 93013 71227

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000V

olu

me

in T

on

s

Years

74

Whilst tariff mechanisms can be prohibitive and result in restricted market access, it is often non-tariff barriers that restrict countries like South Africa from successfully entering large and developed markets. Non-tariff barriers may include product standards, sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards (SPS), food health and safety issues, food labelling and packaging, product certification procedures, quality assurance and other standards and grades. Table 12 presents tariffs applied by the leading export markets for oranges originating from South Africa during 2018. It is important to note that tariffs applied by members of the European Union are presented in Annexure 1 as European Union tariffs. They are therefore not reported individually. During 2018, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Italy, and Portugal were part of the leading markets for South African exports of oranges. EU tariffs for oranges are presented in Annexure 1 due to the large number of national tariff lines contained in the EU schedule. Table 12: Tariffs applied by leading markets to oranges (080510) from South Africa during 2018

COUNTRY HS CODE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION TRADE REGIME

APPLIED TARIFFS

TOTAL AD VALOREM EQUIVALENT TARIFF

Russia

0805102000 Citrus fruit,fresh or dried: Orange: sweet orange fresh

Preferential tariff for GSP countries

75% of the general rate(MFN)

3.75%

0805108000 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Oranges: Other

Preferential tariff for GSP countries MFN duties (Applied)

75% of the general rate(MFN)

4.00%

Saudi Arabia 08051000 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Oranges

MFN duties (Applied)

0.00% 0.00%

United Arab Emirates

08051000 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Oranges


0.00% 0.00%

Hong Kong 08051000 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Oranges


0.00% 0.00%

United States of America

08051000 Oranges, fresh or dried

Preferential tariff for AGOA countries MFN duties (Applied)

0.00% 19.00 $/Ton

0.00% 1.52%

Canada 08051000 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Oranges


0.00% 0.00%

Bangladesh 08051010 Oranges fresh or dried, wrapped/canned up to 2.5kg


25.00% 25.00%

75


APPLIED TARIFFS


08051020 Oranges, fresh or dried, nes MFN duties (Applied)

25.00% 25.00%

Kuwait 08051000 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Oranges


0.00% 0.00%

Malaysia

080510100 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Orange: fresh


0.00% 0.00%

080510200 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Oranges: Dried


0.00% 0.00%

Nigeria 0805100000 Agrios (cítricos) frescos o secos: Naranjas


20.00% 20.00%

Zambia 08051010 Oranges fresh (tne)

Preferential tariff for South Africa MFN duties (Applied)

0.00% 25.00%

0.00% 25.00%

Source: Market Access Map, ITC

Upon examination of Annexure 1 one realises that South African oranges no longer enjoy preferential market access in the European Union. South African oranges gain access into the USA through both the African Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA) and the General System of Preferences (GSP). Duty free access is also gained in Zambia through the Preferential Tariff agreement. South African oranges face the highest tariff of (25%) in Bangladesh and Nigeria (20%). The Russian Federation also imposes a 3.75% duty of imports along with a 5.00% or 18.93 $/Ton (whichever is the greater) duty on oranges originating from South Africa. Table 13 presents tariffs applied by the leading export markets to lemons and limes originating from South Africa during 2018. The tariffs applied by the European Union member states are also presented as EU tariffs and not individually. EU member states that featured in the leading markets for South African lemons and limes during 2018 are the Netherlands, United Kingdom and Italy. Other countries that featured in the list are the Saudi Arabia, Russia, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Kuwait, Malaysia, Ukraine, Canada, and Singapore.

76

Table 13: Tariffs applied by leading markets to lemons and limes (080550) from South Africa during 2018


APPLIED TARIFFS


Saudi Arabia

08055010

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Lemons (Citrus limon, Citrus limonum) and limes (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia): Fresh


0.00% 0.00%

08055020

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Lemons (Citrus limon, Citrus limonum) and limes (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia): Dried

General tariff

0.00% 0.00%

Russia

0805501000

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Lemons (Citrus limon, Citrus limonum) and limes (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia): No description at level 10


3.75% or 12.53 $/Ton whichever is the greater 5.00% or 16.70 $/Ton whichever is the greater

3.75% 5.00%

0805509000

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Lemons (Citrus limon, Citrus limonum) and limes (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia): No description at level 10


3.75% 5.00%

3.75% 5.00%


08055010

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Lemons (Citrus limon, Citrus limonum) and limes (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia): Fresh


0.00% 0.00%

08055020



0.00% 0.00%

European Union

080550101001

Fresh or dried lemons "Citrus limon, Citrus limonum" : Fresh. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 46.2 EUR/100 kg


OQTR: 6.40%/IQTR:6.00%

OQTR: 6.40%/IQTR:6.00% %

77


APPLIED TARIFFS


080550101002



OQTR: 6.40% + 9.73 $/Ton IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 7.34% IQTR : 6.00%

080550101003



OQTR: 6.40% +19.40$/ Ton/IQTR:6.00%

OQTR: 8.29%/IQTR:6.00%

080550101004



OQTR: 6.40% + 30.28 $/Ton IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 9.33% IQTR : 6.00%

080550101005



OQTR: 6.40% + 40.01 $/Ton IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 10.28% IQTR : 6.00%

