©2006 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers the 1780s created equal jones wood ...

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

The 1780s

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 8 New Beginnings


“…to see rising in America an empire of liberty, and a prospect of

two or three hundred millions of freemen, without one noble or one

king among them.”

John Adams, 1786


TIMELINE1786 Shays’ Rebellion

Virginia’s “Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom”

1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia

U.S. Constitution signed

Northwest Territory created

The Federalist, Hamilton, Jay, and Madison

1788 U.S. Constitution ratified

1789 Washington elected President

1789 Judiciary Act of 1789

1790 First U.S. Census

Congress restricts citizenship to “free white persons”

Chief Little Turtle’s victory over U.S. troops


NEW BEGINNINGS Overview

Beating Swords into PlowsharesCompeting for Control of the Mississippi

ValleyDebtor and Creditor, Taxpayer and

BondholderDrafting a New ConstitutionRatification and the Bill of Rights


The Spread of Smallpox Across North America 1775-1782


BEATING SWORDS INTO PLOWSHARES

Will the Army Seize Control?The Society of the CincinnatiRenaming the LandscapeAn Independent Culture


BEATING SWORDS INTO PLOWSHARES

The questions facing the new republic:Who benefits the most?Who directs the new republic?With whom will the power rest?Who will hold the authority?What will the new cultural patterns be?


Will the Army Seize Control? Rumblings from the military about pay. Would it be half pay for life? A duty of 5% on imported goods to raise money for the new republic.

The Nationalists: The income would benefit the Confederacy and the government would assume control of paying the military wages.

February, 1783: Horatio Gates petitioned military to wait, if their demands are not met, veiled threats of a military coup.

March 15, 1783: Washington met with officers and dissuaded them from any action.

April, 1783: Congress assured back wages for officers, and guaranteed full pay to officers for the next 5 years.


The Society of the Cincinnati

Roman general Cincinnatus: his sword for a plowMay, 1783: General Knox announced formation of the

Society named after the Roman.A whole month’s wages to joinHereditary membership

Considerations on the Society or Order of Cincinnati…with Remarks on Its Consequences to the Freedom and Happiness of the Republic, Judge Aedanus Burke


Renaming the Landscape

America renamed its towns, streets, schools etc. to rid itself of reminders of royalty and to honor its war heroes and American heroes.Dunmore to Shenandoah (Indian name)Christopher Columbus rememberedCincinnati in honor of the SocietyWar heroes: Lafayette, Pulaski, Steuben,

Washington


An Independent Culture

American Spelling Book, Webster (1783)Copyright laws for American literary works1784: First map of the U.S.Geography Made Easy, MorseBartram’s nature bookNotes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson (1785)Letters from an American Farmer, Crèvecoeur (1782)1785: Society for the Promotion of the Manumission

Slaves (Jay and Hamilton)


COMPETING FOR CONTROL OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY

Disputed Territory: The Old Southwest

American Claims and Indian Resistance

“We Are Now Masters”: The Old Northwest

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787


Disputed Territory: The Old Southwest

Spanish territory:Louisiana, West

Florida, East Florida,

St. Augustine, Pensacola, New Orleans, Natchez, St. Louis

The lower Mississippi

•American encroachment•The 31st parallel•10,000 settlers near Knoxville•Ohio River between Lexington and Louisville•Nashville•English granted rights to Americans to navigate the Mississippi American encroachment


American Claims and Indian Resistance

Georgia: Yazoo region and Gov. Walton’s sales1796: TennesseeVirginia and Carolinas expanded westNative Americans between the Spanish and

AmericansCreeks chose leader of European-American descentCherokee warrior Dragging Canoe and the Chicamuagas


