a dictionary of scientific quotations

8/3/2019 A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations

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ctionary of Scientific Quotations

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Archimedes (ca. 235 bc) b. SyracuseConcerning levers

Give me a place to stand, and I will move the Earth.

Asimov, Isaac(1920-1992) b. Petrovichi, Russia.(With reference to a correspondent)

The young specialist in English Lit, ...lectured me severely on the fact that in every centurypeople have thought they understood the Universe at last, and in every century they wereproved to be wrong. It follows that the one thing we can say about our modern "knowledge"is that it is wrong.

... My answer to him was, "... when people thought the Earth was flat, they were wrong.When people thought the Earth was spherical they were wrong. But if you think that

thinking the Earth is spherical is just as wrong as thinking the Earth is flat, then your viewis wronger than both of them put together."

Isaac Asimov,The Relativity of Wrong, Kensington Books, New York, 1996, p 226. (1) Available from

Amazon.com

Asimov, Isaac(1920-1992) b. Petrovichi, Russia.At two-tenths the speed of light, dust and atoms might not do significant damage even in avoyage of 40 years, but the faster you go, the worse it is--space begins to become abrasive.When you begin to approach the speed of light, hydrogen atoms become cosmic-rayparticles, and they will fry the crew. ...So 60,000 kilometers per second may be thepractical

speed limit for space travel.

Isaac Asimov, Sail On! Sail On! In The Relativity of Wrong, Kensington Books, New York, 1996, p 220. (1)

Available from Amazon.com

Bacon, Francis(1561-1626) b. London, EnglandFor it is esteemed a kind of dishonour unto learning to descend to inquiry or meditationupon matters mechanical, except they be such as may be thought secrets, rarities, andspecial subtilities, which humour of vain supercilious arrogancy is justly derided in Plato...

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But the truth is, they be not the highest instances that give the securest information; as maywell be expressed in the tale... of the philosopher, that while he gazed upwards to the starsfell into the water; for if he had looked down he might have seen the stars in the water, butlooking aloft he could not see the water in the stars. So it cometh often to pass, that meanand small things discover great, better than great can discover the small.

Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, J.M. Dent and Son, London, England, 1973, pp 71-72. (1) Newer

edition available from Amazon.com

Bacon, FrancisThe men of experiment are like the ant, they only collect and use; the reasoners resemblespiders, who make cobwebs out of their own substance. But the bee takes the middlecourse: it gathers its material from the flowers of the garden and field, but transforms anddigests it by a power of its own. Not unlike this is the true business of philosophy (science);for it neither relies solely or chiefly on the powers of the mind, nor does it take the matterwhich it gathers from natural history and mechanical experiments and lay up in the memorywhole, as it finds it, but lays it up in the understanding altered and disgested. Therefore,from a closer and purer league between these two faculties, the experimental and therational (such as has never been made), much may be hoped.

Francis Bacon, Novum Organum, Liberal Arts Press, Inc., New York, p 93. (5) Available from Amazon.com

Bierce, Ambrose(1842-?1914) b. Meggs Co., OhioAn inventor is a person who makes an ingenious arrangement of wheels, levers and springs,and believes it civilization.

Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary, Dover Publications, NY, 1958, p 70. (3) Available from Amazon.com

Binet, Alfred(1857-1911) b. France

On his intelligence scaleThe scale, properly speaking, does not permit the measure of the intelligence, becauseintellectual qualities are not superposable, and therefore cannot be measured as linearsurfaces are measured.

Quoted in Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton and Co., Ltd, NY, 1996, p 181. (1)


Boltzman, Ludwig(1844-1906) b Vienna, AustriaThe most ordinary things are to philosophy a source of insoluble puzzles. With infinite

ingenuity it constructs a concept of space or time and then finds it absolutely impossible thatthere be objects in this space or that processes occur during this time... the source of thiskind of logic lies in excessive confidence in the so-called laws of thought.

Ludwig Boltzmann. Populaere Schriften Essay 19, Ludwig Boltzmann, Theoretical Physics and Philosophical

Problems, B. McGuinness (ed) Reidel, Dordrecht, 1974, p 64. (7)

Boltzman, LudwigTo go straight to the deepest depth, I went for Hegel; what unclear thoughtless flow ofwords I was to find there! My unlucky star led me from Hegel to Schopenhauer ... Even inKant there were many things that I could grasp so little that given his general acuity of mind
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I almost suspected that he was pulling the reader's leg or was even an imposter.

D. Flamm. Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 14: 257 (1983). (7)

Curie, Marie(1867-1934) b. Warsaw, Poland (ne Maria Sklodowska)Humanity needs practical men, who get the most out of their work, and, without forgettingthe general good, safeguard their own interests. But humanity also needs dreamers, forwhom the disinterested development of an enterprise is so captivating that it becomes

impossible for them to devote their care to their own material profit.

