002 types of solid waste

TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION

OF MSW

Solid Waste (also referred to as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, or junk) is unwanted or unusable materials.

What is Solid Waste Management? SWM is the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer

and transportation, processing and disposal of solid wastes. This includes all technological, financial, institutional and legal

aspects involved to solve the whole spectrum of issues related solid wastes

Objective: Reduction in generation and proper disposal..

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What is Solid Waste?

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2- Waste Characterization

2-Waste Characterization

2.1 Introduction2.2 Waste Generation Rates 2.3 Waste Composition 2.4 Waste Trends

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Main elements of waste characterization:

• Waste sources and types • Waste generation rate• Waste composition

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Important of waste characterization:

It is necessary to monitor and control existing waste management systems and to make regulatory, financial, and institutional decisions.

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Classification based on type

Biodegradable Non-biodegradable

consist of organic matter and can be

degraded

consist of inorganic and

recyclable materials which

cannot be degraded

Paper, food waste, vegetables and fruit peels, wood, etc.

Plastics,Glass,Metals

Type Description Source

Garbage Wastes from the preparation, cooking and serving of food, market refuse, waste from the handling, storage, and sale of produce and meat.

Households, institutions and commercial concerns such as hotels, stores, restaurants, market, etc

Combustible & non-combustible

Combustible (primarily organic) paper, cardboard, cartons, wood, boxes, plastic, rags, cloth, bedding, leather, rubber, grass, leaves, yard trimmings etc.

Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and for heating building cinders

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Classification of solid wastes

Type Description SourceBulky wastes

Large auto parts, tyres, stoves, refrigerators, other large appliances, furniture, large crates, trees branches, stumps etc

Streets, sidewalks, alleys, vacant plots etc.

Street wastes

Street sweepings, dirt, leaves etc.

Dead animals

Dogs, cats, rats, donkeys etc.

Abandoned vehicles

Automobiles and spare parts

Construction & demolition wastes

Roofing and sheathing scraps, rubble, broken concrete, plaster, conduit pipe, wire, insulation etc

Construction and demolition sites

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Type Description SourceIndustrial wastes

Solid wastes resulting from industrial processes and manufacturing operations, such as food processing wastes, boiler house ashes, wood, plastic and metal scraps etc.

Factories, power plants etc

Hazardous wastes

Pathological wastes, explosives, radioactive materials etc.

Households, hospitals, institutions, stores, industry etc

Animals & agricultural wastes

Manure, crop residues etc. Livestock, farms, feedlots and agriculture

Sewage treatment residue

Coarse screening grit, septic tank sludge, dewatered sludge.

Sewage treatment plants and septic tanks.

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Category Type of waste Approximate time taken to degenerate

Biodegradable

Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, food waste etc

A week or two

Paper Upto 30 days

Cotton cloth 2-5 months

Woollen items 1 year

Wood upto15 years

Non-biodegradable Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans

100-500 years

Plastic bags One million years?

Glass bottles Undetermined

Degeneration Time-Solid Wastes

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2.1 Waste sources and types

There are eight major classifications of solid waste generators based on waste source:

Residential, Industrial, Commercial, Institutional, construction and Demolition, Municipal services, Process, and Agricultural.

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Types of solid wastes Typical waste generators

Source

Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes

Single and multifamily dwellings

Residential

Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes

Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants

Industrial

Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”

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Source

Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes

Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc.

Commercial

Same as commercial Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers

Institutional

Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc. New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings

Construction and Demolition

Continue Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes


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Source

Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge

Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants

Municipal services

Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-specification products, slag, tailings

Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing

Process



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Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides)

Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms

Agriculture


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MSW includes:

Residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, construction, demolition, process, and municipal services.

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• Some sources are commonly excluded, such as industrial, construction and demolition, and municipal services.

• In high income countries, only 25 percent to 35 percent of the overall waste stream is from residential sources.

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• If municipal waste stream includes construction and demolition waste, the quantity of waste is doubled.

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2.2 Waste Generation RatesFactors Influence Waste Generation Rates:

• Socioeconomic development,

• Degree of industrialization,

• Climate.