Southern Land

Debates After 1783


“We Are Now Masters”: The Old Northwest

“We are now Masters of this Island” General Schuyler to the IroquoisTreaties between Americans and Iroquois and Ohio Valley

tribes

Western land acquisitionsLand Ordinance of 1785

Jefferson’s proposal and the final outcome


A Native American Ohio Before 1785


The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Law determining how territories north of the Ohio River would be governedImmediate prohibition of slavery north of the Ohio River; yet

deportation of runaway slaves allowedOnly 3 to 5 new statesIncreased property requirements for citizens to vote or hold

officeTerritorial officials: governor, secretary, and 3 judgesBasic rights for residents: religious freedom, trial by jury,

access to common-law judicial proceedingsFull entry into union as equal states


DEBTOR AND CREDITOR, TAXPAYER AND BONDHOLDER

New Sources of Wealth“Tumults in New England”The Massachusetts Regulation


New Sources of Wealth Britain imposed restrictions on trade with West

IndiesAmerican merchants explored new markets with the

Russians, Hawaii, ChinaThe speculative market

The wealthy bought loan certificates, paper notes, and wartime securities at low rates

Wealth concentrated in a minorityThe wealthy minority saw opportunities to influence power

by becoming involved in politics


“Tumults in New England”

With resentment over heavy taxes to pay interest on debts, the demand for new paper money

7 states issued paper money for debt reliefThe lack of the Caribbean market stemmed

the cash flow and debt cases roseRhode Island’s currency law


The Massachusetts Regulation

1786: Massachusetts imposed direct tax on citizens to be paid in hard cash

Shay’s Rebellion (Daniel Shays)1786: New England Regulators marched to close the courts in

Hampshire County and WorcesterAttempted to seize the federal arsenal in Springfield but were

stopped by a private militiaNext election they succeeded in voting out the old governor

and electing John Hancock

A plus for advocates of a strong national government


DRAFTING A NEW CONSTITUTION

Philadelphia: A Gathering of Like-Minded Men

Compromise and ConsensusQuestions of RepresentationSlavery: The Deepest Dilemma


Philadelphia: A Gathering of Like-Minded Men

May, 1787: Constitutional Convention considered commercial matters and improved the Articles of Confederation

Representatives from 12 states debated the Constitution. Rhode Island didn’t attend. 55 white, male, well-educated delegates.

An “excess of democracy”? A strong central government would better handle finances and be creditor friendly.

Representation. Proportional?Unicameral or bicameral?Balancing the branches


Compromise and Consensus

A diverse gathering of political and philosophical differencesWho has the power to elect?

Committee on Postponed MattersElectoral CollegeState legislatures set voting methods


Questions of RepresentationMadison and the Virginia Plan

3 separate branches, bicameral with House selected by popular vote and Senate by state legislators

Paterson and the New Jersey PlanUnicameral, each state equal vote

Franklin’s committee worked a compromiseSenate: each state 2 seats; House: proportional to state

populationNational Census needed every 10 yearsShould slaves count? The three-fifths formula: Every 5

slaves = 3 free people


Slavery: The Deepest Dilemma

Even in light of heavy opposition to slavery, Southern planter delegates refused any regulation or curtailed slavery.

Compromise: In exchange for giving Congress the right to regulate international shipping, the convention allowed slavery importation for at least 20 years.


RATIFICATION AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS

The Campaign for Ratification Dividing and Conquering the Anti-

FederalistsAdding a Bill of Rights


The Campaign for Ratification

September, 1787: Confederation Congress accepted proposed Constitution and submitted it to states for ratification.

Pennsylvania took 3 months to ratify.December: Delaware, New Jersey and Georgia ratified.January: Connecticut ratified.Federalists and Anti-FederalistsThe Federalist: Publius (Hamilton and Madison) and

Jay


Dividing and Conquering the Anti-Federalists

A diverse coalition of Anti-Federalists opposed the new Constitution and a strong national government that threatened local politics.

July, 1788: Through coalition building and “politicking” the Federalists got ratification from the remaining states: Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire.

Ratification by 9 states made the new Constitution the law of the land.


Adding a Bill of Rights

Drawn up by MadisonMotivated to ensure his election to the House,

and to prevent a second national conventionInitially 12 proposed amendments focusing

on individual rightsThree-fourths of the states ratified 10

amendments, known as the Bill of Rights.

©2006 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers the 1780s created equal jones wood ...

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