WASTE WASTE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

46 PRAFULLA KHAROTE46 PRAFULLA KHAROTE

49 RAJESH KOLKONDI49 RAJESH KOLKONDI

What is Waste What is Waste ManagementManagement

It is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or It is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials.disposal, and monitoring of waste materials.

It is also carried out to recover resources from it.It is also carried out to recover resources from it. It can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive It can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive

substances, with different methods and fields of substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each.expertise for each.

The term usually relates to materials produced by The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics.

It practices differ for developed and developing nations, It practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers.industrial producers.

Management for non-hazardous waste residential and Management for non-hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator. generator.

Waste management Waste management concepts concepts

Waste hierarchy Waste hierarchy

Extended producer responsibility Extended producer responsibility

Polluter pays principle Polluter pays principle

Waste Hierarchy Waste Hierarchy

Extended Producer Extended Producer Responsibility Responsibility

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy designed to promote the integration of strategy designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughout all costs associated with products throughout their life cycle (including end-of-life disposal their life cycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market price of the product. costs) into the market price of the product.

Extended producer responsibility is meant to Extended producer responsibility is meant to impose accountability over the entire lifecycle impose accountability over the entire lifecycle of products and packaging introduced to the of products and packaging introduced to the market. This means that firms which market. This means that firms which manufacture, import and/or sell products are manufacture, import and/or sell products are required to be responsible for the products required to be responsible for the products after their useful life as well as during after their useful life as well as during manufacture. manufacture.

Polluter Pays Principle Polluter Pays Principle

Polluter Pays Principle is a principle Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the the impact caused to the environment. environment.

With respect to waste management, With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste. waste.

Waste MinimisationWaste Minimisation It is the process and the policy of reducing the It is the process and the policy of reducing the

amount of waste produced by a person or a amount of waste produced by a person or a society.society.

Waste minimisation involves efforts to minimise Waste minimisation involves efforts to minimise resource and energy use during manufacture.resource and energy use during manufacture.

Waste minimisation usually requires knowledge Waste minimisation usually requires knowledge of the production process, cradle-to-grave of the production process, cradle-to-grave analysis (the tracking of materials from their analysis (the tracking of materials from their extraction to their return to earth) and detailed extraction to their return to earth) and detailed knowledge of the composition of the waste. knowledge of the composition of the waste.

Waste Disposal Waste Disposal HierarchyHierarchy

Reduce

ReuseRecycle

Methods of disposalMethods of disposal

Integrated waste managementIntegrated waste management Landfill Landfill Incineration Incineration Recycling Recycling Sustainability Sustainability Biological reprocessing Biological reprocessing Energy recovery Energy recovery

Rethinking WasteRethinking Waste ReduceReduce - to buy less and use less. Incorporates common - to buy less and use less. Incorporates common

sense ideas like turning off the lights, rain barrels, and sense ideas like turning off the lights, rain barrels, and taking shorter showers, but also plays a part in taking shorter showers, but also plays a part in Composting/Grasscycling (transportation energy is Composting/Grasscycling (transportation energy is reduced), low-flow toilets, and programmable reduced), low-flow toilets, and programmable thermostats. Includes the terms Re-think, Precycle, thermostats. Includes the terms Re-think, Precycle, Carpool, Efficient, and Environmental Footprint.Carpool, Efficient, and Environmental Footprint.

ReuseReuse - elements of the discarded item are used again. - elements of the discarded item are used again. Initiatives include Hand-Me-Downs, Garage Sales, Initiatives include Hand-Me-Downs, Garage Sales, Quilting, Travel Mugs, and Composting (nutrients). Quilting, Travel Mugs, and Composting (nutrients). Includes the terms Laundry, Repair, Regift, and Upcycle.Includes the terms Laundry, Repair, Regift, and Upcycle.

RecycleRecycle - discards are separated into materials that may - discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products. This is different from be incorporated into new products. This is different from Reuse in that energy is used to change the physical Reuse in that energy is used to change the physical properties of the material. Initiatives include properties of the material. Initiatives include Composting, Beverage Container Deposits and buying Composting, Beverage Container Deposits and buying products with a high content of post-consumer material.products with a high content of post-consumer material.

Rethinking Waste Rethinking Waste GenerateGenerate - capturing useful material for - capturing useful material for

waste to energy programs. Includes Methane waste to energy programs. Includes Methane Collection, Gasification and Digestion, and the Collection, Gasification and Digestion, and the term Recover.term Recover.

IncinerateIncinerate - high temperature destruction of - high temperature destruction of material. Differs from Gasification in that material. Differs from Gasification in that oxygen is used; differs from burning in that oxygen is used; differs from burning in that high temperatures consume material high temperatures consume material efficiently and emissions are controlled.efficiently and emissions are controlled.

DevastateDevastate - to discard into the natural - to discard into the natural environment, or to "trash" the planet. Includes environment, or to "trash" the planet. Includes Litter, Burn Barrels, Unnecessary Vehicle Litter, Burn Barrels, Unnecessary Vehicle Idling, and Dumping discards onto land or into Idling, and Dumping discards onto land or into water.water.