Without doubt, these dreamers do not deserve wealth, because they do not desire it. Even so,a well-organized society should assure to such workers the efficient means ofaccomplishing their task, in a life freed from material care and freely consecrated toresearch.

Eve Curie (translated by Vincent Sheean), Madame Curie, Pocket books, Simon and Schuster, New york, 1946,

pp 352-253. (7) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Churchill, Winston, Spencer(1874-1965) b. Malborough, England

Some of my cousins who had the great advantage of University education used to tease mewith arguments to prove that nothing has any existence except what we think of it. ... Theseamusing mental acrobatics are all right to play with.They are perfectly harmless andperfectly useless. ... I always rested on the following argument... We look up to the sky andsee the sun. Our eyes are dazzled and our senses record the fact. So here is this great sunstanding apparently on no better foundation than our physical senses. But happily there is amethod, apart altogether from our physical senses, of testing the reality of the sun. It is bymathematics. By means of prolonged processes of mathematics, entirely separate from thesenses, astronomers are able to calculate when an eclipse will occur. They predict by purereason that a black spot will pass across the sun on a certain day. You go and look, and yoursense of sight immediately tells you that their calculations are vindicated. So here you have

the evidence of the senses reinforced by the entirely separate evidence of a vast independentprocess of mathematical reasoning. We have taken what is called in military map-making "across bearing." ... When my metaphysical friends tell me that the data on which theastronomers made their calculations, were necessarily obtained originally through theevidence of the senses, I say, "no." They might, in theory at any rate, be obtained byautomatic calculating-machines set in motion by the light falling upon them withoutadmixture of the human senses at any stage. When it is persisted that we should have to betold about the calculations and use our ears for that purpose, I reply that the mathematicalprocess has a reality and virtue in itself, and that once discovered it constitutes a new andindependent factor. I am also at this point accustomed to reaffirm with emphasis myconviction that the sun is real, and also that it is hot--in fact hot as Hell, and that if themetaphysicians doubt it they should go there and see.

Winston S. Churchill, My Early Life, Fontana, London, 1972, pp 123-124. (1) Newer edition available from

Amazon.com

Churchill, Winston S....man will occasionally stumble over the truth, but usually manages to pick himself up,walk over or around it, and carry on.

Quoted in: Irving Klotz,Bending perception, a book review, Nature, 1996, Volume 379, p 412 (1).

Crick, Francis
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(1916-) b. Northampton, EnglandWhen the war finally came to an end, I was at a loss as to what to do... I took stock of myqualifications. A not-very-good degree, redeemed somewhat by my achievements at theAdmiralty. A knowledge of certain restricted parts of magnetism and hydrodynamics,neither of them subjects for which I felt the least bit of enthusiasm. No published papers atall... Only gradually did I realize that this lack of qualification could be an advantage. Bythe time most scientists have reached age thirty they are trapped by their own expertise.They have invested so much effort in one particular field that it is often extremely difficult,at that time in their careers, to make a radical change. I, on the other hand, knew nothing,

except for a basic training in somewhat old-fashioned physics and mathematics and anability to turn my hand to new things... Since I essentially knew nothing, I had an almostcompletely free choice...

Francis Crick, What Mad Pursuit, Basic Books, New York, 1988, pp 15-16. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Cuppy, Will1884-1949Some fishes become extinct, but Herrings go on forever. Herrings spawn at all times andplaces and nothing will induce them to change their ways. They have no fish control.Herrings congregate in schools, where they learn nothing at all. They move in vast numbersin May and October. Herrings subsist upon Copepods and Copepods subsist upon Diatomsand Diatoms just float around and reproduce. Young Herrings or Sperling or Whitebait arerather cute. They have serrated abdomens. The skull of the Common or Coney IslandHerring is triangular, but he would be just the same anyway. (The nervous system of theHerring is fairly simple. When the Herring runs into something the stimulus is flashed to theforebrain, with or without results.)

Will Cuppy, How to Become Extinct, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984, p. 13. (1) Available from

Amazon.com

Darwin, CharlesTo suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to

different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction ofspherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, Iconfess, absurd in the highest degree.

Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, John Murray, London, 1859. (1) Newer edition available from

Amazon.com

Davy, Sir HumphreyNothing tends so much to the advancement of knowledge as the application of a newinstrument. The native intellectual powers of men in different times are not so much thecauses of the different success of their labours, as the peculiar nature of the means andartificial resources in their possession.

