world war i essential questions how does mania explain the causes for world war one?
TRANSCRIPT
World War I
Essential Questions• How does MANIA Explain the Causes for
World War One?
Militarism- Navy
• Britain vs. Germany• Competition to create
the most Dreadnoughts– Britain makes 29– Germany makes 17
• Germany starts making U-Boats
HMS Dreadnought
Militarism- Army sizes 1914
• Britain- 975,000• Russia- 5,971,000• France- 4,017,000• Germany- 4,500,000• Austria-Hungary-
3,000,000• Italy- 1,251,000• Japan- 800,000• USA- 200,000
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mil
lio
ns
The Alliance System
• Secret Alliances between European powers
• Triple Alliance (1882)– Germany, Italy, Austria
• Triple Entente (1907)– G.B., France, Russia
Nationalism
Imperialism in Africa
Imperialism in Asia
The British Empire 1909
Antagonist (Yellow)Journalism
Propaganda- When the media or government promotes a certain idea or doctrine.
The Steps toward war
• Balkan troubles– Series of civil wars ends exclusive control by the
Ottomans between 1878-1914– Leads to increased pressure for control by Austria
and the creation of many small countries
The Balkans 1878
Balkan Wars- several small nations gained Ottoman controlled territories
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Sent to Sarajevo
• 2nd most powerful in Austria• Inspect and
secure city • Potential
“threat” was neighboring Serbia
https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Assassin-of-Archduke-Franz-Ferdinand-Gavrilo-Princip
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin: The Assassin:GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
July Ultimatum
• Franz Josef, leader of Austria-Hungary, makes series of ten demands against Serbia– Serbia fulfills eight out of the ten demands
• July 28th 1914, Austria Declares war!
Activating the Alliances
• July 31st, Russia backs Serbia, declares war on Austria
• August 1st , Germany declares war on Russia• August 3rd, Germany declares war on France• August 4th, Britain declares war on Germany
Enthusiasm for War!
Schlieff en Plan
• Plan was to :– Invade/conquer France
before Russia can mobilize.
– Germany invades Neutral Belgium, on August 3rd
• When done, Germany stalls in Belgium
Battle of the Marne
• September 5-12, 1914• German advance which
is halted by allied forces• Allies push Germans
back, ending the idea of a quick war
• Over 200,000 casualties on both sides
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916The Somme – July, 1916
-60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
-Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
-60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
-Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
Eastern Front
• Russia vs. Germany and Austria
• Russia mobilizes and advances
• Russia gains much territory
Battle of Tannenberg
• Germany vs. Russia• Germans win because of…– Using railroads to transport troops– Listening to Russian radio transmissions
• Germany loses 20,000; Russia loses 140,000
German pushes
• Germany advances into Russia.
• Germany and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
October (Bolshevik) Revolution
• November 7, 1917• Overthrew the Czar and
put a communist government in charge of Russia.
• By 1922, Russia is known as the USSR or the Soviet Union
New Technologies
Maxim Machine Gun •Used by… Germany, USA, Britain, France, Austria, Russia
Artillery- ex. Big Bertha
Artillery at the Battle of Verdun
From Horses to…
British Tanks at Ypres
Little Willie
Poison gases
• France first uses mustard gas
• German uses gas frequently– Chlorine gas– Mustard gas– Tear gas
British soldiers on horseback with gas masks
German gas canisters lined up
Wireless Communication
• Need for communicating over hundreds of miles.
• Ships and soldiers on the front lines used radio to communicate with commanders
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Note“We intend to begin on the 1st of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace. Signed, Zimmermann. “
http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/1917_Documents
USA enters the war
• President Wilson declares war on April 6, 1917“The World must be made
safe for Democracy"
• USA leaves isolationism; goes to fight in France
• USA soldiers known as doughboys
Selective Service Act24,000,000 men registered for
the draft by the end of 1918.
4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).
400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated units.
15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non segregated units.
AEF (American Expeditionary Force)
• Led by General John Pershing
Ludendorff Offensive
• Germany’s last attempt to conquer France
• Used Sturmtrüppen to infiltrate trenches
• Immediate success; stalled when USA arrives in Sept. 1917
Hundred Day’s Offensive
• Allies– USA– Britain– Australia– France
• Battle of St.-Hihiel• Meuse-Argonne Forest– Sept. 26-Nov. 11 1918
Sergeant Alvin York
• Most decorated American in WWI
• Battle of Argonne Forest– 132 prisoners taken– 35 machine guns
captured
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmRRhxo0RHc
Germany beaten back to the Hindenburg Line
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
The Homefront
Total War
• Warfare involving all resources of a nation to fight.– Women– Factories– Roads– Farms– Food rationing– Bonds
Rationing and Recycling
Paper recycling
Women’s role
• Replaced men in factories• Signed up as nurses in the
Red Cross– Women’s League pushed for
service• 19th Amendment
War Industries Board
• Created in July, 1917• Coordinated purchases or war materials and
retooling of factories for war.– US productivity increases 20% over one year– Unemployment virtually disappeared.– Expansion of “big government.”– Close cooperation between public
and private sectors.– Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged
groups.
Committee of Public Information
• Created April 1917– Muckraker George Creel
• Volunteer media organizations – Created anti-German propaganda to promote the
war– “Liberty Cabbage”– “Hot Dogs”
Espionage Act – 1917
• forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military
• ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail
• fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.
Sedition Act – 1918
- it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.
Schenck v. US – 1919Schenck v. US – 1919• In ordinary times the mailing of the
leaflets would have been protected by the 1st Amendment.
• BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.
Abrams v. US – 1919
• majority ruling --> cited Holmes’– “Clear and present danger” doctrine.
- Holmes & Brandeis dissented: The best test of truth is the
power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.
Great Migration
Spanish Flu
• H1N1 virus– Starts as Swine flu in
Kansas, taken to Europe
• 20-25 million killed world-wide
• Why is it called the “Spanish Flu?”
President Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Speech January 8, 1918• Fourteen Points for ending the war and
afterwards:– Free trade throughout Europe– Open Agreements– Self-Determination of countries– Redrawing country borders
Treaty of Versailles
• June 28, 1919• Germany surrenders--- punishes Germany– War reparations– Loss of Territories– Limited army
• Creation of the League of Nations– Regulates changes of other countries– US Congress refuses to sign or join• Why?
Treaty of Versailles
New Nations 1923