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• Greater the economic wealth and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced

• Low income countries have the lowest percentage of urban populations and the lowest waste generation rates,

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• As GNP increases toward the middle income range, the per capita waste generation rates also increase,

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Current Urban GNP Per Capita

Country

MSW Generation(kg/capita/day)

(1995 US $)

0.64 490 Low Income

0.50 200 Nepal

0.49 240 Bangladesh

0.45 240 Myanmar

0.55 240 Vietnam

0.60 310 Mongolia

0.46 340 India

0.69 350 Lao PDR

0.79 620 China

0.89 700 Sri Lanka

MSW Generation(kg/capita/day)

GNP Per Capita

Country

0.73 1,410 Middle Income

0.76 980 Indonesia

0.52 1,050 Philippines

1.10 2,740 Thailand

0.81 3,890 Malaysia

1.64 30,990 High Income

1.59 9,700 Korea, Republic of

5.07* 22,990 Hong Kong

1.10 26,730 Singapore

1.47 39,640 Japan*Enormous quantities of construction and demolition waste

Table 2: Current Urban Municipal Solid Waste Generation

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2.3 Waste Composition

• Factors Influence Waste Composition:• Geographical location,• Standard of living,• Energy source, and • Weather

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Percentages based on a weighted average of the compositions for individual countries

Compositions for municipal solid waste based on wet weight

Different definitions and methodologies for determining composition

18/34Figure 1: Waste Composition of Low, Middle, and High Income Countries

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Waste Composition of Low Income Countries

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Waste Composition of Middle Income Countries

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Waste Composition of High Income Countries

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Conclusion • Low and middle income countries have a high percentage of compostable organic matter (40 to 85%)

• Percentage of consumer packaging wastes increases relative to the population’s degree of wealth and urbanization.

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Continue Conclusion • Presence of paper, plastic, glass, and metal becomes more prevalent in the waste stream of middle and high income countries.

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Figure 2: Variations in Waste Generation and Composition

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2.4 Waste Trends

Figure 3: United States Material Consumption Trends, 1900-89

(millions of tones)

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• Japan has experienced waste trends comparable to the United States. Waste quantities were rising until 1970, declined temporarily after the 1973 energy crisis, and then rose again slightly.

• Since 1990, generation rates have stabilized due to an economic slow-down and the implementation of waste reduction policies.

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Figure 4: China City Waste Composition

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• China is also experiencing rapid population and economic growth. Consequently, municipal solid waste is increasing in excess of 10 percent per year.

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• MSW quantities have increased from 1.19 million tones in 1985 to 1.50 million tones in 1993

• Composition shifting towards plastic and paper packaging a reflection of improved living standards.

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2025 UrbanMSW Generation(kg/capita/day)

2025 UrbanPopulation(% of Total)

GNP Per Capitain 2025( US $)

Country

0.6-1.0 48.8 1,050 Low Income

0.6 34.3 360 Nepal

0.6 40.0 440 Bangladesh

0.6 47.3 580 Myanmar

0.7 39.0 580 Vietnam

0.9 76.5 560 Mongolia

0.7 45.2 620 India

0.8 44.5 850 Lao PDR

0.9 54.5 1,500 China

1.0 42.6 1,300 Sri Lanka

0.8-1.5 61.1 3,390 Middle Income

1.0 60.7 2,400 Indonesia

0.8 74.3 2,500 Philippines

1.5 39.1 6,650 Thailand

1.4 72.7 9,400 Malaysia

1.1-4.5 88.2 41,140

High Income

1.4 93.7 17,600

Korea, Republic of

4.5 97.3 31,000

Hong Kong

1.1 100.0 36,000

Singapore

1.3 84.9 53,500

JapanTable 3: 2025 Urban Per Capita Municipal Solid Waste Generation

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Waste generation rate for low income countries increase by approximately 0.2 kg per capita per day

Packaging wastes, such as paper, plastic, and glass, will increase as economies increase

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Middle income countries should anticipate increase of about 0.3 kg/c.d

Overall, waste composition is predicted to become even more variable as the percentage of compostable matter declines, and packaging wastes, especially paper and plastic, increase.

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Figure 5: Total Waste Quantities and Volumes Generated by Low, Middle and High Income Countries (per day)

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MSW Status By 2025:•Urban populations from low and middle income countries will triple their current rate of MSW generation

•Low income countries will generate more than twice as much MSW than all of the middle and high income countries

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Continue MSW Status By 2025:

•Such a dramatic increase will place enormous stress on limited financial resources and inadequate waste management systems.

•Per capita MSW generation rate in high income countries is expected to remain stable or even decrease slightly due to the strengthening of waste minimization programs.

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•Overall MSW composition for high income countries is predicted to be relatively stable;

•A different trend when comparing waste volume; Average waste densities of 500 kg/m3, 300 kg/m3, and 150 kg/m3 were used to calculate the volume of waste generated for low, medium, and high income

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•Low income countries currently produce the highest quantity of waste on mass basis; high income countries generate the most waste on volumetric basis.

