©2003 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers 1775–1783 chapter 7...

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

1775–1783

CHAPTER 7 REVOLUTIONARIES

AT WARCREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ


“’Tis time to part.”

Thomas Paine, Common Sense


TIMELINE1776 Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

Declaration of IndependenceBritish seize New York CityWashington crosses the DelawareNew Jersey gives women the vote

1777 Burgoyne surrenders at SaratogaWashington at Valley Forge

1778 U.S. aligns with FranceBritish take Savannah

1779 Sullivan’s campaign against the IroquoisMassachusetts state constitutional convention


TIMELINE continued1780 British take Charleston1781 Battle at Cowpens, South Carolina

Cornwallis surrenders at YorktownArticles of Confederation ratified

1783 Treaty of Paris1785 Land Ordinance of 1785


REVOLUTIONARIES AT WAR Overview

Declaring Independence“Victory or Death”: Fighting for

SurvivalLegitimate States, a Respectable

MilitaryThe Long Road to Yorktown


Britain at War: The Global Context, 1778-1783


DECLARING INDEPENDENCEThe Continental Congress Takes

Control“Liberty to Slaves"The Struggle to Control Boston and

Quebec“Time to Part”The British Attack New York


The Continental Congress Takes Control

May, 1775: Second Continental Congress New York fortifications12 new companies of riflemenArmy DepartmentCoalition between northern and southern colonies

Green Mountain Boys victory at Ticonderoga in May, 1775

June, 1775: George Washington appointed commander of continental forcesWashington, a slave owner, a nod to the southern colonies


Liberty to SlavesJune, 1775, British commander Gage

proposes liberty to slaves for their service in the military

Deportation of Minister David Margate and the hanging of Thomas Jeremiah

Lord Dunsmore of Virginia grants freedom to slaves who fight for the kingEthiopian Regiment


The Struggle to Control Boston and Quebec

June, 1775: Battle of Bunker HillGage routed

July, 1775: Washington in Cambridge petitions Congress for more heavy arms, and whips his troops into shape

November, 1775: Montgomery seizes Montreal.December, 1775: Montgomery tries to capture Quebec,

but failsMarch, 1776: Washington captures Dorchester Heights


“Time to Part”January, 1776: Paine’s Common SenseSummer, 1776: The Committee of Five

Franklin, Adams, Sherman, Livingston, JeffersonPrepare a formal statement declaring independenceJefferson draws from Locke: a sovereign power ultimately

resides not in government but in the people

July 4, 1776 approval vote for DeclarationJohn Hancock, signed first with the other

signatures following 2 weeks later.


The British Attack New YorkThe British “Southern Plan” fails at Sullivan’s Island.

British to land south of Chesapeake Bay and add to numbers with Loyalist in the South

The British “Northern Plan”Seize New York and divide the coloniesHessians hired by BritainWashington’s troops ill equipped, outnumbered, with no naval

support divide their troops between Manhattan and Long IslandAugust 27, 1776: Battle of Long Island has American troops

running to the north


“VICTORY OR DEATH”: FIGHTING FOR SURVIVAL

A Desperate Gamble Pays OffBreakdown in British PlanningSaratoga Tips the Balance Forging an Alliance with France


Overview of the Revolutionary War


A Desperate Gamble Pays Off

Washington’s Surprise AttacksChristmas Day, 1776:

Washington crosses the Delaware and takes Trenton, New Jersey

December 30, 1776:Washington defeats Cornwallis at Princeton


Breakdown in British Planning

The Plan:Burgoyne to march south from Canada to the Hudson

Valley with a large force dividing the coloniesBritish and Indian forces to march east from Lake

Ontario to Mohawk River meeting Burgoyne in AlbanyHowe to move north from New York

The BreakdownHowe moves south to Philadelphia without telling

Burgoyne


Saratoga Tips the BalanceWashington suffers defeat at Brandywine and

Germantown, but gains experience for his men, and depletes Howe’s troops

September, 1977: At Freeman’s Farm Americans inflict large damage to British troopsBenedict Arnold and Daniel Morgan

October, 1977: British suffer another defeat at the second battle of Freeman’s FarmHoratio Gates takes credit for Arnold/Morgan win


Forging an Alliance with France

Franklin in FranceElicits money and arms initiallyAfter Saratoga, France and America build alliance

French forego claim to English land in AmericaAmericans promise to defend French holdings in CaribbeanGlobal conflict with France’s entry into war

Domestic opposition in England Costs of war Fear of French power Desire for American trade Idealistic beliefs in revolutionary goals


LEGITIMATE STATES, A RESPECTABLE MILITARY

The Articles of ConfederationCreating State ConstitutionsTensions in the Military RanksShaping a Diverse ArmyThe War at Sea


The Articles of Confederation

Approved November, 1777Each state retains its sovereignty and

independenceCongress cannot collect taxes or regulate tradeNo separate executive branchConfederation granted control of western landsRatified in 1781


Creating State ConstitutionsState Constitutions commonality

Less strength in the executive branch: state governors

More strength in the legislature and their responsibility to the constituents

Separation of executive, legislative, and judicial branches


Tensions in the Military Ranks

Educated gentry and citizen soldiersThe upper-class struggle to define their

participation, if at allShould buying exemptions be

allowed?How should officers be elected?


Shaping a Diverse ArmyFriedrich von Steuben

New discipline boosts Army morale

Disparities between pay and treatment of officers and enlisted men

Should women be allowed to serve in the Army?Deborah Sampson, Mary Hays “Molly Pitcher”

Free black petition to fight


The War at SeaEach state commission small

naviesBritish navy spread thinJohn Paul Jones capture of

Britain’s SerapisAmerican privateers


THE LONG ROAD TO YORKTOWN

Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts

The Unpredictable War in the South

The Final CampaignWinning the Peace


The Revolutionary War in the North


Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts

The expanding white colonies feeds the

loyalty of Native Americans to Britain 1776: Dragging Canoe, responds to illegal purchase of Cherokee

land 1777: Daniel Boone and the settlement at the Kentucky River 1777: Joseph Brant and Loyalists attack frontier settlements in

Pennsylvania and New York 1779: George Rogers Clark captures Henry Harrison 1779: John Sullivan raids Iroquois Confederacy 1780: British recruit Sioux for attack on Spanish-held St. Louis


The Revolutionary War in the West


The Unpredictable War in the South

Gálvez in Spanish Louisiana drives English from Mississippi River in 1779, seize Mobile in 1780, and Pensacola in 1781

British in Georgia and Charleston1780: Americans defeated at Camden, South

CarolinaBenedict Arnold defectsOctober 1780: Patriots rout British at King’s

Mountain, North Carolina


The Revolutionary War in the South


The Final CampaignNathanael Greene

1781:Using non-traditional methods,Greene overtakes British forces at Battle of Cowpens, South Carolina

Strategy: Fire two rounds and fall back

Battle of Guilford Courthouse March, 1781: Greene again takes heavy toll on British troops

DeGrasse and the French fleet in Chesapeake Bay denies Cornwallis’s relief from the sea, September, 1781

Victory at Yorktown and the British surrender October 19, 1781


Winning the Peace Diplomacy and negotiations by Franklin, Adams, and Jay French foreign minister Vergennes opposing American

republican principles, hoped to leave English control of their current territory

Franklin negotiates peace with Britain winning independence, troop withdrawal, and fishing rights and granting a “vague” recommendation that Loyalists would be compensated for lost property

The new American borders west to the Mississippi, to Florida in the south, and north to Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River

©2003 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers 1775–1783 chapter 7...

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