080550101006

Fresh or dried lemons "Citrus limon, Citrus limonum" : Fresh. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 0 EUR/100 kg


OQTR: 6.40% + 276.81 $/Ton IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 33.22% IQTR : 6.00%

080550109001

Fresh or dried lemons "Citrus limon, Citrus limonum" : Other. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 46.2 EUR/100 kg


OQTR: 6.40% IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 6.40% IQTR : 6.00%

080550109002



OQTR: 6.40% + 9.73 $/Ton IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 7.34% IQTR : 6.00%

080550109003



OQTR: 6.40% + 19.46 $/Ton IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 8.29% IQTR : 6.00%

78


APPLIED TARIFFS


080550109004



OQTR: 6.40% + 30.28 $/Ton IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 9.33% IQTR : 6.00%

080550109005



OQTR: 6.40% + 40.01 $/Ton IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 10.28% IQTR : 6.00%

080550109006

Fresh or dried lemons "Citrus limon, Citrus limonum" : Other. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 0 EUR/100 kg


OQTR: 6.40% + 276.81 $/Ton IQTR : 6.00%

OQTR: 33.22% IQTR : 6.00%

0805509011 Fresh or dried limes "Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia" : Fresh Limes (Citrus latifolia)


0.00% 12.80%

0.00% 12.80%

0805509019 Fresh or dried limes "Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia" : Fresh Other


0.00% 12.80%

0.00% 12.80%

0805509091 Fresh or dried limes "Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia" : Other : Limes (Citrus latifolia)


0.00% 12.80%

0.00% 12.80%

0805509099 Fresh or dried limes "Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia" : Other

Preferential tariff for South Africa

0.00% 12.80%

0.00% 12.80%

79


APPLIED TARIFFS



0805900000

Fresh or dried citrus fruit (excl. oranges, lemons "Citrus limon, Citrus limonum", limes "Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia", grapefruit, mandarins, incl. tangerines and satsumas, clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids)

Preferential tariff for South Africa

0.00% 0.00%

Hong Kong 08055000

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Lemons (Citrus limon, Citrus limonum) and limes (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia)


0.00% 0.00%

Malaysia

080550100

Fresh or dried lemons `Citrus limon, Citrus limonum` and limes `Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia`


5.00% 5.00%

080550200

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried : Lemons (Citrus limon, Citrus limonum) and limes (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia) : Limes (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia)


5.00% 5.00%

Canada

08055000 Fresh or dried lemons Citrus limon, Citrus limonum and limes Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia


0.00% 0.00%

Singapore 08055000 Lemons & limes fresh or dried (tne)


0.00% 0.00%


Table 13 indicates that South African lemons do not have preferential access into the European markets. This is an indication that lemons did not form part of the list of products whose tariffs were to be reduced when the TDCA came into effect. They may have been on the list that the European Union member states classified at sensitive products and therefore did not form part of the negotiations. Limes however enter the European Union through preferential tariffs for South Africa. South African lemons and limes face 0% duties in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Kuwait, Canada, and Singapore markets. Russia imposes an import duty of 3.75% on lemons and limes while lemons and limes entering Malaysia faces a 5% MFN duty.

80

Table 14 presents tariffs applied by the leading export markets to grapefruit originating from South Africa during 2018. The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany, and Spain featured in the leading markets for South African grapefruits in 2018. These countries are members of the European Union and their tariffs will be presented collectively as European Union tariffs. Other countries that featured in the list are Japan, Russia, Canada, Hong Kong, Mozambique, United Arab Emirates, Chinese Taipei, Ukraine, and Saudi Arabia. Table 14: Tariffs applied by leading markets to grapefruit (080540) from South Africa during 2018


APPLIED TARIFFS


Japan

080540000A

Grapefruit, including pomelos, fresh or dried, if imported during the period from 1st June to 30th November


10.00% 10.00%

080540000B

Grapefruit, including pomelos, fresh or dried, if imported during the period from 1st December to 31st May


10.00% 10.00%

European Union

0805400011 Fresh or dried grapefruit : Grapefruit, fresh White


0.00% 1.50%

0.00% 1.50%

0805400019 Fresh or dried grapefruit : Grapefruit, fresh Pink


0.00% 1.50%

0.00% 1.50%

0805400031 Fresh or dried grapefruit : Fresh pomelos White


0.00% 1.50%

0.00% 1.50%

0805400039 Fresh or dried grapefruit : Fresh pomelos Pink


0.00% 1.50%

0.00% 1.50%

0805400090 Fresh or dried grapefruit : Other


0.00% 1.50%

0.00% 1.50%

81


APPLIED TARIFFS


Russia 0805400000 Fresh or dried grapefruit


75% of the general

rate(MFN)

5% but not less than

0.015 euro per kg

3.75% 5.00%

Canada 08054000 Fresh or dried grapefruit MFN duties (Applied)

0.00% 0.00%

Hong Kong 08054000 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Grapefruit, including pomelos


0.00% 0.00%


08054000 Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Grapefruit, including pomelos


0.00% 0.00%

Chinese Taipei

08054020 Pomelos, fresh or dried MFN duties (Applied)

OQTR:184.00%/IQTR:25.00%

OQTR:184.00%/IQTR:25.00%

08054091107

Other grapefruit, fresh or dried (Imported from 1st January to 30th September each year)