Market in IndiaMarket in India The Waste Management market is valued The Waste Management market is valued

at INR 10 bn in 2008 and is expected to at INR 10 bn in 2008 and is expected to reach INR 27 bn in 2013. reach INR 27 bn in 2013.

Market of waste management comprises Market of waste management comprises of four segments municipal waste, of four segments municipal waste, electronic waste, biomedical waste and electronic waste, biomedical waste and industrial waste which is done on contract industrial waste which is done on contract basis.basis.

In most cities it is done by rag pickers, In most cities it is done by rag pickers, small- time contractors and municipalities small- time contractors and municipalities

Trends and Trends and CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Increasing urbanizationIncreasing urbanization Metros and other cities major Metros and other cities major

contributors of Wastecontributors of Waste Initiatives taken at Corporate LevelInitiatives taken at Corporate Level Increasing interest in waste-to-energy Increasing interest in waste-to-energy

projects projects Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)

approaching capital markets approaching capital markets

Issues and ChallengesIssues and Challenges

Government Regulations Government Regulations and Policiesand Policies

Regulatory framework for waste Regulatory framework for waste management management

Government Initiatives for waste Government Initiatives for waste management under Jawaharlal Nehru management under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission and National Urban Renewal Mission and Regulations Urban Infrastructure Regulations Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns Public Private Medium Towns Public Private Partnership and Policies initiatives in Partnership and Policies initiatives in waste managementwaste management

E-waste managementE-waste management

Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises waste Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises waste electronics/electrical goods that use or have reached electronics/electrical goods that use or have reached their end of lifetheir end of life

E-waste contains valuable materials like copper, E-waste contains valuable materials like copper, silver, gold which can be processed for their recoverysilver, gold which can be processed for their recovery

E-waste management market in India is dominated by E-waste management market in India is dominated by informal sector, which includes waste importers, informal sector, which includes waste importers, scarp dealers, dissemblers, and recyclersscarp dealers, dissemblers, and recyclers

Major portion of e-waste is processed by the informal Major portion of e-waste is processed by the informal (unorganised) sector using rudimentary techniques (unorganised) sector using rudimentary techniques such as acid leaching and open-air burning, which such as acid leaching and open-air burning, which results in severe environmental damageresults in severe environmental damage

India is becoming an outsourcing hub for e-waste India is becoming an outsourcing hub for e-waste management Electronic Wastemanagement Electronic Waste

Courtesy : Mailhem Engineers, Courtesy : Mailhem Engineers, Pune Pune

Environmental Benefits Environmental Benefits Derived FromDerived FromW2e ProjectW2e Project

Alternative energy produced from local Alternative energy produced from local waste to increase energy securitywaste to increase energy security

Beneficial use of waste avoids Beneficial use of waste avoids necessity of long distance transport to necessity of long distance transport to landfill thereby saving cost and energylandfill thereby saving cost and energy

Significant reduction in emission of Significant reduction in emission of greenhouse gases and particulates per greenhouse gases and particulates per MW generatedMW generated

Generates carbon creditsGenerates carbon credits

Project CostProject CostITEM AMT. in rupees

(lakhs)Land Development 17

Civil Construction Cost 49

Air Conditioning 2

Electrical Works 39

Gasification Equipment 600

Grid Tie & Cabling 60

Vehicles 62

Pre-Operative & Preliminary Expenses 57

Working Capital Expense 50

Contingency 46

Total 982

Project FundingProject Funding Item Amt in Rupees

(Lakhs)

W2E – USA Inc. Capital Subsidy 400

EQUITY – W2E USA Inc. 200

EQUITY – Cochin Chamber & Associates 200

LOAN 182

Total 982

Projected Profitability Projected Profitability StatementStatement

INCOME 2009-10 (2nd

year)2012-13 (5th

year)2017-18 (10th

year)Tipping Receipts 116.81 160.14 216.41Electricity Generation 293.75 323.14 367.20Sale of Carbon Credits 74.27 79.57 95.49Other Income 7.78 10.30 14.94Total Revenue 492.61 573.15 694.04       EXPENSES      Operating & Maintenance charges 100.00 115.76 147.75Power Unit lease 95.47 95.47 95.47Transportation Costs 30.35 40.40 65.07Land Lease Rentals 5.71 6.06 6.69Interest on Term Loan 17.15 11.10 1.01Other Expenses 28.33 36.18 46.98Total Expenses 277.01 304.97 362.96OPERATING PROFIT 215.61 268.18 331.08       Pre Op. Expenses – Written off 5.70 5.70 5.70PROFIT BEFORE DEPRECIATION 209.91 262.48 325.38

Depreciation 41.94 41.94 41.94PROFIT BEFORE TAX 167.97 220.54 283.44Income Tax 19.03 66.85 104.44NET PROFIT AFTER TAX 148.94 153.69 179.00

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