Nations in Upheaval: EuropeNations in Upheaval: Europe1850-19141850-1914

The Rise of the Nation-StateThe Rise of the Nation-StateLouis Napoleon BonaparteLouis Napoleon Bonaparte

Modern Germany: The Role of Key IndividualsModern Germany: The Role of Key IndividualsCzarist Russia: Reform Czarist Russia: Reform

and Repressionand RepressionBritain 1867-1894Britain 1867-1894

Developments in Political Thought: SocialismDevelopments in Political Thought: SocialismThe Revolution in Russia, 1905The Revolution in Russia, 1905

The Rise of the Nation-StateThe Rise of the Nation-State

Political leaders driven to consolidate powerPolitical leaders driven to consolidate power By 1871 the process of consolidation and By 1871 the process of consolidation and

unification had created modern Germany and Italy, unification had created modern Germany and Italy, altering the balance of poweraltering the balance of power

The struggle between states for land and wealth The struggle between states for land and wealth occurred primarily outside Europe through occurred primarily outside Europe through imperialism imperialism – The process of expanding a nation’s territory through The process of expanding a nation’s territory through

the acquisition of colonies and dependencies. the acquisition of colonies and dependencies.

The ideology of nationalism linked the individual’s The ideology of nationalism linked the individual’s identity with the state, connecting his/her sense of identity with the state, connecting his/her sense of pride, prestige and power with the internal and pride, prestige and power with the internal and external strength of the nation.external strength of the nation.

Success of a nation did not depend upon national Success of a nation did not depend upon national sentiment, but political leaders had to be able to sentiment, but political leaders had to be able to harness the power of the people’s pride in the harness the power of the people’s pride in the state in pursuit of national objectives.state in pursuit of national objectives.

What is an example of political leaders attempting What is an example of political leaders attempting to harness the people’s pride to pursue an to harness the people’s pride to pursue an objectiveobjective??

Quebec ReferendumQuebec Referendum– Political leaders attempting to use the identify of Political leaders attempting to use the identify of

Francophones to separate Quebec from Francophones to separate Quebec from Canada and declare independent.Canada and declare independent.

Louis Napoleon BonaparteLouis Napoleon Bonaparte

No longer a monarchy, but a republic.No longer a monarchy, but a republic. A state in which supreme power is held by the A state in which supreme power is held by the

people or its elected representatives and not by a people or its elected representatives and not by a monarchmonarch

Ruled as president from 1848-1852Ruled as president from 1848-1852 As emperor as Napoleon III from 1852-1870 As emperor as Napoleon III from 1852-1870

during the time of prosperity in which Paris was during the time of prosperity in which Paris was restored as the diplomatic and cultural capital restored as the diplomatic and cultural capital Europe Europe

Ended in disasterEnded in disaster

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte III

(1808-1873)

Prussia overwhelming victory over France in 1870 Prussia overwhelming victory over France in 1870 brought Napoleon III and has Second Empire to an brought Napoleon III and has Second Empire to an endend

Resulted in modern Germany as the dominant power Resulted in modern Germany as the dominant power in Central Europein Central Europe

On Dec. 1-2 1851, the army occupied Paris and the On Dec. 1-2 1851, the army occupied Paris and the police arrested 78 National Assembly deputiespolice arrested 78 National Assembly deputies

Army killed 200 rioters on Dec. 4, while suppressing a Army killed 200 rioters on Dec. 4, while suppressing a left wing uprising in Paris.left wing uprising in Paris.

During the rule of Napoleon III, the French During the rule of Napoleon III, the French populace seemed content of democracy.populace seemed content of democracy.

The economy was prosperous, as the boom in The economy was prosperous, as the boom in railroad construction had a multiplier effect that railroad construction had a multiplier effect that stimulated French industries and generated stimulated French industries and generated employmentemployment

Created “Credit Mobilier”, an investment trust in Created “Credit Mobilier”, an investment trust in which citizens deposited savings, which in turn which citizens deposited savings, which in turn financed industrial developmentfinanced industrial development

By 1860, financial scandals, dissent over foreign By 1860, financial scandals, dissent over foreign policy and reawakened political criticismpolicy and reawakened political criticism

Napoleon responded by liberalizing reforms that: Napoleon responded by liberalizing reforms that: – relaxed controls on the press, relaxed controls on the press, – allowed freer debate in legislative assembly,allowed freer debate in legislative assembly,– made ministers more responsible to elected made ministers more responsible to elected

representatives, representatives, – reduced the influence of the church on education, reduced the influence of the church on education, – made schools more accessible to females and made schools more accessible to females and – legalized trade unions and the right to strike.legalized trade unions and the right to strike.