15.00% 15.00%

08054092106

(Imported form 1st October to 31st December each year)


30.00% 30.00%

Saudi Arabia 08054000


MFN duties 0.00% 0.00%


South African grapefruits enter European Union member states markets duty-free through a preferential tariff for South Africa while Japan imposes a 10% MFN duty on grapefruit originating from South Africa. Russia imposes a 3.75% or 13.08 $/ton (whichever is the greater) while Canada, Hong Kong, UAE, and Saudi Arabia apply a 0% MFN tariff on South African grapefruit exports. The Chinese Taipei imposes duties ranging from 15% to as high as 184% to grapefruits originating from South Africa. Table 15 presents tariffs applied by the leading export markets for naartjies originating from South Africa during 2018. Tariffs for European Union member states are presented together as EU tariffs and not individually. During 2018, EU members that featured in the leading markets for South African naartjies were the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Ireland, Finland, and France. Other countries that featured in the list are Russia, Hong Kong, Canada, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Angola, and Malaysia.

82

Table 15: Tariffs applied by leading markets to naartjies (080520) from South Africa during 2018


APPLIED TARIFFS


European Union

0805201005 Fresh or dried clementines : Fresh


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805201099 Fresh or dried clementines : Other


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805203005 Fresh or dried monreales and satsumas : Fresh


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805203099 Fresh or dried monreales and satsumas : Other


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805205007 Fresh or dried mandarins and wilkings : Mandarins Fresh


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805205029 Fresh or dried mandarins and wilkings : Other


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805205037 Fresh or dried mandarins and wilkings : Wilkings Fresh


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

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APPLIED TARIFFS


0805205089 Fresh or dried mandarins and wilkings : Other


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805207005 Fresh or dried tangerines : Fresh


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805207099 Fresh or dried tangerines : Other


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805209005

Fresh or dried tangelos, ortaniques, malaquinas and similar citrus hybrids (excl. clementines, monreales, satsumas, mandarins, wilkings and tangerines) : Fresh Citrus hybrids known as `minneolas`


0.00%16.00%

0.00%16.00%

0805209009

Fresh or dried tangelos, ortaniques, malaquinas and similar citrus hybrids (excl. clementines, monreales, satsumas, mandarins, wilkings and tangerines) : Fresh Other


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805209091

Fresh or dried tangelos, ortaniques, malaquinas and similar citrus hybrids (excl. clementines, monreales, satsumas, mandarins, wilkings and tangerines) : Other : Citrus hybrids known as `minneolas`


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

0805209099

Fresh or dried tangelos, ortaniques, malaquinas and similar citrus hybrids (excl. clementines, monreales, satsumas, mandarins, wilkings and tangerines) : Other


0.00% 16.00%

0.00% 16.00%

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APPLIED TARIFFS


Russia

0805201000

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas); clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids: No description at level 10



3.75% 5.00%

0805203000




3.75% 5.00%

0805205000




3.75% 5.00%

0805207000



3.75% or 12.53 $/Ton whichever is the greater

3.75% 5.00%

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APPLIED TARIFFS


5.00% or 16.70 $/Ton whichever is the greater

0805209000




3.75% 5.00%

Hong Kong

08052010 Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas), fresh or dried


0.00% 0.00%

08052090

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas); clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids: Other


0.00% 0.00%

Canada 08052000

Fresh or dried mandarins incl. tangerines and satsumas, clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids


0.00% 0.00%

UAE 08052000

Citrus fruit, fresh or dried: Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas); clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids


0.00% 0.00%

USA 08052000

Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas); clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids, fresh or dried

Preferential tariff for AGOA countries MFN duties (Applied)

0.00% 1.9 cents/kg

0.00% 1.28%

Saudi Arabia 08052000



0.00% 0.00%

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APPLIED TARIFFS


Kuwait 08052000



0.00% 0.00%

Angola

08052020

Tangerinas, mandarinas e satsumas; clementinas, wilkings e outros citrinos híbridos semelhantes, frescos ou secos


50.00% 50.00%

08052010 Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas), fresh or dried


50.00% 50.00%

Malaysia

080520110

Fresh or dried mandarins incl. tangerines and satsumas, clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids: Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas); clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids: Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas), fresh


5.00% 5.00%

08050120

Fresh or dried mandarins incl. tangerines and satsumas, clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids: Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas); clementines, wilkings and similar citrus hybrids: Mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas), dried


5.00% 5.00%


European Union member states impose a 16% MFN duty for South Africa for all naartjies originating from South Africa. Russia imposes general tariffs (MFN) ranging of 5% while Canada, Hong Kong, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait impose a 0.0% MFN duty. South African naartjies enter the USA market duty-free as a result of the AGOA. Angola imposes the highest import duty on naartjies originating from South Africa at 50% while Malaysia imposes a tariff of 5% ad valorem. In reality, the tariffs are likely to be far lower for South Africa when considering the preferential agreements, but at the same time, most tariff structures are particularly complex, with quotas, seasonal tariffs and specific tariffs (an amount per unit than rather than a percentage of value) all contributing to many different tariff lines and often higher duties payable than one might have anticipated initially. One must also bear in mind that most tariffs are designated to protect domestic industries, and as such are likely to discriminate against those attempting to compete with the domestic producers of that country.

