world war i 1914-1918 chapter 14. peace in europe by 1914, europe had enjoyed nearly 100 years of...
TRANSCRIPT
World War I1914-1918
Chapter 14
Peace in Europe
• By 1914, Europe had enjoyed nearly 100 years of relative peace– Olympic Games– Nobel Peace Prize– First Universal Peace Conference– Hague Tribunal
• BUT…
M.A.I.N. causes of WWI• Militarism
– Glorification of the military and war
• Alliances– Pacts of mutual defense between countries
• Imperialism– When a stronger nation takes over a weaker
nation
• Nationalism– Extreme pride in your nation/ethnic group
Nationalism
• Germany v. France– Germany proud of its new power and leadership– France wants to regain its power– Revenge for loss in Franco-Prussian War
• Russia as leader of Slavic people– Leader and protector of Slavic people– Supports break away states in the Balkans (E.
Europe)
Imperialism
• France v. Germany– Competing/fighting for colonies in Africa– Pushes Britain and France closer together
Militarism
• Imperialism caused the great powers to expand their armies and navies—making war more likely
• Resulted in an ARMS RACE– Great Britain v. Germany--competing navies
Alliances
• Distrust treaties pledging to defend on another
• 2 main alliances emerged:– Triple Alliance
• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Empire
– Entente aka Allies• France• Great Britain• Russia
The Great War Begins
Chapter 14.2
Assassination in Sarajevo
• Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary decided to visit Sarajevo on June 18, 1914
The Problem:
• Sarajevo = the capital of Bosnia• Bosnia under the rule of A-H, but had many
Serbs (Slavs) that wanted their independence– Saw A-H as oppressors
The Black Hand
• A Serbian nationalist group decided to take action = assassinating the heir to the A-H throne– 3 men sent on the mission
The Assassination
• Ferdinand and his wife escorted through the city in an open car
• 1st attempt failed (bomb wounds an officer)• 2nd attempt successful (Ferd./wife on their
way to the hospital and shot by Gavrilo Princip)
The Ultimatum:
• A-H sends Serbia an 2-day ultimatum– Punish any Serbians involved– Must be judged by Austrian judges
• Serbia rejects the Austrian judges• A-H declares war on Serbia (Slavic country),
with Germany’s support
Alliances at Work
• Read page 381 and create a flow chart of the countries that were pulled into WWI.
• Be sure to identify WHY each country got involved.
GermanyGermany
Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
FranceFrance
SerbiaSerbia
RussiaRussia
Great BritainGreat Britain
Ottoman EnpireOttoman Enpire
ItalyItaly
SupportedA-H against
Serbia
Germany’s Plan
• Schlieffen Plan: plan to avoid a 2 front war– Defeat France quickly– Then fight Russia to the
east
• Invaded Belgium to swing behind French troops
Political Cartoon
• Choose one of the European powers involved in the outbreak of WWI. Then, from that countries’ point of view, draw a cartoon assigning blame for the war.
A New Kind of Conflict
Chapter 14.3
“The Great War”
• Largest and most deadliest conflict up until that time.
• “One out of every 4 men who went out to the World War did not come back again.” (56%)– 65+ million men mobilized– 8.5 million killed
• http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html
The Western Front
• Schlieffen Plan took German forces through Belgium, BUT… Russia mobilized much quicker than anticipated had to send troops east
• Battle of Marne– British/French forces vs. German forces– Allies push German forces back; no quick victory
for Germany
• Ended in a stalemate because of trench warfare
Trench Warfare
An underground network linking bunkers, communications trenches, and gun emplacements
Trench Foot
“No man’s land”
New Technologies:
• Rapid-fire machine guns• Artillery• Poisonous gas• Armored tank• Aircrafts• Zeppelins• U-boats• Convoy systems
The War Outside of Europe
• Japan joins the Allies– Take German colonies in Asia
• Ottomans join Central Powers– Arab Revolt (Arabs supported by Allies revolt
against the Turkish Ottoman rulers)
• Allies overrun German colonies in Africa/Asia• Allies turn to own colonies for troops, laborers,
and supplies– Colonies had mixed feelings about helping
Winning the War
Chapter 14.4
Ending the Stalemate
• 3 years into the war, moral was down• BUT… Russian withdrawal and US entry into
WWI changed everything and ended the stalemate
US Neutrality:
• President Woodrow Wilson won the 1916 presidential election by promised to stay neutral = staying out of the war
• BUT…3 things prevented this from happening:
1. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• The new German U-boats (submarine) changed the nature of naval war.– BEFORE: U-boats rose to the surface and allowed
the crew to leave the ship before attacking it.– AFTER: U-boats remained hidden and fired on
merchant ships that were suspected of carrying weapons.
• (German Warning)
The Lusitania
• British ship that the Germans bombed in 1915- killed 1,200 people (128 Americans).
• Turned Americans a/g Germany• Sussex Pledge: German promises to stop
unrestricted submarine warfare = they would give a warning…
• Film:– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMUTdq1VStw
2. Zimmerman Note:
• (Handout)
3. Russian Revolution
• 1917: Czar Nicholas II of Russian was overthrown by a republican government.
• People were concerned about being allied with an autocrat = a ruler who has unlimited power.
• With Nicholas II gone, there was no reason left reason for not entering the war
Declaration of War:
• March 16-18, 1917: German sank 3 American ships.
• April 6, 1917: Wilson declared war!!– “The world must be made safe for democracy”
Total War
• Total war = channeling all of a nation’s resources into a war effort– Conscription = the draft– Raise taxes/borrow money– Ration food/other products– Economic controls; i.e. price setting– Propaganda = spreading ideas to promote a cause
or damage an opposing cause– Women step up (take jobs, volunteer, etc.)