world history 1750- present world war ii mussolini set his eyes on conquest may 1936: conquered...
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World War IIWorld History 1750- Present
Axis PowersWorld War II
Axis Powers• Mussolini set his eyes on conquest
• May 1936: conquered Ethiopia
“Italy finally has its empire.”
Rise of Dictators: HitlerWWII
Axis Powers• 1936: Hitler and Mussolini formed an
alliance Mussolini called it an axis
• March 7, 1936: German troops entered Rhineland
Rise of Dictators: Hitler
• March 1938: German troops annexed Austria
• Sept: 1938: Hitler demanded Sudetenland
Munich ConferenceWWII
Munich Conference• Hitler and Mussolini met with British PM,
Neville Chamberlain and French president, Edouard Daladier
• France and Britain agreed Germany could have Sudetenland if he promised no more expansion
• Czechoslovakia was not allowed to attend the meeting
Munich Conference• Chamberlain declared “Peace in our Time”
• Appeasement: giving into the demands of an aggressor in order to insure peace
Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.”
Winston Churchill, British Parliament
Spanish Civil WarWWII
Francisco Franco
Spanish Civil War Spain was the site of numerous
strikes, riots, and assassinations
General Francisco Franco led a rebellion• Began Civil War
Spanish Civil War Germany and Italy provided planes,
tanks, and soldiers to Franco• 1937: Hitler’s Condor Legion bombed
Guernica
USSR sent weapons and supplies to the republic
Spanish Civil War Seen as “dress-rehearsal” for WWII
March 1939, Franco won and set up military dictatorship• Ruled until death in 1975
Pablo Picasso, Guernica
Axis ExpansionWWII
Axis Expansion March 1939: Hitler annexed the rest
of western Czechoslovakia
April 1939: Italy annexed Albania
No shots fired either time
PolandWWII
Poland 1939: Hitler demanded the Polish
port of Danzig to reunite Germany
Britain and France threatened war
Look at map on page 375
Poland Hitler feared Russian involvement
(two-front war)
August: Hitler and Stalin signed a Nonaggression Pact
Poland Publicly: agreed not to fight one
another
Secretly: agreed to divide rest of eastern Europe between themselves
Poland Sept. 1, 1939: Germany invaded
Poland using blitzkrieg (lightening war)
Sept. 3, 1939: Britain and France declared war on Germany
Poland Stalin joined and in less than 1
month, Poland was conquered
Poland was divided between USSR and Germany
Winter set in and fighting stopped• Known as the “phony war”
Maginot LineWWII
Maginot Line France built the Maginot Line after
WWI• Huge fortifications• Underground railway• Built only on France’s border with Germany• Guns only faced east
Maginot Line April 9, 1940: Hitler used blitzkrieg to
annex Denmark and Norway
May 10, 1940: Germany conquered the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
Maginot Line France rushed to extend the Maginot
Line, but was too late
Germany went through Belgium and into France, splitting Allied forces
Miracle at DunkirkWWII
Miracle at Dunkirk Northern forces retreated to Dunkirk
For 9 days, troops used private boats to escape France and flee to Britain
Miracle at Dunkirk The British navy and volunteer
citizens rushed to the shore to rescue their countrymen
Bombarded by the Luftwaffe, 340,000 soldiers in 900 vessels reached Britain
France FallsWWII
France Falls June 22, France formally surrendered
to Germany
Germany occupied most of France
A puppet-government was set up in Vichy (southern France)
Battle of BritainWWII
“We shall fi ght on the beaches, we shall fi ght on the landing grounds we shall fi ght in the fi elds and in the streets, we shall fi ght in the hills; we shall never surrender.“
- Winston Churchill, British PM
Battle of Britain August – September 1940
• Large aerial bombing
• Originally, Hitler only targeted vital military locations
• When Britain refused to surrender, Hitler attacked British cities, hoping the citizens would demand peace
Battle of Britain The bombing of cities was known as