87

4.2 Non-tariff barriers 4.2.1 Quality standards The procedure for setting standards was followed again in 2009 and the different variety focus groups (VFGs) once again assisted the DAFF by making recommendations on the different quality standards. 4.2.2 Biosecurity South Africa continued to monitor the movement of Bactrocera Invadens (BI) to the North. Traps have been set up along all northern borders and are being continuously monitored. To date no BI have been found. A focussed BI steering committee has been established consisting of government and fruit industry representatives. The stockpile of chemicals has been renewed and is available for eradication purposes should BI be found. 4.2.3 Plant Protection Product (PPP) database Being able to comply with PPP Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) remains the cornerstone to official and private food safety standards. CGA’s PPP database was created to become a web-based tool to store, manage and share the mounting volume of technical and commercial data relating to PPPs and MRLs used on export citrus in southern Africa. Further developments to the system in 2008/9 included: The ability to record reasons for MRL changes; functionality to track the “history” of an active and MRLs over time; making the system more user-friendly. In the near future the PPP database will go “live” for use by producers, agrochemical supply companies and general users, whereas to date it has been for internal CGA/CRI use only. 4.3 European Union (EU) The interceptions of South African fruit with Citrus Black Spot (CBS) in Europe declined considerably in 2009, dropping by 75%. During 2009 a delegation from the Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) of the EU visited South Africa as a follow up to the European Food Safety Authorities (EFSA) report. The FVO delegation found that the South African citrus industry is largely complaint with all requirements. Landmark Europe continues to represent the CGA in Brussels and continues to assist the CGA in monitoring the CBS issue, keeping the CGA abreast of developments, and keeping EU officials informed of developments from a South African point of view. 4.4 Consumer health and safety requirements Increasing consumer conscience about health and safety issues has prompted a number of safety initiatives in Europe, such as GLOBALPGAP (formerly EUREPGAP) on good agricultural practices (GAP) by the main European retailers, the international management system of HACCP, which is independently certified and required by legislation for European producers as well as food imported into Europe (EC 852/2004), and the ISO 9000 management standards system (for producers and working methods) which is certified by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

88

The development of public and private standards involves interventions at multiple points along the value chain. An illustration of the multiple points and multiple standards that are applied for fresh fruit and vegetables and for fish is shown in Figure 65. There are controls by different agents carried out in different ways at different points along the value chain in response to the requirements of private sector companies, coalitions of private-sector standards setters and public agencies. Standards in agribusiness value chains operate, by definition, at multiple points. They are created, adopted, applied and verified by different actors (enterprises and institutions) at different points in the value chain.

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Figure 65: Food safety and quality control in the fruit and vegetable supply chain

Source: UNIDO

4.5 Japan The Grapefruit Focus Group (GFG) decided to continue with co-ordination of shipments of grapefruit into Japan. Coordinators were employed in both South Africa and Japan. Shipments were monitored and adjusted to ensure rateable delivery to Japan and to keep stocks at acceptable levels (three weeks of sales). This initiative was deemed a success. Growers considered the recommendations with regard to promotions in Japan. It was agreed that any promotions would need to be accompanied by good quality fruit and co-ordinated shipping. The promotion of South African grapefruits in Japan is currently under. The initiative is funded through statutory levies paid by producers who export grapefruits to Japan. 4.6 United States of America During February 2010 the USA finalised the rule-making process for the inclusion of 16 new magisterial districts to export to the USA. This means that these magisterial districts situated in the Northern Cape, Free

90

State and North West can export to the USA from 2010. Given the fact that the magisterial districts are suitable for grapefruit production, this could mean that the full basket of citrus will now be offered from South Africa to the USA. 5. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS There are roughly three distinct sales channels for exporting fruits. One can sell directly to an importer with or without the assistance of an agent. One can supply fruits combined, which will then contract out importers/marketers and try to take advantage of economies of scale and increased bargaining power. At the same time combined fruits might also supply large retail chains. One can also be a member of a private or cooperative export organization which will find agents or importers and market the produce collectively. Similar to combined fruits, an export organization can either supply wholesale market or retail chains, depending on particular circumstances. Export organizations will wash, sort and package the produce. They will also market the goods under their own name or on behalf of the member, which includes taking care of labelling, bar-coding, etc. Most of the time, export organizations will enter into a collective agreements with freight forwarders, negotiating better prices and services (more regular transport, lower peak season prices, etc.). Some countries have institutions that handle all the produce (membership compulsory) and sell only to a restricted number of selected importers. Agents will establish contacts between producers/export organizations and buyers in the importing country, and will usually take between 2% and 3% commission. In contrast, an importer will buy and sell his/her own capacity, assuming the full risk (unless on consignment). They will also be responsible for clearing the produce through customs, packaging and assuring label/quality compliance and distribution of the produce. Their margins lie between 5% and 10%. The contract importers of fruit combines market and distribute the produce of the combines, clear it through customs and in some cases treat and package it. Only few exporters have long term contracts with wholesale grocers who deliver directly to retail shops, but with the increasing importance of standards (EUREGAP, etc.) and the year round availability of fruit, the planning of long term contractual relationship is expected to increase. 6. LOGISTICS 6.1 Mode of transport The transport of fruits falls into two categories namely ocean cargo and air cargo. Ocean cargo takes much longer to reach the desired location but costing considerably less. The choice of transportation method depends, for most parts on the fragility of the produce and how long it can remain relatively fresh. With the advent of technology and container improvements, the feasibility, cost and attractiveness of sea transport have improved considerably. With the increased exports by South Africa, the number and the regularity of maritime routes have increased. These economies of scale could benefit South Africa if more producers were to become exporters and take advantage of the various ports which have special capabilities in handling fruit produce (Durban new fruit terminal). 6.2 Cold chain management