Thomas Hager, Force of Nature, Simon ans Schuster, New York, 1995, p 86. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Drake, Frank(1930-) b. Chicago, Illinois"I know perfectly well that at this moment the whole universe is listening to us," JeanGiraudoux wrote in The Madwoman of Chaillot, "and that every word we say echoes to theremotest star." That poetic paranoia is a perfect description of what the Sun, as agravitational lens, could do for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.

Frank Drake and Dava Sobel, Is Anyone Out There? Dell Publishing, New York, 1994, p.232. (1) Available from

Amazon.com
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Dyson, Freeman(On the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration)

The essential fact which emerges ... is that the three smallest and most active reservoirs ( ofcarbon in the global carbon cycle), the atmosphere, the plants and the soil, are all of roughlythe same size. This means that large human disturbance of any one of these reservoirs willhave large effects on all three. We cannot hope either to understand or to manage the carbonin the atmosphere unless we understand and manage the trees and the soil too.

Freeman Dyson, From Eros to Gaia, Penguin Books, London, New York, 1993, pp 132-133. Newer editionavailable from Amazon.com

Dyson, FreemanThe technologies which have had the most profound effects on human life are usuallysimple. A good example of a simple technology with profound historical consequences ishay. Nobody knows who invented hay, the idea of cutting grass in the autumn and storing itin large enough quantities to keep horses and cows alive through the winter. All we know isthat the technology of hay was unknown to the Roman Empire but was known to everyvillage of medieval Europe. Like many other crucially important technologies, hay emergedanonymously during the so-called Dark Ages. According to the Hay Theory of History, theinvention of hay was the decisive event which moved the center of gravity of urban

civilization from the Mediterranean basin to Northern and Western Europe. The RomanEmpire did not need hay because in a Mediterranean climate the grass grows well enoughin winter for animals to graze. North of the Alps, great cities dependent on horses and oxenfor motive power could not exist without hay. So it was hay that allowed populations togrow and civilizations to flourish among the forests of Northern Europe. Hay moved thegreatness of Rome to Paris and London, and later to Berlin and Moscow and New York.

Freeman Dyson Infinite in All Directions, Harper and Row, New York, 1988, p 135. Available from

Amazon.com

Eddington, Sir Arthur

(1882-1944) b. EnglandFor the truth of the conclusions of physical science, observation is the supreme Court ofAppeal. It does not follow that every item which we confidently accept as physicalknowledge has actually been certified by the Court; our confidence is that it would becertified by the Court if it were submitted. But it does follow that every item of physicalknowledge is of a form which might be submitted to the Court. It must be such that we canspecify (although it may be impracticable to carry out) an observational procedure whichwould decide whether it is true or not. Clearly a statement cannot be tested by observationunless it is an assertion about the results of observation.Every item of physical knowledgemust therefore be an assertion of what has been or would be the result of carrying out a

specified observational procedure.

Sir Arthur Eddington, The Philosophy of Physical Science, Ann Arbor Paperbacks, The University of MichiganPress, 1958, pp 9-10. Available from Amazon.com

Eddington, Sir Arthur(1882-1944) b. EnglandLet us suppose that an ichthyologist is exploring the life of the ocean. He casts a net into thewater and brings up a fishy assortment. Surveying his catch, he proceeds in the usualmanner of a scientist to systematise what it reveals. He arrives at two generalisations:(1) No sea-creature is less than two inches long.(2) All sea-creatures have gills.These are both true of his catch, and he assumes tentatively that they will remain true
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Frisch, Max(1911-) b. SwitzerlandTechnology is the knack of so arranging the world that we do not experience it.

Rollo May, The Cry for Myth, Norton, New York, p 57. (4) ;Available from Amazon.com

Gell-Mann, MurrayIn 1963, when I assigned the name "quark" to the fundamental constituents of the nucleon, Ihad the sound first, without the spelling, which could have been "kwork." Then, in one of

my occasional perusals ofFinnegans Wake, by James Joyce, I came across the word "quark"in the phrase "Three quarks for Muster Mark." Since "quark" (meaning, for one thing, thecry of a gull) was clearly intended to rhyme with "Mark," as well as "bark" and other suchwords, I had to find an excuse to pronounce it as "kwork." But the book represents thedreams of a publican named Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker. Words in the text aretypically drawn from several sources at once, like the "portmanteau words" in Through theLooking Glass. From time to time, phrases occur in the book that are partially determined bycalls for drinks at the bar. I argued, therefore, that perhaps one of the multiple sources of thecry "Three quarks for Muster Mark" might be "Three quarts for Mister Mark," in whichcase the pronunciation "kwork" would not be totally unjustified. In any case, the numberthree fitted perfectly the way quarks occur in nature.