the Blitz
Lasted until May 1941
Battle of Britain Britain’s RAF rebuilt and never
allowed Germany to gain air superiority
Hundreds of pilots died, over 20,000 Londoners died, and 70,000 British were killed
“Never the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”
- Winston Churchill
Japanese ExpansionWWII
Japanese Expansion Japan wanted Manchuria
Mukden Incident: Japanese soldiers (dressed like Chinese soldiers) destroyed a railroad
Japan then overtook all of Manchuria, claimed it was independent, and named it Manchukuo
Japanese Expansion League of Nations ordered Japan to
withdraw from China
Instead, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations
League did nothing (no real power)
Japanese Expansion Japan then began to move further
into China
Rape of Nanking (Nanjing)• Japanese killed 100,000 – 300,000 Chinese
civilians• Raped numerous women and children
Japanese Expansion Britain could not send men, but did
send supplies to China over the Burma Road• 700-mile highway linking Burma (Myanmar)
to China
Japanese Expansion China had been weakened due to a
brutal civil war, pitting Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek, nationalist) against Mao Zedong (communist)• The two eventually focused on fighting
Japan
Japanese Expansion Japan announced it wanted a Greater
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere• All Asian nations joined together to remove
western powers• Really, an excuse to conquer more territory
and add resources to help it conquer China
Japanese Expansion Sept. 1940: Japan aligned with
Germany and Italy in the Tripartite Pact• (Axis Powers)
Japan then overtook French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies
Neutrality ActsWWII
Neutrality Acts After WWI, the U.S. retreated into
isolationism
To stay out of WWII, Congress passed Neutrality Acts
Neutrality Acts 1st, Banned U.S. from providing
weapons to nations at war
2nd, Banned loans to warring nations
3rd, Cash-and-Carry: permitted trade of non-military goods as long as the other country paid cash and transported the cargo
America First CommitteeWWII
America First Committee After Germany invaded France, the
U.S. changed the Neutrality acts to allow the U.S. to send supplies to Britain in exchange for naval bases
The America First Committee formed to pressure Congress to not send further aid
America First Committee Over 800,000 members
Most famous was Charles Lindbergh
Selective Training and Service Act
WWII
Selective Service and Training Act
1940
First peacetime draft in the nation’s history
Required all males, 21-36, to register
Lend-Lease ActWWII
“The moment approaches when we shall no longer be able to pay cash for shipping and other supplies”
- Winston Churchill, in a letter to FDR
“We must be the great arsenal of democracy. For us this is an emergency as serious as war itself.”
- FDR, in response to aiding Britain
Lend-Lease Act May 1941: Congress passed the
Lend-Lease Act• Stated Roosevelt could aid any nation
whose defense was vital to U.S. defense• FDR sent aid to Britain (eventually USSR
also)
FDR
If your neighbor’s house is on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it
back after the fire is out.
Atlantic CharterWWII
Atlantic Charter August 1941: Secret meeting
between Roosevelt and Churchill
Agreed Nazi tyranny must end
Pearl HarborWWII
“A date which will live in infamy”
Pearl Harbor As Japan continued to expand,
Roosevelt cut off all shipments of scrap iron and oil to Japan
He also froze all Japanese assets in America
Pearl Harbor October 1941: General Tojo Hideki
became PM of Japan (supported war against U.S.)
Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor hoping to cripple the U.S. Pacific Fleet
Pearl Harbor 2,400 Americans killed 1,200 wounded 200 planes damaged or destroyed 8 of the 9 battleships had been
destroyed Japan only lost 29 planes
Pearl Harbor Dec. 8, 1941: FDR asked Congress to
declare war on Japan
Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.