Modern Germany: The Role of Key Modern Germany: The Role of Key IndividualsIndividuals

From 1815-1848, liberal nationalists dreamed of From 1815-1848, liberal nationalists dreamed of the creation of a unified Germany under a liberal the creation of a unified Germany under a liberal constitutionconstitution

Significant political obstaclesSignificant political obstacles German confederation of 1815 brought together German confederation of 1815 brought together

39 states, including the larger and more powerful 39 states, including the larger and more powerful Prussia and AustriaPrussia and Austria– purpose of the confederation was not to unite German purpose of the confederation was not to unite German

states but to preserve the existing political structure of states but to preserve the existing political structure of small states ruled by absolutist small states ruled by absolutist

Economic and social development had Economic and social development had begun to break down some of the divisions begun to break down some of the divisions between Prussia and Austria between Prussia and Austria – 1834, customs union, brought the northern 1834, customs union, brought the northern

German states, including Prussia but excluding German states, including Prussia but excluding Austria, into a closer economic association.Austria, into a closer economic association.

““Greater Germans” are those who favoured Greater Germans” are those who favoured the inclusion of Austria, were drawn largely the inclusion of Austria, were drawn largely from southern Catholic regionsfrom southern Catholic regions

““Lesser Germans” are those who favoured Lesser Germans” are those who favoured the exclusion of Austria and looked to the exclusion of Austria and looked to Prussian leadership, were drawn largely Prussian leadership, were drawn largely from northern Protestant areasfrom northern Protestant areas

Czarist Russia: Reform Czarist Russia: Reform and Repressionand Repression

Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War, 1854-Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War, 1854-1856, demonstrated the need for 1856, demonstrated the need for industrialization of the economy and industrialization of the economy and modernization of the armymodernization of the army

The most significant change was to liberate The most significant change was to liberate 22.5 serfs in 186122.5 serfs in 1861

The peasantry paid the price of reform: had The peasantry paid the price of reform: had to pay for their freedom from restraintto pay for their freedom from restraint

This was to satisfy the upper class peopleThis was to satisfy the upper class people

Consequently, traditional peasant Consequently, traditional peasant communes continued to control land usage communes continued to control land usage and restrict the movement of peasants away and restrict the movement of peasants away from communal villagefrom communal village

Peasants were still trapped in poverty and Peasants were still trapped in poverty and conditions became worse with the increase conditions became worse with the increase in population.in population.

Discontent grew in the urban areas of Discontent grew in the urban areas of Russia due to the exploitative conditions Russia due to the exploitative conditions due to the Industrial Revolutiondue to the Industrial Revolution

Czar reverted to a policy of repression when Czar reverted to a policy of repression when faced with criticism and discontent and in faced with criticism and discontent and in reaction to a nationalist uprising in 1863.reaction to a nationalist uprising in 1863.– this cause the discontentment to grow further this cause the discontentment to grow further

among different members of the population. among different members of the population.

In 1881, a terrorist’s bomb succeeded in In 1881, a terrorist’s bomb succeeded in assassinating Alexander IIassassinating Alexander II

It was thought that with the assassination of It was thought that with the assassination of Alexander II, an uprising would occur, but Alexander II, an uprising would occur, but rather it introduced a new and prolonged rather it introduced a new and prolonged period of repression under the new czar.period of repression under the new czar.

Britain 1867-1894Britain 1867-1894

Mid-1860, the issue of the voting and the question Mid-1860, the issue of the voting and the question of when, by whom and to whomof when, by whom and to whom

Throughout the second half of the nineteenth Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, Britain witness a struggle between the century, Britain witness a struggle between the forces of changeforces of change

– Social reform and the forces of continuity, in support for Social reform and the forces of continuity, in support for the monarchy and other conservative traditionsthe monarchy and other conservative traditions

Disraeli Disraeli Gladstone Gladstone In 1867 prime minister Benjamin In 1867 prime minister Benjamin Disraeli and the Conservatives passed Disraeli and the Conservatives passed a Second Reform Act, which granted a Second Reform Act, which granted the vote to male urban working class the vote to male urban working class householders.householders.An optimist and knew how to seize An optimist and knew how to seize opportunity.opportunity.Redefined the appeal of conservatism Redefined the appeal of conservatism across class lines by calling on across class lines by calling on tradition, patriotism, and paternalism, tradition, patriotism, and paternalism, embodied in three key terms: embodied in three key terms: monarchy, empire, and social reform monarchy, empire, and social reform Pursued an aggressive colonial Pursued an aggressive colonial policy, engaging in warspolicy, engaging in warsPassed the most innovative social Passed the most innovative social reforms of the second half of the 19reforms of the second half of the 19thth century, improving the legal status of century, improving the legal status of trade unions and introducing legislation trade unions and introducing legislation on consumer protection, industrial on consumer protection, industrial safety and public housingsafety and public housing