Murray Gell-Mann, The Quark and the Jaguar, W.H. Freeman, New York, 1994, pp 180-181. (1)

Hawking, Stephen W.(1942-) b. Oxford, EnglandEven if there is only one possible unified theory, it is just a set of rules and equations. Whatis it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe? Theusual approach of science of constructing a mathematical model cannot answer thequestions of why there should be a universe for the model to describe. Why does theuniverse go to all the bother of existing?

Stephen W. Hawking,A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, Bantam, NY, 1988, p 174.


Hawking, Stephen W.There are grounds for cautious optimism that we may now be near the end ofthe search forthe ultimate laws of nature.

Stephen W. Hawking,A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, Bantam, NY, 1988, p 157.


Ingram, Jay W.I once read that if the folds in the cerebral cortex were smoothed out it would cover a cardtable. That seemed quite unbelievable but it did make me wonder just how big the cortex

would be if you ironed it out. I thought it might just about cover a family-sized pizza: notbad, but no card-table. I was astonished to realize that nobody seems to know the answer. Aquick search yielded the following estimates for the smoothed out dimensions of thecerebral cortex of the human brain.

An article inBioscience in November 1987 by Julie Ann Miller claimed the cortex was a"quarter-metre square." That is napkin-sized, about ten inches by ten inches. ScientificAmerican magazine in September 1992 upped the ante considerably with an estimated of 11/2 square metres; thats a square of brain forty inches on each side, getting close to thecard-table estimate. A psychologist at the University of Toronto figured it would cover thefloor of his living room (I haven't seen his living room), but the prize winning estimate so
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far is from the British magazineNew Scientist's poster of the brain published in 1993 whichclaimed that the cerebral cortex, if flattened out, would cover a tennis court. How can therebe such disagreement? How can so many experts not know how big the cortex is? I don'tknow, but I'm on the hunt for an expert who will say the cortex, when fully spread out, willcover a football field. A Canadian football field.

Jay Ingram, The Burning House, Unlocking the Mysteries of the Brain Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K.,

1995 p 11.

John Paul II, Pope (Karol Wojtyla)(1920-) b. Wadowice, PolandScience can purify religion from error and superstition. Religion can purify science fromidolatry and false absolutes.

James Reston, Galileo, A Life, HarperCollins, NY, 1994, p 461. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Johnson, GeorgeThe weapons laboratory of Los Alamos stands as a reminder that our very power as patternfinders can work against us, that it is possible to discern enought of the universe'sunderlying order to tap energy so powerful that it can destroy its discoverers or slowlypoison them with its waste.

George Johnson Fire in the Mind, Vintage Books, New York, 1996, p 326. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Johnson, Samuel, Dr.(1709-1784) b. Lichfield, EnglandSwallows certainly sleep all winter. A number of them conglobulate together, by flyinground and round, and then all in a heap throw themselves under water, and lye in the bed ofa river.

James Boswell The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D., 3rd Edn., Malone, London, 1799 (Abridged Edn., The New

American Library, NY, 1968, p 192.) Available from Amazon.com

Kauffman, StuartLife emerged, I suggest, not simple, but complex and whole, and has remained complex andwhole ever sincenot because of a mysterious lan vital, but thanks to the simple,profound transformation of dead molecules into an organization by which each molecule'sformation is catalyzed by some other molecule in the organization. The secret of life, thewellspring of reproduction, is not to be found in the beauty of Watson-Crick pairing, but inthe achievement of collective catalytic closure. So, in another sense, lifecomplex, whole,emergentis simple after all, a natural outgrowth of the world in which we live.

Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 47-48. Available from

Amazon.com

Kauffman, StuartIf biologists have ignored self-organization, it is not because self-ordering is not pervasiveand profound. It is because we biologists have yet to understand how to think about systemsgoverned simultaneously by two sources of order, Yet who seeing the snowflake, whoseeing simple lipid molecules cast adrift in water forming themselves into cell-like hollowlipid vesicles, who seeing the potential for the crystallization of life in swarms of reactingmolecules, who seeing the stunning order for free in networks linking tens upon tens ofthousands of variables, can fail to entertain a central thought: if ever we are to attain a finaltheory in biology, we will surely, surely have to understand the commingling of self-
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organization and selection. We will have to see that we are the natural expressions of adeeper order. Ultimately, we will discover in our creation myth that we are expected afterall.

Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 112. Available from Amazon.com

Kauffman, Stuart

Pick up a pinecone and count the spiral rows of scales. You may find eight spirals winding

up to the left and 13 spirals winding up to the right, or 13 left and 21 right spirals, or otherpairs of numbers. The striking fact is that these pairs of numbers are adjacent numbers inthe famous Fibonacci series: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21... Here, each term is the sum of theprevious two terms. The phenomenon is well known and called phyllotaxis. Many are theefforts of biologists to understand why pinecones, sunflowers, and many other plants exhibitthis remarkable pattern. Organisms do the strangest things, but all these odd things need notreflect selection or historical accident. Some of the best efforts to understand phyllotaxisappeal to a form of self-organization. Paul Green, at Stanford, has argued persuasively thatthe Fibonacci series is just what one would expects as the simplest self-repeating patternthat can be generated by the particular growth processes in the growing tips of the tissuesthat form sunflowers, pinecones, and so forth. Like a snowflake and its sixfold symmetry,the pinecone and its phyllotaxis may be part of order for free

Stuart KauffmanAt Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 151. (1) Available from

Amazon.com

Kaku, MichioIt is often stated that of all the theories proposed in this century, the silliest is quantumtheory. In fact, some say that the only thing that quantum theory has going for it is that it isunquestionably correct.

Michio KakuHyperspace, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 263. (1)Available from Amazon.com

Kaku, Michio

There are many examples of old, incorrect theories that stubbornly persisted, sustained onlyby the prestige of foolish but well-connected scientists. ... Many of these theories have beenkilled off only when some decisive experiment exposed their incorrectness. .. Thus theyeoman work in any science, and especially physics, is done by the experimentalist, whomust keep the theoreticians honest.

Michio KakuHyperspace, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 263. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Kealey, TerenceThere is a central myth about British science and economic growth, and it goes like this:science breeds wealth, Britain is in economic decline, therefore Britain has not done enough

science. Actually, it is easy to show that a key cause of Britain's economic decline has beenthat the government has funded too much science...

Post-war British science policy illustrates the folly of wasting money on research. Thegovernment decided, as it surveyed the ruins of war-torn Europe in 1945, that the future layin computers, nuclear power and jet aircraft, so successive administrations poured moneyinto these projects--to vast technical success. The world's first commercial mainframecomputer was British, sold by Ferrranti in 1951; the world's first commercial jet aircraft wasBritish, the Comet, in service in 1952; the first nuclear power station was British, CalderHall, commissioned in 1956; and the world's first and only supersonic commercial jetaircraft was Anglo-French, Concorde, in service in 1976.
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Yet these technical advances crippled us economically, because they were so uncommercial.The nuclear generation of electricity, for example, had lost 2.1 billion pounds by 1975 (2.1billion pounds was a lot then); Concord had lost us, alone, 2.3 billion pounds by 1976; theComet crashed and America now dominates computers. Had these vast sums of money notbeen wasted on research, we would now be a significantly richer country.

Terence Kealey Wasting Billions, the Scientific Way, The Sunday Times, October 13, 1996. (1)

Keynes, John Maynard

The difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping the old ones, which ramify, forthose brought up as most of us have been, into every corner of our minds.

Quoted in: K. Eric DrexlerEngines of Creation: the Coming Era of Nanotechnology, Bantam, New York, 1987, p

231. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Lewis, C.S.(1898-1963) b. IrelandThere is something which unites magic and applied science while separating both from the'wisdom' of earlier ages. For the wise men of old the cardinal problem had been how toconform the soul to reality, and the solution had been knowledge, self-discipline, andvirtue. for magic and applied science alike the problem is how to subdue reality to the

wishes of men: the solution is a technique; and both, in the practice of this technique, areready to do things hitherto regarded as disgusting and impious--such as digging up andmutilating the dead.

If we compare the chief trumpeter of the new era (Bacon) with Marlowe's Faustus, thesimilarity is striking. You will read in some critics that Faustus has a thirst for knowledge.In reality he hardly mentions it. It is not truth he wants from the devils, but gold and gunsand girls. In the same spirit, Bacon condemns those who value knowledge as an end initself... The true object is to extend Man's power to the performance of all things possible.He rejects magic because it does not work; but his goal is that of the magician...

No doubt those who really founded modern science were usually those whose love of truthexceeded their love of power; in every mixed movement the efficacy comes from the goodelements not from the bad. But the presence of bad elements in not irrelevant to thedirection the efficacy takes. It might be going too far to say that the modern scientificmovement was tainted from its birth; but I think it would be true to say that it was born inan unhealthy neighbourhood and at an inauspicious hour. Its triumphs may have been toorapid and purchased at too high a price: reconsideration, and something like repentance,may be required.

Lewis, C.S. The Abolition of Man, Collins, Fount Paperback, 1978, p. 46. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin

It has taken biologists some 230 years to identify and describe three quarters of a millioninsects; if there are indeed at least thirty million, as Erwin (Terry Erwin, the SmithsonianInstitute) estimates, then, working as they have in the past, insect taxonomists have tenthousand years of employment ahead of them. Ghilean Prance, director of the BotanicalGardens in Kew, estimates that a complete list of plants in the Americas would occupytaxonomists for four centuries, again working at historical rates.

Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, 1995, The Sixth Extinction, Anchor, New York, pp 122-123. Available from

Amazon.com

Lippmann, Walter
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Without offering any data on all that occurs between conception and the age ofkindergarten, they announce on the basis of what they have got out of a few thousandquestionnaires that they are measuring the hereditary mental endowment of human beings.Obviously, this is not a conclusion obtained by research. It is a conclusion planted by thewill to believe. It is, I think, for the most part unconsciously planted ... If the impressiontakes root that these tests really measure intelligence, that they constitute a sort of lastjudgment on the child's capacity, that they reveal "scientifically" his predestined ability, thenit would be a thousand times better if all the intelligence testers and all their questionnaireswere sunk in the Sargasso Sea.

In the course of a debate with Lewis Terman: quoted in Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W.

Norton and Co., Ltd, NY, 1996, p 181. (1)

Lucretius(99 B.C.-55 B.C.) b. Rome(On the temperature of water in wells)

The reason why the water in wells becomes colder in summer is that the earth is thenrarefied by the heat, and releases into the air all the heat-particles it happens to have. So, themore the earth is drained of heat, the colder becomes the moisture that is concealed in theground. On the other hand, when all the earth condenses and contracts and congeals with thecold, then, of course, as it contracts, it squeezes out into the wells whatever heat it holds.

Lucretius On the nature of things (De Rerum Natura), Sphere Books, London, 1969, p. 233. (1) Newer edition

available from Amazon.com

Mencken, H(enry) L(ouis)(1880-1956) b. Baltimore, MDThe value the world sets upon motives is often grossly unjust and inaccurate. Consider, forexample, two of them: mere insatiable curiosity and the desire to do good. The latter is puthigh above the former, and yet it is the former that moves one of the most useful men thehuman race has yet produced: the scientific investigator. What actually urges him on is notsome brummagem idea of Service, but a boundless, almost pathological thirst to penetrate

the unknown, to uncover the secret, to find out what has not been found out before. Hisprototype is not the liberator releasing slaves, the good Samaritan lifting up the fallen, but adog sniffing tremendously at an infinite series of rat-holes.

Mencken, H.L., Reprinted inA Mencken Crestomathy, Vintage Books, New York, 1982, p. 12, first printed in the

Smart Set, Aug. 1919, pp 60-61. (1)

Michelson, Albert, Abraham(1852-1931) b. Germany(In 1903)

The most important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all beendiscovered, and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being

supplemented in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote.

Quoted by Peter Coveney and Roger Highfield in The Arrow of Time, Flamingo, London 1991, p 67. Available

from Amazon.com

Mill, John StuartThe tendency has always been strong to believe that whatever received a name must be anentity or being, having an independent existence of its own. And if no real entity answeringto the name could be found, men did not for that reason suppose that none existed, butimagined that it was something peculiarly abstruse and mysterious.

Quoted in Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton and Co., Ltd, NY, 1996, p 181. (1)
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Monod, JacquesBiology occupies a position among the sciences at once marginal and central. Marginalbecause--the living world constituting but a tiny and very "special" part of the universe--itdoes not seem likely that the study of living beings will ever uncover general lawsapplicable outside the biosphere. But if the ultimate aim of the whole of science is indeed,as I believe, to clarify man's relationship to the universe, then biology must be accorded acentral position...

Jacques Monod Chance and Necessity Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1971, p xi. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Newton, Isaac(1642-1727) b. Woolsthorpe, EnglandIf I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.

On how he made discoveries

By always thinking unto them. I keep the subject constantly before me and wait till the firstdawnings open little by little into the full light.

E.N. da C. Andrade, Sir Isaac Newton, His Life and Work, Doubleday Anchor, New York, 1950, p. 35. (1)

Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Pasteur, Louis(1822-1892) b. Dle, FranceScience knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch whichilluminates the world. Science is the highest personification of the nation because that nationwill remain the first which carries the furthest the works of thought and intelligence.

Ren Dubos, Pasteur and Modern Science, Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1960, p. 145. (1) Available from

Amazon.com

Chance favors the prepared mind.

Quoted in H. EvesReturn to Mathematical Circles, Prindle, Wever and Schmidt, Boston, 1988. (2) Availablefrom Amazon.com

Pauling, Linus(1901-1994) b. Portland, OregonI recognize that many physicists are smarter than I am--most of them theoretical physicists.A lot of smart people have gone into theoretical physics, therefore the field is extremelycompetitive. I console myself with the thought that although they may be smarter and maybe deeper thinkers than I am, I have broader interests than they have.

