WORLD WAR ONE

NATIONALISM TRIUMPHS IN EUROPE (1800 – 1914)

– Huge rush of nationalism in the 1800s– Unified some countries and tore other apart– Germany• 1862-1890 – Otto von Bismarck creates a powerful

German empire• Promotes economy, aggressive foreign policy,

domestic reforms

– Italy• 1870 – Nationalism unified the country• Long history of fragmentation will cause problems

– Russia• Russian czars reluctantly surrender absolute power• Country will swing between reform and repression

– Ethnic groups in Eastern Europe growing restless for their own nations

– Ottoman and Hapsburg empires feel unrest from their people and begin to fall apart

GROWTH OF WESTERN DEMOCRACIES (1815 – 1914)– Britain, France, US – reformers seek democratic

rights and social change– Reformers try to help laborers– British suffrage is extended to all males, making

women seek the vote too

– Defeated during the Franco-Prussian War and Civil War

– France sets up Third Republic government– By 1900, US became world industrial giant– US is magnet for immigrants seeking freedom

and opportunity

THE NEW IMPERIALISM (1800 – 1914)– Age of Imperialism – European powers expand their empires

quickly– Much resistance but brought a lot of the world under their

control– Industrial Revolution gave western powers the means and

motives to seek global domination– With little regard for tradition or native people, European

powers carve up the African continent– Britain, France, Russia take advantage of the crumbling

Ottoman empire– Britain takes over 60% of India– China is taken over by spheres of influence by Western powers– China tries to resist but is overcome– By early 1900s, leaders in colonized parts were trying to create

nationalist movements

NEW GLOBAL PATTERNS (1800 -1914)

– Imperialism results in global exchange– Many nations profit, some are torn apart– Many radical changes in economies and

governments– Japan transforms in to a modern nation to ward

off imperialism

– By 1900, Western powers had claimed and carved up most of Asia

– British colonies – Canada, Australia, New Zealand win independence

– Latin America struggles to modernize and set up stable governments

– Europe forces people to accept western ideas

THE PURSUIT OF PEACE• 1896 – 1st modern Olympic Games held in Athens• Alfred Nobel – inventor of dynamite• Regretted the use of his invention• In his will, set up the Nobel Peace Prize

AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM• France and Germany– Strong nationalist feelings– Germans were proud of their new military power– France wanted to regain its domination– Wanted their lost land back from Prussia

• Eastern Europe– Russia – state sponsored nationalism “Pan-

Slavism”– Austria-Hungray and the Ottoman’s felt

threatened– By 1914, the Balkan’s called “powder keg of

Europe”

RIVALRIES BETWEEN NATIONS

• Imperialism– Economies were growing, new factories

were mass producing products– Europe divided by competition for colonies

• Militarism and the Arms Race– Militarism – glorification of the military– “Survival of the Fittest” – Countries made war seem glorified– Armies and Navies grew huge– Britain and Germany = navy– Military leaders gained political influence

A TANGLE OF ALLIANCES• Distrust lead powers to sign

treaties• Pledged to help each other• To create massive powers no one

would attack• Triple Alliance 1882 – Italy,

Germany, Austria-Hungary• Became known as Central Powers• 1894 – France and Russia• 1904 - France and Britain created

entente• Entente – non-binding agreement

to follow common policies• Became the Allies

ASSASSINATION IN SARAJEVO• Serbian Outrage

– Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced he would visit Sarajevo, Bosnia

– Serbian nationalists were outraged

– June 28th was Independence Day – felt that they were being patronized

– Serbian group “Black Hand” vowed to take action

THE FATAL SHOTS– Archduke ignored warnings– June 28, 1914 road with wife, Sophie thru Sarajevo– Gavrilo Princip attacked car, two shots, both dead

HARSH ULTIMATUM

–Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum–Ultimatum – final set of demands–Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation

and punish Serbian’s that were involved–Serbia agreed, partially–July 28th – Austria declares war