in 1884, prime minister William Gladstone in 1884, prime minister William Gladstone and the Liberal extended the vote on the and the Liberal extended the vote on the same terms to male householders in rural same terms to male householders in rural constituencies.constituencies. rallying cry was “Peace, Retrenchment rallying cry was “Peace, Retrenchment and Reform”and Reform” “ “Peace” meaning free trade and Peace” meaning free trade and opposition to costly foreign and colonial opposition to costly foreign and colonial adventuresadventures““Entrenchment” meaning a laissez-faire Entrenchment” meaning a laissez-faire policy in which the role of the government policy in which the role of the government was strictly limited, and the costs of tax was strictly limited, and the costs of tax were reduced as much as possiblewere reduced as much as possible““Reform” meaning getting rid of laws that Reform” meaning getting rid of laws that benefited the privileged.benefited the privileged.1870, introduced national primary 1870, introduced national primary educationeducation

Gladstone won the electorate campaign in Gladstone won the electorate campaign in 1880 and gave his liberals a majority1880 and gave his liberals a majority

Lord Salisbury became the dominate party Lord Salisbury became the dominate party in Britain for the next two decades due to in Britain for the next two decades due to Gladstone's Irish Home Rule billGladstone's Irish Home Rule bill

Developments in Political Thought: Developments in Political Thought: SocialismSocialism

Directly address the political needs of trade Directly address the political needs of trade unionists and working people.unionists and working people.

Strongly influenced by Karl Marx’s analysis Strongly influenced by Karl Marx’s analysis of industrial capitalism.of industrial capitalism.

What is Karl Marx’s analysis of industrial What is Karl Marx’s analysis of industrial capitalismcapitalism??

What is your interpretation of the political cartoon?

Marx predicted that industrial capitalism Marx predicted that industrial capitalism would continue to expand and draw would continue to expand and draw increasing numbers of people to a system of increasing numbers of people to a system of wage labour.wage labour.

The conflict between employers and The conflict between employers and employees conforms to the daily experience employees conforms to the daily experience of many late-nineteenth century industrial of many late-nineteenth century industrial wage earners.wage earners.

The First International Workingmen’s The First International Workingmen’s Association in 1864, was the first attempt to Association in 1864, was the first attempt to build an international socialist political build an international socialist political organizationorganization

It was one of the many failure of the Paris It was one of the many failure of the Paris Commune in 1871.Commune in 1871.

First International disbanded in 1876First International disbanded in 1876

Second International in 1889Second International in 1889 By than working people were now national political By than working people were now national political

partiesparties German socialist theorist Eduard Bernstein (1850-German socialist theorist Eduard Bernstein (1850-

1932) proposed that socialism could win gradually 1932) proposed that socialism could win gradually by elected governments implementing socialist by elected governments implementing socialist measures over time.measures over time.

Divided the Second International as well as Divided the Second International as well as various national movements.various national movements.– Social democrats in Germany and the socialists in Social democrats in Germany and the socialists in

RussiaRussia

The Revolution in Russia, 1905The Revolution in Russia, 1905

The contradictory policies of rapid industrial The contradictory policies of rapid industrial development and continued political development and continued political repression created the potential for repression created the potential for revolutionary explosion. revolutionary explosion.

Russia experienced a second wave of rapid Russia experienced a second wave of rapid industrial development by relying on industrial development by relying on financing by foreign capitalfinancing by foreign capital

Lenin (1870-1924) published an influential Lenin (1870-1924) published an influential pamphlet under the title pamphlet under the title What is to be What is to be DoneDone??

Defending the necessity of revolution, Lenin Defending the necessity of revolution, Lenin argue that it was not sufficient to wait for a argue that it was not sufficient to wait for a spontaneous insurrection of the massesspontaneous insurrection of the masses

The defeat of Russian naval and military forces by The defeat of Russian naval and military forces by Japan in 1904-0905 created a political crisis.Japan in 1904-0905 created a political crisis.

The economic slump and hardship among the The economic slump and hardship among the peasantry and industrial worker only added on to peasantry and industrial worker only added on to the political crisis.the political crisis.

Escalated into revolution when, on Bloody Sunday Escalated into revolution when, on Bloody Sunday (January 22, 1905) troops killed several hundred (January 22, 1905) troops killed several hundred peaceful and unarmed demonstrators who sought peaceful and unarmed demonstrators who sought to petition the czar at the Winter Palace to grant to petition the czar at the Winter Palace to grant political reforms and economic relief.political reforms and economic relief.

Nicholas II was forced to create Duma or Nicholas II was forced to create Duma or parliament after the constitutional crisis, parliament after the constitutional crisis, coupled with extensive rural unrest, coupled with extensive rural unrest, recurrent general strikes and a mutiny in the recurrent general strikes and a mutiny in the navy and incidents of political violence.navy and incidents of political violence.