Linus Pauling, The Meaning of Life, Edited by David Friend and the editors ofLife, Little Brown, New York,

1990, p. 69. (6)

Polanyi, John C.(1929-) b. Berlin, Germany(Concerning the allocation of research funds) It is folly to use as one's guide in the selectionof fundamental science the criterion of utility. Not because (scientists)... despise utility. Butbecause. .. useful outcomes are best identified after the making of discoveries, rather thanbefore.

John C. Polanyi. Excerpt from the keynote address to the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science,

Toronto June 2, 1996.
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Polanyi, John C.Faced with the admitted difficulty of managing the creative process, we are doubling ourefforts to do so. Is this because science has failed to deliver, having given us nothing morethan nuclear power, penicillin, space travel, genetic engineering, transistors, andsuperconductors? Or is it because governments everywhere regard as a reproach activitiesthey cannot advantageously control? They felt that way about the marketplace for goods,but trillions of wasted dollars later, they have come to recognize the efficiency of this self-regulating system. Not so, however, with the marketplace for ideas.

John C. PolanyiIn Martin Moskovits (Ed.), Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Lectures,Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Postman, NeilEducators may bring upon themselves unnecessary travail by taking a tactless andunjustifiable position about the relation between scientific and religious narratives. We seethis, of course, in the conflict concerning creation science. Some educators representing, asthey think, the conscience of science act much like those legislators who in 1925 prohibitedby law the teaching of evolution in Tennessee. In that case, anti-evolutionists were fearfulthat a scientific idea would undermine religious belief. Today, pro-evolutionists are fearfulthat a religious idea will undermine scientific belief. The former had insufficient confidencein religion; the latter insufficient confidence in science. The point is that profound butcontradictory ideas may exist side by side, if they are constructed from different materialsand methods and have different purposes. Each tells us something important about wherewe stand in the universe, and it is foolish to insist that they must despise each other.

Neil Postman, The End of Education, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1995, p 107. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Postman, Neil(19??-) b. New York, USA"The scientific method," Thomas Henry Huxley once wrote, "is nothing but the normalworking of the human mind." That is to say, when the mind is working; that is to sayfurther, when it is engaged in corrrecting its mistakes.

Taking this point of view, we may conclude that science is not physics, biology, orchemistry--is not even a "subject"--but a moral imperative drawn from a larger narrativewhose purpose is to give perspective, balance, and humility to learning.

Neil Postman, The End of Education, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1995, p 68. Available from Amazon.com

Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, William(1872-1970) b. EnglandEvery living thing is a sort of imperialist, seeking to transform as much as possible of itsenvironment into itself... When we compare the (present) human population of the globewith... that of former times, we see that "chemical imperialism" has been... the main end to

which human intelligence has been devoted.

Bertrand Russell, An Outline of Philosophy, Meridian Books, Cleveland and New York, 1960, pp 31-32. (1)

Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, WilliamAlmost everything that distinguishes the modern world from earlier centuries is attibutableto science, which achieved its most spectacular triumphs in the seventeenth century.

Bertrand Russell,History of Western Philosophy, Allen and Unwin, London, 1979, p 512. (6) Available from

Amazon.com


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Snow, C(harles) P(ercy)(1905-1980) b. Leicester, England...Einstein, twenty-six years old, only three years away from crude privation, still a patentexaminer, published in theAnnalen der Physikin 1905 five papers on entirely differentsubjects. Three of them were among the greatest in the history of physics. One, very simple,gave the quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect--it was this work for which,sixteen years later he was awarded the Nobel prize. Another dealt with the phenomenon ofBrownian motion, the apparently erratic movement of tiny particles suspended in a liquid:Einstein showed that these movements satisfied a clear statistical law. This was like a

conjuring trick, easy when explained: before it, decent scientists could still doubt theconcrete existence of atoms and molecules: this paper was as near direct proof of theirconcreteness as a theoretician could give. The third paper was the special theory ofrelativity, which quietly amalgamated space, time and matter into one fundamental unity.

This last paper contains no references and quotes no authority. All of them are written in astyle unlike any other theoretical physicist's. They contain very little mathematics. There is agood deal of verbal commentary. The conclusions, the bizarre conclusions, emerge asthough with the greatest of ease: the reasoning is unbreakable. It looks as though he hadreached the conclusions by pure thought, unaided, without listening to the opinions ofothers. To a surprisingly large extent, that is precisely what he had done.

It is pretty safe to say that, so long as physics lasts, no one will again hack out three majorbreakthroughs in one year.

C.P. Snow, Variety of Men, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K. 1969, pp 85-86. (1) Available from

Amazon.com

Szent-Gyrgyi, Albert(1893-1984) b. HungaryBasic research may seem very expensive. I am a well-paid scientist. My hourly wage isequal to that of a plumber, but sometimes my research remains barren of results for weeks,months or years and my conscience begins to bother me for wasting the taxpayer's money.