War-Time EconomyWWII
War-Time Economy War Production Board: Gov’t agency
that converted consumer industries into wartime industries
The economy recovered from the Great Depression due to the extra jobs and increased production
Smith-Connally ActWWII
Smith-Connally Act June 1943
Outlawed strikes until the war was over
FinancingWWII
Financing The gov’t increased taxes and
borrowed from banks and private investors
It also sold Treasury Bonds, known as Liberty Bonds
SacrificeWWII
“Use it up, wear it out, make it do or do without.”- message from the Office of War Information
Sacrifice Rationing:
• Metal (zippers) for weapons, vehicles, and helmets
• Rubber (car and bicycle tires) for military vehicles
• Nylon (stockings) for parachutes• Cloth (clothes) for uniforms• Oil• FoodLook at picture on page 598.
Sacrifice Americans were asked to plant
Victory Gardens
Practiced nighttime blackouts in case of bombing raids
Women knitted scarves and socks for troops
Sacrifice Recycling increased:
• Tin cans, pots, pans, razor blades, shovels, and lipstick tubes
Battle of the AtlanticWWII
Battle of the Atlantic U.S. and Britain both used convoy
system to get supplies to Britain
They also used sonar to detect U-boats
Germany countered by using “wolf packs”
Battle of the Atlantic June 1942: over 175 ships sunk by
Germany
Some off the coast of Florida
Look at picture on page 601.
Battle of the Atlantic Sonar and communication technology
improved
U.S. used long-range bombers to attack subs, reducing their effectiveness
Operation BarbarossaWWII
Operation Barbarossa June 22, 1941: German troops
invaded USSR
Hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers captured
Germany drove deep into Soviet territory
Operation Barbarossa By Autumn, German troops were
outside Moscow, Leningrad, and Stalingrad
Japanese Campaigns World War II
Japanese Campaigns 1941-1942: Japan conquered
numerous territories• Dutch East Indies (British) for oil• Burma and Malaya (British) for rubber• Hong Kong and Singapore (British)
Philippines FallWorld War II
Philippines Fall March 1942: U.S. general Douglas
MacArthur forced to flee the Philippines• Vowed ‘I shall return”• May 6: 76,000 Americans and Filipinos
forced to surrender
Philippines Fall Bataan Death March:
• Japanese forced the POWS to march over 60 miles to a POW camp over 6-12 days
• Denied water and rest• Many beaten and tortured, some executed• Over 10,000 died• In the camps, another 15,000 died
Battle of the Coral SeaWorld War II
Battle of the Coral Sea May 1942: American navy vs.
Japanese navy• Aircraft carriers were more than 70 miles
apart• Fought entirely by planes• Draw, but it prevented Japan from attacking
Australia
Battle of MidwayWorld War II
Battle of Midway Turning Point in Pacific
• Japanese failed to surprise Americans• 4 Japanese aircraft carriers sunk• One American aircraft carrier sunk• Japan never again went on the offensive
Island HoppingWorld War II
Island Hopping U.S. took over crucial Japanese
controlled islands• Cut off supplies to Japan• Made it possible for strategic bombings of
Japan
Battle of StalingradWWII
Battle of Stalingrad Germany needed Russian oil-fields on
other side of Stalingrad
Sept. 1942 – Jan. 1943• House-to-house and hand-to-hand combat• Few supplies for both sides• Harsh winter
Battle of Stalingrad 90,000 Germans surrendered
German casualties: 330,000
Soviet casualties: 1.1 million+
Turning point in Russia
North AfricaWWII
North Africa 1940: Britain and Italy clashed in
Libya and Egypt
Feb. 1941: Hitler sent General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) to secure Libya
Look at map on page 601.