91

Cold chain management is crucial when handling perishable products, from the initial packing houses to the refrigerated container trucks that transport the produce to the shipping terminals, through to the storage facilities at these terminals, onto actual shipping vessels and containers, and finally on to the importers and distributors that must clear the produce and transport it to the markets/retail outlets. For every 10 Degree Celsius increase above the recommended temperature, the rate of respiration and ripening of produce can increase twice or even thrice. Related to this are increasing important traceability standards which require an efficient controlled supply chain and internationally accepted business standards. 6.3 Packaging Packaging can also play an important role in ensuring safe and efficient transport of a product and conforming to handling requirements, uniformity recyclable material specifications, phytosanitary requirements, proper storage needs and even attractiveness for marketing purposes. The business panel of any carton (including printed carton labels) should comply with the requirements as established by the EU or any other regulations that are specified by a target market. Producers are advised to present their designs to the Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) before they can order any cartons from a manufacturer. The following is normally required:

Class I or II

Fruit type

Carton depth

Country of Origin: “Produce of South Africa”

Complete address of exporter or producer

Name of variety

Content of carton: “14 x punnets or bags”

PUC or PHC code: Registered producer – or Pack House Code with DAFF

Date code

Food safety accreditation number: Global Gap, Nature’s Choice registration number, etc. 7. MARKET VALUE CHAIN This analysis of the citrus marketing value chain is simplified because numerous interconnections were omitted and the size, levels of control and importance of each of the links and flows could not possibly be shown in a single diagram. In the citrus value chain, harvested fruit may go to the fresh fruit market, in order to be consumed fresh, or squeezed freshly at home to be consumed as juice, or it may enter the processing industry, in order to obtain juice (mainly in the form of Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice (FCOJ) for ease of transport in international trade) and other by-products. There is an increasing competition in this sector, with restructuring and changes in the marketing chain, in a context of globalization. The market is increasingly consumer driven. The following discussion will focus on the main segments of the citrus value chain namely: domestic and export markets, processing industry, global retail chains and consumers. The citrus value chain is presented in Figure 64.

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Figure 66: The citrus value chain Source: UNCTAD Secretariat

7.1 Domestic and export markets Locally, citrus fruit sold for the fresh market is taken to pack houses where it is graded and packed. It is then transported for distribution to retailers such as grocery stores. Culled fruit not meeting grade for fresh market is transported to processing plants for juice extraction. Bulk juice is moved to concentrate plants for evaporation and freezing into frozen concentrate or to canning plants for retail packaging. Retail packaged citrus juice may be sold to retailers for sale to consumers under a nationally advertised brand or private grocery chain label. As citrus products change form and move through market channels, value is added from labour, capital and management.

Citrus fruit growers

Fresh fruit

market

Packer

Exporter/ trading

Importer/

Wholesalers

Domestic

market

Export market

Global retail

chains

Food service

Traditional

retail outlets

Final Consumer

Processing industry

Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice

Exporter/ trading

Beverage industry/ bottling

Fresh fruit

consumption

Fresh juice

By-products

Figure 66: The citrus value chain

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The industry is linked to input supply businesses that provide fertilizers, chemicals, orchard care services, packaging materials, transportation, etc. Labour for citrus production and processing is provided by labourers in farms and from surrounding towns. The export market is more important for the fresh citrus fruits from South Africa than for juice. 7.2 Processing industry There are two kinds of juice processors: bulk processors who produce most of the world’s orange juice and marketing processors who sell the packaged juice under their own brand name and often purchase additional juice from bulk processors. The beverage industry buys the juice concentrate in order to add the water and transform, bottle and market it. These bottlers have undergone a process of mergers and acquisitions (e.g. Coca Cola with Minute Maid and Pepsi Cola with Tropicana) 7.3 Global retail chains Global retail chains are playing an increasing role in the distribution of produce in South Africa and other developed countries (particularly in the EU and USA). This tendency is also developing in Latin America and Asia. Increasing concentration and consolidation in retail chains, as well as their global expansion has improved their position and augmented their buying power in the market. It allows them to influence the marketing chain in order to better control it. They impose more stringent requirements when determining conditions of production and distribution. Supermarkets demand higher quantities, better qualities and lower prices. This downstream shift of power in the produce marketing chain is leading to increased vertical coordination mainly through supply chain management practices. Supermarkets tend to build long-term relationships with preferred suppliers in order to guarantee continuous supply at the required levels of quality. The NFPMs’ importance has declined dramatically as long-term relationships between retailers and growers have developed. Following suit, some citrus fruits growers and citrus processing companies are reacting, shifting from their production orientation to a more market oriented approach, improving supply chain management, in order to better meet consumers’ demands. The new marketing and trade practices of retail chains also include slotting allowances and fees, in order to place the product on supermarket shelves, special packaging and other marketing and trade promotion services. 7.4 Final consumer Consumer preferences are changing and they are demanding more healthy and natural products (they are becoming increasingly aware of the health and nutritive benefits of eating more fresh fruit and fruit juices). Consumers are also more interested in dietary issues, in consuming more food low in fat and sugar, and this favours fruit consumption. Food safety has also become a very significant issue, particularly after the food scares in Europe. Consumers demand higher quality of the food they consume and they are interested in the taste, appearance or shape of the fruit. They want to be informed about the food they are consuming through appropriate labelling and tracking and traceability schemes. They are also interested in innovation, showing an increasing taste for variety and demanding the continuing presence of new products. At the same time, new lifestyles have led to increased preferences for quick and easy to prepare food. Convenience has become an important factor in produce demand. This favours particularly the consumption of juice and easy

94

to peel fruit, such as clementines. In addition, consumers are also ever more concerned about production conditions, both environmental and social, demanding more organic and fair-trade products. 8. ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS 8.1 Producer and associated organizations The main association responsible for the citrus industry in South Africa is the Citrus Growers Association of Southern Africa (CGA). Its objectives are as follows:

• Providing the industry with access to global markets, • Optimizing cost effective production of quality fruit, • Continual commitment to research, development and communication with all stakeholders, •Caring for the environment and the community within which the citrus farmers operate.

The CGA was established by citrus growers in the wake of deregulation. Growers were concerned that certain functions previously carried out by the Citrus Board could be discontinued or downsized. With the demise of a single channel marketing system there are often questions about “who represents the citrus grower?” The CGA believes that it is their role to fill this void. Growers’ interests are furthered through representation to citrus industry stakeholders – including government, exporters, research institutions and suppliers to the citrus industry The CGA represents the interests of the producers of export citrus. In total 1 400 growers throughout Southern Africa (including Zimbabwe and Swaziland) are members of the Association. 8.2 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threat analysis Some of the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the citrus production sector in South Africa are presented in Figure 65.

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Figure 67: Strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for the South African citrus industry Strengths

Weaknesses

The industry’s export operations and leading players are well established.

An efficient export infrastructure exists and market access has been improved.

The South African citrus industry is known for excellent overall quality for fruit (strong reputation in major international markets).

Sound communication mechanisms to majority of industrial participants.

High level of investment in current technology within pack houses and cold chain facilities.

Industry has all traceability systems in place, as required by accreditation protocols.

Production is largely dependent on climatic conditions which can only be partially manipulated by man through irrigation.

Deteriorating research infrastructure and capacity may limit new technology development in the future.

Saturation of traditional export markets.

Reliance on the UK and EU as main export market.

Relatively high input and capital costs.

Volatile fruit prices

An element of fragmentation in the industry.

Lengthy supply chain beyond the pack house.

Lack of industry control on efficiency and productivity in supply chain beyond farm gate and pack house door.

Poor skills and knowledge of the new entrants.

Delays due to degradation of the supporting infrastructure within the supply chain (handling facilities at ports, roads and energy supply).

Commercial and other barriers still exist for new entrants (particularly small scale farmers)

Threats

Opportunities

Increased competition from the Southern Hemisphere counterparts like Chile, Brazil, and Argentina.

Oversupply of fruit into established export markets.

Availability and cost of irrigation water.

Impact of climate change especially in the Western Cape.

Inflation rate with regard to cost of labour and farming and also packing prerequisites.

Currency variability.

Increased protectionism by the EU and other established markets.

Citrus fruit diseases.

Market access initiatives to the Middle East, Asia (India, Indonesia) and China.

Increasing demand due to the consumers demand for healthy diets.

Potential for increased local market consumption.

Increased urbanization.

Harmonization of the institutional environment.

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9. EMPOWERMENT ISSUES AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR 9.1 Youth in citrus The CGA has in the past few years published two publications under the transformation portfolio, namely ‘Our Citrus Transforms’ and ‘Women in Citrus’. Following the publication of those publications, the CGA has published ‘Youth in Citrus’ which highlight the importance of the youth in the citrus sector. The publication also aims to motivate the youth to be involved in agriculture in general and in the citrus industry in particular. 9.2 Mentorship The DAFF has joined with CGA in an initiative aimed at transferring skills from established citrus growers to new entrants in the industry. The DAFF has provided funding, while CGA has identified mentors and mentees, established agreements with these parties, and monitored progress on these farms. Dr Richard Bates was contracted by CGA to administer and monitor progress. Starting from 2010, the mentorship programme will be funded by provinces from the CASP fund. The CGA has established a manual that guides mentorship activities. This manual provides detail on the roles and responsibilities of all those involved in the mentorship programme. Detailed reports on the different mentorship initiatives are available from CGA. 9.3 Extension CGA has two extension personnel (seconded to CRI) dedicated to assist emerging growers from the north (Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Kwazulu Natal) and south region (Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Kwazulu Natal). The CGA has requested the provincial departments of agriculture and rural development to provide government extension personnel who will be trained as citrus specialists to provide support to growers. The CGA has already signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Limpopo department and is now in the process of signing other MoUs with the Eastern Cape and KZN provinces. 10. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 10.1 Business opportunities The formation of associations focusing on targeted markets, sharing logistics and coordinating marketing plans are becoming a norm. There is a greater maturity and an understanding for the need to coordinate without sacrificing enterprise. Prospects for growth and development in Southern African citrus industry depends on the availability of water and meeting the market needs. The industry is export – driven, and the local market cannot sustain large volumes of the fruit as a result the challenge on South African farmers to acquire new markets with attractive prices to cover the cost of inputs. Export volumes have doubled over the past 30 years, from some 38 million cartons before deregulation to more than 70 million cartons in 2007. This was mainly due to more exporters discovering and developing

