unit six: world war i essential questions how did mania create wwi? in what ways did the “war to...
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Unit Six:World War I
Essential Questions• How did MANIA create WWI?• In what ways did the “war to end all wars”
change the landscape of Europe politically, economically and culturally?
Militarism- Navy
• Britain vs. Germany• Competition to create
the most Dreadnoughts– Britain makes 29– Germany makes 17
• Germany starts making U-Boats
HMS Dreadnought
Militarism- Army sizes 1914
• Britain- 975,000• Russia- 5,971,000• France- 4,017,000• Germany- 4,500,000• Austria-Hungary-
3,000,000• Italy- 1,251,000• Japan- 800,000• USA- 200,000
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mil
lio
ns
The Alliance System
• Dual Alliance (1879)• Triple Alliance (1882)– Germany, Italy, Austria
• Franco-Russian Alliance (1892)
• Triple Entente (1907)– G.B., France, Russia
Nationalism
Imperialism in Africa
Imperialism in Asia
The British Empire 1909
Antagonist Journalism (Propaganda)
Propaganda- When the media or government promotes a certain idea or doctrine.
The Steps toward war
• Balkan troubles– Series of civil wars ends exclusive control by the
Ottomans between 1878-1914– Leads to increased pressure for control by Austria
and the creation of many small countries
The Balkans 1878
Balkan Wars- several small nations gained Ottoman controlled territories
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Sent to Sarajevo
• Inspect and secure city
• Potential “threat” was neighboring Serbia
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin: The Assassin:GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
July Ultimatum
• Franz Josef, leader of Austria-Hungary, makes series of ten demands against Serbia– Serbia fulfills eight out of the ten demands
• July 28th 1914, Austria Declares war!
Activating the Alliances
• July 31st, Russia backs Serbia, declares war on Austria
• August 1st , Germany declares war on Russia• August 3rd, Germany declares war on France• August 4th, Britain declares war on Germany
Enthusiasm for War!
Schlieff en Plan
• Plan was to :– Invade/conquer France
before Russia can mobilize.
– Germany invades Neutral Belgium, on August 3rd
• When done, Germany stalls in Belgium
Battle of the Marne
• September 5-12, 1914• German advance which
is halted by allied forces• Allies push Germans
back, ending the idea of a quick war
• Over 200,000 casualties on both sides
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916The Somme – July, 1916
-60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
-Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
-60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
-Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
Eastern Front
• Russia vs. Germany and Austria
• Russia mobilizes and advances
• Russia gains much territory
Battle of Tannenberg
• Germany vs. Russia• Germans win because of…– Using railroads to transport troops– Listening to Russian radio transmissions
• Germany loses 20,000; Russia loses 140,000
German pushes
• Germany advances into Russia.
• Germany and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
October (Bolshevik) Revolution
• November 7, 1917• Overthrew the Czar and
put a communist government in charge of Russia.
• By 1922, Russia is known as the USSR or the Soviet Union
Communism!
New Technologies
Maxim Machine Gun •Used by… Germany, USA, Britain, France, Austria, Russia
Artillery- ex. Big Bertha
Artillery at the Battle of Verdun
From Horses to…
British Tanks at Ypres
Little Willie
Poison gases
• France first uses mustard gas
• German uses gas frequently– Chlorine gas– Mustard gas– Tear gas
British soldiers on horseback with gas masks
German gas canisters lined up
Wireless Communication
• Need for communicating over hundreds of miles.
• Ships and soldiers on the front lines used radio to communicate with commanders
Total War
• Warfare involving all resources of a nation to fight.– Women– Factories– Roads– Farms– Food rationing– Bonds
War in the Near East
• Ottoman Empire (Turkey) sides with Germany, Austria and Italy
• Main interests – further territories in
North Africa – Balkans– Protect against Russia
Ottoman Empire
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
• Allie Objective: land, conquer and advance to Constantinople
Rough Terrain
Landing at Gallipoli (April 25,1915)
Ally cove on Gallipoli
Australians “Chatting”
Making tin can bombs
Pte B. Jackson, 2nd Battalion, day of Armistice, 24th May....
“I came to a spot where the dead were lying two and three deep, and I saw an Australian and a Turk who had run each other through with their bayonets. (they) had fallen dead at the same instant, as their bayonets had not been withdrawn. In their death struggle , their arms must have encircled each other. They had been in that sad embrace for at least a week".
Gallipoli
• After 8 months, Allies retreat• Casualties:– Turkey 86,692 (Axis)– Britain 21,255 – France 9,798 – Australia 8,709 – New Zealand 2,701– India 1,358 – Newfoundland 49
Imperialism still at work?
The Zimmermann Note“We intend to begin on the 1st of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace. Signed, Zimmermann. “
http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/1917_Documents
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
USA enters the war
• President Wilson declares war on April 6, 1917
• USA leaves isolationism; goes to fight in France
• USA soldiers known as doughboys
Ludendorff Offensive
• Germany’s last attempt to conquer France
• Used Sturmtrüppen to infiltrate trenches
• Immediate success; stalled when USA arrives
Hundred Day’s Offensive
• Allies– USA– Britain– Australia– France
• Beat the Germans and Austrians back into Germany
• Thus, the war’s fighting is ended
Sergeant Alvin York
• Most decorated American in WWI
• Battle of Argonne Forest– 132 prisoners taken– 35 machine guns
captured
Asian Theatre of WWI
• Battle of Tsingtao– Great Britain & Japan vs. Germany
• Germany loses all imperialist countries around the world
• Japan is a power in the east
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
President Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Speech January 8, 1918• Fourteen Points for ending the war and
afterwards:– Free trade throughout Europe– Open Agreements– Self-Determination of countries– Redrawing country borders
Treaty of Versailles
• June 28, 1919• Germany surrenders– War reparations– Loss of Territories– Limited army (100,000)
• Creation of the League of Nations– Regulates changes of other countries
European territory changes 1918
German Territorial Losses: 1919-1921
League of Nations Mandates in the Middle East