•Increase in volume result of paper, plastics, bulky wastes, and other multi-material packaging in high income countries. Low and middle income countries have a larger percentage of high density organic matter and ash residues

Future Changes in Waste Composition

In terms of solid waste management planning, knowledge of future trends in the composition of solid waste and quantities are of great importance.

Food Waste The quantity of residential food waste collected has

changed significantly over the years as a result of technical advances and change in public health

Food processing and packaging industry and the use of kitchen food waste grinders have effected the quantity of food waste

The percentage of food waste, by weight, has decreased from about 14 percent in the early 1960s to about 9 percent in 1992.


Paper and Cardboard The percentage of paper and cardboard found in MSW has

increased greatly over the past half century , rising from about 20 percent in the early 1940s to about 40 percent in 1992

if the U.S. postal rate for bulk mail were increased to first class mail, a significant reduction would occur in the amount of paper collected for disposal

Yard Wastes The percentage of yard waste has also increased significantly,

due primarily to passage of laws that prohibit burning of yard wastes.

By weight, yard waste currently accounts for about 16 to 24 percent of the waste stream

Environmental conditions such as droughts have also affected the quantities of yard wastes collected in certain locations


Plastics The percentage of plastics in solid waste has increased

significantly during the past 50 years

the use of plastics has increased from almost non-measurable quantities in the early 1940s to between 7 and 8 percent, by weight, in 1992

It is anticipated the use of plastic will continue to increase, but at a slower rate than during the past 25 years

Nature of Municipal Solid Waste

Organic (Combustible)

Inorganic (non-combustible) Putrescible (Bio-degradable)

Recyclable

Hazardous Infectious

Typical Physical Composition of Residential MSW

ComponentPercent by Weight Moisture percent

Range Typical Range Typical

Organic

Food wastes 6 – 26 15 50 – 80 70

Paper 25 – 45 40 4 – 10 6

Cardboard 3 – 15 4 4 – 8 5

Plastics 2 – 8 3 1 – 4 2

Textiles 0 – 4 2 6 – 15 10

Rubber 0 – 2 0.5 1 – 4 2

Leather 0 – 2 0.5 8 – 12 10

Yard wastes

0 – 20 12 30 – 80 60

Wood 1 – 4 2 15 – 40 20

Misc. organics

Inorganics

Glass 4 – 16 8 1 – 4 2

Tin cans 2 – 8 6 2 – 4 3

Aluminum 0 – 1 1 2 – 4 2

Other metal 1 – 4 2 2 – 6 3

Dirt, ash etc 0 – 10 4 6 – 12 8

Composition of Solid Waste

The percentage distribution values for the components in MSW vary with Location Season economic conditions population Social behavior Climate Market for waste materials Other factor

Determination of the Composition of MSW in the FieldBecause the heterogeneous nature of solid

wastes, determination of the composition is not an easy task

More generalized field procedures based on common sense and random sampling technique have evolved for determining composition

The procedure for residential MSW can be summarized as following The load is first quartered One part is then selected for additional

quartering unit a sample size of about 200 lb is obtained

It is important to maintain the integrity of each selected quarter regardless of the odor or physical decay

make sure that all the components are measured

The field procedure for component identification for commercial and industrial waste involves the analysis of representative waste samples taken directly from the source, not from a mixed waste load in a collection vehicle. Due to the fact that these wastes are so variable.

Determination of the Composition of MSW in the Field

Types of Materials Recovered from MSW

Aluminum Paper Plastics Glass Ferrous Metals (Iron and Steel) Nonferrous waste Yard waste collected separately Construction and demolition wastes

Recycling is the best way to solve solid waste management problem. This process exists in all cities . However, the recycling system differs from developing countries and developed countries .

Developed countries have well organized source separation and recycling system while in the developing countries the system of recycling is not effective because it is still in the hands of informal sectors

Types of Materials Recovered from MSW

Developed Countries Have Recycling System Starting From Curbside Collection System. Separate Colored Collections Bins are Provided to Deposit Separate Waste Material

These Sorting Facilities are Well Organized and Materials are Separated for Further Processing

Separation of Recyclable and Placing Separately

In Developed Countries The Scavengers Collect the Recyclables and Separate in their Own Premises

Recyclables Collected from Scavengers are Deposited in One Place

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Physical• Density of waste• Bulk/ Mass• Moisture content• Size

Chemical• Lipids• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Natural fibres• organic materials• Non-combustibles• CHONS• etc.

Waste Characteristics

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002 types of solid waste

Documents

waste sources

solid waste management

waste generation rates

food waste etca week

disposal of solid wastes

solid wastesobjective

food processing wastes

control of generation