97

new markets. It means that citrus export volumes are distributed to a wider array of markets and as a result producers are less vulnerable to market collapses. The end of pooling system whereby all fruit would come through a single channel was good for growers. Regardless of quality, all growers would get an average price at the end of the day under the old system. Its abolishment has meant that growers are now properly compensated for good quality and costs are more transparent. As far as citrus exporting is concerned, members find it difficult to compete price- wise on the normally over supplied world markets against countries like Brazil and USA in terms of processed citrus (apart from acid content, which is low sugar/ acid ratios). SA valencia concentrates often necessitate local processors to trade at 5-10 % below the world prices, while the unit price is high. 10.2 Challenges The rising costs of production: With added requirements of food safety and traceability adding to the cost of administration burden, many smaller farming units are becoming unsustainable. Legislative requirements such as labour, water and environmental laws and skills development requirements are becoming cumbersome and making the business of citrus farming less profitable. Global harmonization of standards: without global harmonization of in food safety and good agricultural practice standards then the additional costs and administration will take their toll on grower returns and profitability. Retailers and other supply chain role players must work together to make harmonized standards a reality – inspected once, accepted everywhere must be a reality. Otherwise it will only be certification agencies that will prosper. Global warming: According to producers global warming is affecting western seaboards of the southern hemisphere countries, and the rising of the transport cost – which accounts for 30 – 40% of the price of getting a piece of fruit to the market. It is clear that the industry has some hurdles to overcome. Emerging sector: Despite all the support that was received through partnerships created, the environment under which emerging farmers operate continues to demand improvement on the following:

Use of title deeds as a form of collateral.

Capacity and capability of trust and Community Property Associations (CPA) to engage on commercial ventures.

Accessibility to support programs from the government and other role-players.

Credit policies of various financial institutions. 11. ACKNOWLEDGEDMENTS THE FOLLOWING INSTITUTIONS ARE ACKNOWLEDGED 11.1 National Agricultural Marketing Council

Private Bag X 935

98

Pretoria 0001 Tel (012) 341 1115 Fax (012) 341 1811 Web: www.namc.co.za

11.2 Citrus Growers Association of Southern Africa P.O Box 461 Hillcrest 3650 Tel (031) 765 2514 Fax: (031) 765 8029 www.cga.co.za

11.3 Quantec

www.quantec.co.za 11.4 S. A Citrus Processor Association

P.O Box 4417 Tzaneen 0850 082 410 5252 Email [email protected]

11.5 National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Directorate: Statistics and Economic Analysis Private X246 Pretoria 0001 Tel (012) 319 84 54 Fax (012) 319 8031 www.daff.gov.za

11.6 Trade and Industry Policy Strategies (TIPS)

P.O. Box 11214 Hatfield 0028 Tel (012) 322 7181 Fax (012) 431 7910 www.tips.co.za

11.7 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) www.unctad.org 11.8 International Trade Centre (ITC) www.trademap.org; www,macmap.org

http://www.namc.co.za/

http://www.cga.co.za/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.tips.co.za/

http://www.unctad.org/

http://www.trademap.org/

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THE CITRUS PROCESSORS ARE AS FOLLOWS: 11.9 LG Juices (Pty) Ltd

P. O. Box 8 Citrus Dal 7340 Tel (022) 921 3544 Fax (022) 921 3814

11.10 Granor-Passi (Pty) Ltd

P.O Box 584 Polokwane 0700 Tel (015) 298 6000 Fax (015) 298 8479

11.11 Valor Citrus Processors (Pty) Ltd

P.O Box 2071 North End Port Elizabeth 6056 Tel (041) 486 2146 Fax (041) 486 4112

11.12 Magalisberg Citrus Co-operative Ltd

Private Bag X 5094 Brits 0250 Tel (012) 256 6703 Fax (012) 256 6769

11.13 Riverside Processors

P.O Box 286 Malelane 1320

Tel (013) 790 3015 Fax (013) 790 0072 11.14 Onderberg Verwerkings Koporasie P.O Box 543

Malelane 1320 Tel (013) 790 1146 Fax (013) 790 1148

11.15 Letaba Citrus Processors (Pty) Ltd

Private Bag X 4019

100

Tzaneen 0850 Tel (015) 304 4000 Fax (015) 304 4230

11.16 Ceres Fruit Juices PO Box 337 Bedfordview 2008 Tel: 011 622 0001/5 Fax: 011 622 0012 www.ceres.co.za 11.17 Marble Hall Citrus Processors 838 Agaat Street Marble Hall Mpumalanga 0472 Tel: 013 2611 308 Disclaimer: This document and its contents have been compiled by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the purpose of detailing citrus industry. Anyone who uses this information does so at his/her own risk. The views expressed in this document are those of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries with regard to citrus industry, unless otherwise stated. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries therefore, accepts no liability that can be incurred resulting from the use of this information.