North Africa Battle of El Alamein:
• Egypt• Desert Fox v. British General Bernard
Montgomery• British win and push Rommel into Tunisia• Turning Point in Africa
North Africa Operation Torch: Allied troops landed at
Morocco and Algeria
Feb. 1943: Americans defeated at Kasserine Pass
After George Patton was promoted, the Allies surrounded Germans
North Africa
240,000 surrendered
Rommel recalled to Europe
End of major battles in Africa
Air WarWWII
Air War Allied bombers heavily bombed
German industries and cities• Railway lines• Aircraft factories• Ball-bearing plants• Bridges
Ex. In Hamburg, 4 straight Allied bombing raids killed over 40,000 civilians
ItalyWWII
Italy 1943: Patton invaded Sicily
Mussolini arrested by his own Fascist party
U.S. forces march on Rome
Italy’s new gov’t surrendered
Italy Germans rescued Mussolini and took
over north Italy
Germans in Italy did not surrender until 1945
Mussolini was shot and killed by Italians as he tried to flee the country
MacArthur ReturnsWorld War II
MacArthur Returns Oct. 1944: MacArthur and a force of
160,000 soldiers invaded the Philippines
Allies did not gain control until June 1945
Operation OverlordWWII
Operation Overlord General Dwight D. Eisenhower was
assigned Supreme Commander of Allied Forces
Planned invasion of France
Operation Overlord June 6, 1944: 4,600 invasion
craft/warships crossed the English Channel
23,000 airborne soldiers parachuted behind enemy lines
Operation Overlord 150,000 troops stormed the beaches
of Normandy, France• Massive casualties• Eventually took control of the beaches and
began to march across France
Battle of the BulgeWorld War II
Battle of the Bulge Desperate attack by Hitler in Dec.
1944• Pushed through Allied lines (formed a bulge)• Germans defeated when Patton’s forces
arrived• Over 600,000 American soldiers involved• 80,000 American casualties• 100,000 German casualties
Last major German offensive
Yalta ConferenceWorld War II
Yalta Conference Big Three (FDR, Stalin, and Churchill)
met in Yalta (a USSR city) to decide the fate of post-war Germany
Decided to divide Germany and its capital, Berlin.
V-E DayWorld War II
V-E Day April 1945: American and Soviet
forces surrounded Berlin
April 25, 1945: Hitler commits suicide
May 8, 1945: German forces surrender
Known as V-E Day (Victory in Europe)
Iwo Jima and OkinawaWWII
Iwo Jima and Okinawa Last two islands before the Japanese
mainland
Multiple casualties on both sides
Resistance lasted until June 1945
Manhattan ProjectWorld War II
Manhattan Project April 1945: President Roosevelt
suddenly died and VP Harry S. Truman became President
Truman met with Stalin and new British PM Clement Attlee at Potsdam (part of Berlin) to finalize plans for Japan
Manhattan Project Truman was informed of the
Manhattan Project (secret project to build an atomic bomb) and that the bomb had been completed
Truman told Stalin he had a new, devastating weapon and Stalin simply nodded. Stalin’s spies had already informed him.
Manhattan Project After the bomb was completed,
Truman ordered its use
August 6, 1945: the Enola Gay dropped one on Hiroshima• c.80,000 died and many more injured by
fire, radiation sickness, etc.
Manhattan Project August 9, 1945: another bomb
dropped on Nagasaki
August 14, 1945: Japan surrendered (V-J Day)
HomefrontWWII
Homefront Bracero Program:
• Shortage of farmers in U.S. during war• Agreement between U.S. and Mexico• U.S. brought in 200,000 Mexican farm
laborers
Homefront 1942: All Japanese-Americans on the
west coast sent to concentration camps• 110,000 civilians• Most lost their business, farms, homes, etc.
Homefront Women:
• Filled in many vacant jobs• Eventually made up 35 percent of the
workforce• Songs and posters used to encourage
women to join Rosie the Riveter (most popular)
HolocaustWWII
Holocaust 10 million total deaths 6 million Jewish deaths
Nuremberg TrialsWWII
Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg, France: Many prominent
Nazi leaders placed on trial due to Holocaust and other atrocities
Known as Nuremberg Trials• 24 Nazi defendants• 12 sentenced to death• Established principle that individuals were
responsible for their own actions