Triumphs in Europe What is Nationalism? Wanted unity after Napoleon Otto von Bismark Junker class Conservative land-owning nobles Blood & Iron 1862, King William I made him prime minister Within a decade, he became chancellor Realpolitik Realistic politics based on needs of the state Power more important than principles Hohenzollern nationalist Strengthened army Annexed several German states Franco-Prussian War of 1870 Napoleon III surrendered within a few weeks Kaiser William I Second Reich January 1871 Industrial giant Iron & coal resources Disciplined & educated workforce Middle class Responsibility Deference to authority Population increase 1871 = 41 million 1914 = 67 million Science Research & development Single currency Railroads Raised tariffs Government Foreign Policy Keep France weak Alliance Austria & Russia Water rats do not fight with land rats, Otto von Bismarck Domestic Policy Ruthless Erase local loyalties & opposition 1/3 of German population Bismarck distrusted Loyalty to pope Kulturkampf Battle for civilization Allegiance to state over Church Pope Pius IX, A political game of chess Do you think it worked? New plan, protect workers Threat in growing power of socialism Social Democratic Party Parliamentary democracy & laws to improve conditions for workers Bismarck was afraid of revolution he tried to repress them but workers unified By 1890s, Germans had health, accident & old age insurance Under Bismarck, Germany was a pioneer in social reform 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather Confident & ambitious Shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to resign in 1890 Provided social welfare Cheap transportation & electricity, Public schools which taught obedience to the emperor & 3 R's Lavished money on military (already most powerful in Europe), expanded navy (tried to rival Britain & France) Reign William's nationalism &agressive military stance increased tensions on eve of WWI Italian peninsula, same language but they had not experienced political unity since Roman times 1800's, patriots were determined Like Germany, needed strong state & ruthless politician Local loyalties People of Florence considered themselves to be Tuscans Venice, Venetians Naples, Neapolitans Etc. Napoleons invasions (like in Germany) sparked dreams of national unity Austrian control of N. Italy 1820 to 1848, nationalists revolts across the region Troops sent in To constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation 1830's, nationalist leader Mazzini founded Young Italy Secret society 1849 set up revolutionary republic in Rome French forces toppled it Like many nationalists, Mazzini spent much of his life in exile Idea's grow quickly, when watered by the blood of martyrs. - Mazzini Nationalists reminded people of the glory of Rome 1870, First time since fall of Roman empire, Italy was a united land Richer Had more cities Centers of business & culture Rural Poor Booming population Illiterate peasants couldn't make much of a living on exhausted land North South By 1914, Italy much better off than it was in 1861 But hardly prepared for the Great War Why did nationalism bring strength to some countries & weaken others? In Eastern & Central Europe, the Austrian Hapsburgs & Ottoman Turks ruled lands of diverse ethnic groups 1800, Hapsburgs were oldest ruling house in Europe Hapsburgs had homeland of Austria & also Bohemia, Hungary, parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine, & northern Italy Rule & change nothing, Francis I to his son Nationalist feelings among these subject peoples contributed to tensions building across Europe. Austrian Emperor Francis I Newspapers couldnt use the word constitution Government limited industrial development Threatened traditional way of life But eventually the changes in the rest of Europe caught up with them 18 years old Francis Joseph remained emperor of Austria & king of Hungary Like Hapsburgs, Ottomans also ruled a multinational empire (E. Europe to Balkans to N Africa & Middle East Russia fought several wars against the Ottomans. France & Britain sometimes joined the Russians and sometimes the Ottomans. Germany supported Austrian authority over the national groups, but also encouraged the Ottomans because of their strategic location in the eastern Mediterranean. The people in these areas revolted then fought amongst themselves. The explosion that came from this area would help set off World War I. Serfdom almost disappeared in Western Europe by 1700s, but survived in Russia Masters had almost total power over their serfs Efforts to reform, free Russia from autocratic rule & social injustice But efforts to modernize had little success Tsars imprisoned critics or sent them to exile 1850, Russia was largest & most populous nation in Europe Great World Power Nations looked at Russia anxiously Immense natural resources Europeans disliked its autocratic government & feared its expansion Russia remained economically undeveloped 1800s, tsars saw need to modernize, but resisted reforms that would undermine their absolute rule Landowning nobles dominated society Resisted any change that would threaten their power Middle class was small & weak Most people were serfs Landowning nobles didnt want to move away from agriculture to industry Tsars ruled with absolute power Tsar Alexander II, 1855 Russia tried to seize Ottoman land British & French joined Ottoman Turks Invaded Crimean peninsula Russian defeat War showed Russias backwardness Inefficient military Only a few miles of railroads Change was needed Crimean War Widespread popular reaction Liberals demanded changes, students demonstrated Alexander II agreed to reform Former serfs still poor But started industrialization Turning point for Russia 1861, Emancipation Freed the serfs Set up zemstvos, elected assemblies for local government Peasants had freedom but no land Liberals wanted a constitution & elected legislature Radicals wanted more revolutionary changes They adopted socialist ideas from the West March 13, 1881 Officially encouraged pogroms, violent mob attacks on Jewish people Alexander III avenged his fathers death Harsh methods Punished liberals & revolutionaries Secret police, censorship, exiled critics to Siberia Russification Suppressed culture of non-Russian peoples within empire One language, Russian One church, Russian Orthodox Poles, Ukrainians, Finns, Armenians, Muslims, Jews and many others suffered persecution Finally enter industrial age under Nicholas II Alexander IIIs son 1890s, Tsar Nicholas II Focused on economic development Built railroads Invested in industry Economic growth, but peasants worked in factories, lived in slums Socialists handed out pamphlets with ideas by Karl Marx Russo-Japanese war, 1904 Nicholas II, called people to fight for the Faith, the Tsar, & the Fatherland Sunday, January 22, 1905 Protestors led a peaceful march through St. Petersburg towards Winter Palace Bloody Sunday, January 22, 1905 Bloody Sunday killed peoples trust & faith in the Tsar Revolution of 1905 Months after Bloody Sunday, strikes, revolts, assassinations Nicholas announced sweeping reforms By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering with unrest