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Annexure 1: Tariffs applied by European Union member states to oranges (080510) from South Africa during 2018

HS CODE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION TRADE REGIME

APPLIED TARIFFS


080510201101 Fresh sweet oranges : Navels, Navelines, Navelates, Salustianas, Vernas, Valencia lates, Maltese, Shamoutis, Ovalis, Trovita and Hamlins Of high quality. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 35.4 EUR/100 kg


4.80% 4.80%



4.8% + 7.93 EUR/100 kg

5.73%

080510201103 Fresh sweet oranges : Navels, Navelines, Navelates, Salustianas, Vernas, Valencia lates, Maltese, Shamoutis, Ovalis, Trovita and Hamlins Of high quality. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 34 EUR/100 kg


4.8% +14.99 EUR/100 kg

6.65%



4.8% + 2.1 EUR/100 kg

7.58%



4.8% + 2.8 EUR/100 kg

8.50%



4.8% + 76.02 EUR/100 kg

14.19%



4.8% + 76.02 EUR/100 kg

14.19%



4.8% + 76.02 EUR/100 kg

14.19%



4.8% + 76.02 EUR/100 kg

14.19%

102


APPLIED TARIFFS




4.8% + 76.02 EUR/100 kg

14.19%

080510201111 Fresh sweet oranges : Navels, Navelines, Navelates, Salustianas, Vernas, Valencia lates, Maltese, Shamoutis, Ovalis, Trovita and Hamlins Of high quality. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 0 EUR/100 kg


4.8% + 76.02 EUR/100 kg

14.19%

080510201901 Fresh sweet oranges : Navels, Navelines, Navelates, Salustianas, Vernas, Valencia lates, Maltese, Shamoutis, Ovalis, Trovita and Hamlins Other. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 35.4 EUR/100 kg


4.80% 4.80%



4.8% + 0.7 EUR/100 kg

6.01%

080510201903 Fresh sweet oranges : Navels, Navelines, Navelates, Salustianas, Vernas, Valencia lates, Maltese, Shamoutis, Ovalis, Trovita and Hamlins Other. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 34 EUR/100 kg


4.8% + 1.4 EUR/100 kg

7.23%



16.00% + 27.72 $/Ton

18.15%



16.00% + 36.96 $/Ton

18.86%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

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APPLIED TARIFFS




16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

080510201911 Fresh sweet oranges : Navels, Navelines, Navelates, Salustianas, Vernas, Valencia lates, Maltese, Shamoutis, Ovalis, Trovita and Hamlins Other. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 0 EUR/100 kg


16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

080510209201 Fresh sweet oranges : Other : Sanguines and semi-sanguines Of high quality. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 35.4 EUR/100 kg


16.00% 16.00%



16.00% + 9.24 $/Ton

16.72%

080510209203 Fresh sweet oranges : Other : Sanguines and semi-sanguines Of high quality. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 34 EUR/100 kg


16.00% + 18.48 $/Ton

17.43%



16.00% + 27.72 $/Ton

18.15%



16.00% + 36.96 $/Ton

18.86%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

104


APPLIED TARIFFS




16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

080510209211 Fresh sweet oranges : Other : Sanguines and semi-sanguines Of high quality. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 0 EUR/100 kg


16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

080510209401 Fresh sweet oranges : Other Other Sanguines and semi-sanguines Other. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 35.4 EUR/100 kg


16.00% 16.00%



16.00% + 9.24 $/Ton

16.72%

080510209403 Fresh sweet oranges : Other Other Sanguines and semi-sanguines Other. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 34 EUR/100 kg


16.00% + 18.48 $/Ton

17.43%



16.00% + 27.72 $/Ton

18.15%



16.00% + 36.96 $/Ton

18.86%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

105


APPLIED TARIFFS




16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

080510209601 Fresh sweet oranges : Other : Of high quality. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 35.4 EUR/100 kg


16.00% 16.00%



16.00% + 9.24 $/Ton

16.72%

080510209603 Fresh sweet oranges : Other : Of high quality. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 34 EUR/100 kg


16.00% + 18.48 $/Ton

17.43%



16.00% + 27.72 $/Ton

18.15%



16.00% + 36.96 $/Ton

18.86%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

080510209611 Fresh sweet oranges : Other : Of high quality. If the declared price is higher than or equal to 0 EUR/100 kg


16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

106


APPLIED TARIFFS




16.00% 16.00%



16.00% + 9.24 $/Ton

16.72%



16.00% + 18.48 $/Ton

17.43%



16.00% + 27.72 $/Ton

18.15%



16.00% + 36.96 $/Ton

18.86%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%



16.00% + 93.72 $/Ton

23.26%

0805108010 Fresh or dried oranges (excl. fresh sweet oranges) : Fresh MFN duties (Applied)

16.00% 16.00%

107


APPLIED TARIFFS


0805108090 Fresh or dried oranges (excl. fresh sweet oranges) : Other MFN duties (Applied)

16.00% 16.00%

Source: MacMap, ITC

a profile of the south african citrus market value …

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