But in reviewing my life's work, I have to think that the expense was not wasted. Basicresearch, to which we owe everything, is relatively very cheap when compared with otheroutlays of modern society. The other day I made a rough calculation which led me to theconclusion that if one were to add up all the money ever spent by man on basic research,one would find it to be just about equal to the money spent by the Pentagon this past year.

Albert Szent-Gyrgyi, The Crazy Ape, Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1971, p 72. (6) Available from

Amazon.com

Szent-Gyrgyi, AlbertOur nervous system developed for one sole purpose, to maintain our lives and satisfy ourneeds. All our reflexes serve this purpose. this makes us utterly egotistic. With rare

exceptions people are really interested in one thing only: themselves. Everybody, bynecessity, is the center of his own universe.

When the human brain took its final shape, say, 100,000 years ago, problems and solutionsmust have been exceedingly simple. There were no long-range problems and man had tograb any immediate advantage. The world has changed but we are still willing to sell moredistant vital interests for some minor immediate gains. Our military industrial complex,which endangers the future of mankind, to a great extent owes its stability to the fact that somay people depend on it for their living.

This holds true for all of us, including myself. When I received the Nobel Prize, the only
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big lump sum of money I have ever seen, I had to do something with it. The easiest way todrop this hot potato was to invest it, to buy shares. I knew World War II was coming and Iwas afraid that if I had shares which rise in case of war, I would wish for war. So I askedmy agent to buy shares which go down in the event of war. This he did. I lost my moneyand saved my soul.

Albert Szent-Gyrgyi, The Crazy Ape, Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1971, p 72. (6) Available from

Amazon.com

Turing, Alan, Mathison(1912-1954) b. London, England(1943, New York: the Bell Labs Cafeteria) His high pitched voice already stood out abovethe general murmur of well-behaved junior executives grooming themselves for promotionwithin the Bell corporation. Then he was suddenly heard to say: "No, I'm not interested indeveloping a powerful brain. All I'm after is just a mediocre brain, something like thePresident of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company."

Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing the Enigma of Intelligence, Unwin Hyman, London, 1983, p 251. (1)

Twain, Mark (Clemens, Samuel, Langhorne)(1835-1910) b. Florida, Missouri

Man is the Reasoning Animal. Such is the claim. I think it is open to dispute. Indeed, myexperiments have proven to me that he is the Unreasoning Animal... In truth, man isincurably foolish. Simple things which other animals easily learn, he is incapable oflearning. Among my experiments was this. In an hour I taught a cat and a dog to be friends.I put them in a cage. In another hour I taught them to be friends with a rabbit. In the courseof two days I was able to add a fox, a goose, a squirrel and some doves. Finally a monkey.They lived together in peace; even affectionately.

Next, in another cage I confined an Irish Catholic from Tipperary, and as soon as heseemed tame I added a Scotch Presbyterian from Aberdeen. Next a Turk fromConstantinople; a Greek Christian from Crete; an Armenian; a Methodist from the wilds of

Arkansas; a Buddhist from China; a Brahman from Benares. Finally, a Salvation ArmyColonel from Wapping. Then I stayed away for two whole days. When I came back to noteresults, the cage of Higher Animals was all right, but in the other there was but a chaos ofgory odds and ends of turbans and fezzes and plaids and bones and flesh--not a specimenleft alive. These Reasoning Animals had disagreed on a theological detail and carried thematter to a Higher Court.

Mark Twain, Letters from the Earth, A Fawcett Crest Book, Greenwich, Conn., 1962, pp 180-181. (1) Available

from Amazon.com

Watson, Thomas (Founder of IBM)I think there's a world market for about five computers.

Quoted by Charles Hard TownesIn Martin Moskovits (Ed.), Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel

Lareates Lectures, Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Woolley, Richard (U.K. Astronomer Royal)(In 1956, one year before Sputnik)

Space travel is utter bilge.

Quoted by Charles Hard TownesIn Martin Moskovits (Ed.), Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel

Lareates Lectures, Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Available from Amazon.com


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List of Contributors

The number in parenthesis following a quotation identifies the contributor in the followingnumbered list.

(1) The Editor

(2) James K. Love ([email protected]) and William D. Ross([email protected])

(3) Bruce Miller ([email protected])

(4) Cited by Neil Postman in The End of Education, Alfred Knopf, NY, 1995, p 10.

(5) Dr. John Hetherington, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University,Carbondale, IL 62901-6502, USA, "[email protected]."

(6) Cited by Thomas Hager in Force of Nature, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1995.

(7) Cited by Peter Coveney and Roger Highfield in The Arrow of Time, Flamingo, London1991

Compiled and edited by Alfred Burdett

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