FROM CAPITAL TO CAPITAL– Could have been a small war– Alliances caused countries to

join– Austria-Hungary got help from

Germany– Serbia got help from Russia–Mobilization – prepare military

forces– Russia asked France to help and

avenge loss– Germany declared war on

France

THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN– Italy stayed neutral– Britain had to decide– General Alfred von

Schlieffen – Plan to avoid two front

war–Defeat France then

Russia– Germany invaded

Belgium to get to France– Britain declares war on

Germany

A NEW KIND OF CONFLICT

• Called “The Great War”• Largest conflict in history• 40 million men mobilized• 1 in 4 died, ones who lived,

maimed, blind, mad • War moved quickly• By September 1914, battle lines were drawn• Winter brought stalemate• Stalemate – deadlock in which neither side is

able to defeat the other

THE WESTERN FRONT• Deep trenches across Europe• No Man’s Land – space between trenches• Covered in shell holes, barbed wire, dead

bodies, land mines• Only gained in small amounts

TECHNOLOGY OF MODERN WARFARE• New weapons developed• Could shell from 10 miles away• 1915, German’s started using poison gas –

blinded, blistered, burns• Gas masks to counteract• Airplanes – 1,2 seat with machine guns• Automatic machine guns – rapid continuous bullet stream• Submarines – U-Boats, sunk ships without warning• Zeppelins – large gas filled balloons used to bomb• Convoys – groups of merchant ships protected by warships

GLOBAL CONFLICT• Eastern Europe– Russia pushed though Germany– Tannenberg – Russia defeated and retreated– Couldn’t fight new weapons

• Southern Europe– Bulgaria and Italy joined – Italy has secret alliance to get Austrian land

• War and the Colonies– European colonies were drawn into the struggle– Allies took over colonies– Some forced in to service, others served to get independence

WINNING THE WAR– Total War

• Nations channeled all resources in to war effort• Conscription – The Draft, all young men had to be ready

– Propaganda War• Propaganda – spreading of ideas to promote cause damaging to

other side• Wanted to keep bad news quite and raise nationalism

WINNING THE WAR

– Impact of Women• As men left to fight, women took jobs• Some women became nurses in the war• Most women had to give up jobs when men returned

– Collapsing Morale• By 1917, troops were depressed• Germany was sending 15 year olds in to battle• Many casualties, food shortages, failure to win – upset people

WINNING THE WAR

– Russian Revolution• Russia hit hard by war• Food riots lead people to revolt• Monarchy fell apart, Allies were happy czar fell• V.I. Lenin came to power• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany – ended war

for Russia

– Impact on War• With Russia gone, Germany concentrated on Western

Front

THE US DECLARES WAR• 1917 – US joins war• Germany was using U-Boats and sinking American ships• Killed many civilians especially on the Lusitania• Americans supported the Allies since they came from Allied

countries

– Zimmerman Note• US intercepted note from

German minister• Promised Mexico land they lost

if they helped Germany• Published, Americans got mad

– Declaring War• April 1917 Pres Wilson asked

congress to declare war• Took year to Europe

– Fourteen Points• January 1918, Fourteen Points Speech• Freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of arms• Wanted great association of nations

– Campaign to Victory• Early 1918 – final battles fought• German’s overthrew government• Other countries were getting tired• Armistice – Agreement to end fighting• Germany and Allies at 11am on November 11, 1918

COST OF WAR• 8.5 million people were dead• Influenza pandemic killed 20 million around the

world• Most of Europe had to be rebuilt from shelling

damage• Countries had huge war debt• Reparations – payment for war damage• Governments collapsed, revolutionaries took over• Colonies fought back against imperialism for

independence

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE• Big Three

– US President Woodrow Wilson– British PM George– French Pres Clemenceau– No one likes it Wilson’s points

• Difficult Issues– Countries wanted land back that

was taken from them– Wilson got his international peace

group, League of Nations

TREATY OF VERSAILLES• June 1919 – met with new German Republic to sign treaty• Read document with horror• Forced Germany to pay for the whole war ($30 billion)• Reduce army and return lands• Forced to sign treaty – would cause resentment for years