© 2004 pearson addison-wesley. all rights reserved 1-1 econ 304 money and banking instructor:...
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 1-1
ECON 304Money and Banking
Instructor: Bernard Malamud
–Office: BEH 502
Phone (702) 895 –3294
Fax: 895 – 1354
»Email: [email protected]
Website: www.unlv.edu/faculty/bmalamud
Office hours: M 2:30 – 4:30 pm; W 3:30 – 5:30 pm
And by appointment
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Money,Banking, and Financial Markets
Why Study Financial Markets?
1. Channel funds from savers to investors, thereby promoting economic efficiency
2. Affect personal wealth and behavior of business firms
Why Study Banking and Financial Institutions?
1. Financial Intermediation
Helps get funds from savers to investors
2. Banks and Money Supply
Crucial role in creation of money
3. Financial Innovation
Why Study Money and Monetary Policy?
1. Influence on business cycles, inflation, and interest rates
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Function of Financial Markets1. Allows transfers of funds from person or business without investment opportunities to one who has them2. Improves economic efficiency
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Bond Market
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Stock Market
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Classifications of Financial Markets1. Debt Markets
Short-term (maturity < 1 year) Money Market
Long-term (maturity > 1 year) Capital Market
2. Equity Markets
Common stocks
1. Primary Market
New security issues sold to initial buyers
2. Secondary Market
Securities previously issued are bought and sold
1. Exchanges
Trades conducted in central locations (e.g., New York Stock Exchange)
2. Over-the-Counter Markets
Dealers at different locations buy and sell
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Function of Financial IntermediariesFinancial Intermediaries1. Engage in process of indirect finance2. More important source of finance than securities markets3. Needed because of transactions costs and asymmetric informationTransactions Costs1. Financial intermediaries make profits by reducing transactions costs2. Reduce transactions costs by developing expertise and taking
advantage of economies of scaleRisk Sharing1. Create and sell assets with low risk characteristics and then use the
funds to buy assets with more risk (also called asset transformation).2. Also lower risk by helping people to diversify portfolios
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Why Debt Exceeds Equity:Adverse Selection,and Moral HazardAdverse Selection
1. Before transaction occurs
2. Potential borrowers most likely to produce adverse outcomes are ones most likely to seek loans and be selected
Moral Hazard
1. After transaction occurs
2. Hazard that borrower has incentives to engage in undesirable (immoral) activities making it more likely that won’t pay loan back
Financial intermediaries reduce adverse selection and moral hazard problems, enabling them to make profits
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Size of Financial Intermediaries
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Financial Intermediaries
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Regulation of Financial Markets and Intermediaries
1. Increase information to investors
A. Decreases adverse selection and moral hazard problems
B. SEC forces corporations to disclose information
2. Ensuring the soundness of financial intermediaries
A. Prevents financial panics
B. Chartering, reporting requirements, restrictions on assets and activities, deposit insurance, and anti-competitive measures
But, the trend …
… financial innovation and deregulation
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Money: What and WhyEconomist’s Meaning of Money1. Anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services2. Not the same as wealth or income
Functions of Money1. Medium of exchange2. Unit of account3. Store of value
Evolution of Payments System1. Precious metals like gold and silver2. Paper currency (fiat money)3. Checks4. Electronic means of payment5. Electronic money: Debit cards, Stored-value cards, Smart cards, E-
cash
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Federal Reserve’s Monetary Aggregates
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Growth Rates of Fed’s Monetary Aggregates
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Money and Business Cycles
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Money and the Price Level
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Money Growth and Inflation
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Money Growth and Interest Rates
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Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy