Date

RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANGEMENT POLICIES,

STRATEGIES AND WASTE PLANS

Alan CarolissenSenior Manager: Nuclear Liabilities Management

What is POLICY ? What is STRATEGY ?

• POLICY“established goals or requirements forthe safe management of spent fuel andradioactive waste”

• STRATEGY“means and processes for achieving the goals and requirements set out in the national policies for the safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste”

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• POLICY

WHAT ?

• STRATEGY

HOW ?

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What is POLICY ? What is STRATEGY ?

FORMULATING NATIONAL POLICIES (1/5)• POLICIES ADDRESS OBJECTIVES IAEA Safety Fundamentals (SS-111-F) Protection of human health Protection of the environment Protection beyond national borders Protection of and burden on future generations National legal framework Minimization of radioactive waste generation Radioactive waste management

interdependencies Safety of facilities

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FORMULATING NATIONAL POLICIES (2/5)

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• ADDRESS PRINCIPLES & OBJECTIVES

“The polluter pays” principle

Sustainabilitye.g end-points for long-term RW management, infrastructure, etc.

Openness and transparencye.g. public information, stakeholders’ involvement

FORMULATING NATIONAL POLICIES (3/5)

• COMPLIANCE WITH• National Legislation• Regulations• International conventions, treaties, agreements• Other requirements, e.g. import / export of RW

• COHERENCE WITH• Other national policies,

e.g. on energy production and development

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FORMULATING NATIONAL POLICIES (4/5)

• Established by National Authorities

• May be adopted through public debates, e.g. public hearings

• Formulated through • national legislation• or• policy statement

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FORMULATING NATIONAL POLICIES (5/5)• In general, national policies prescribe

• Roles and responsibilities• Organization and governance• Provisions for public and environment protection, safety, security, non

proliferation• Funding mechanisms, financial arrangements• Liabilities• Road map

• Decision-making process

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9 9

INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS (TREATIES, AGREEMENTS,

CONVENTIONS)

NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES (ENERGY POLICY, RESOURCES, RW

INVENTORY)

NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM

NATIONAL RWM INFRASTRUCTURE

FUNDING SYSTEM

GOVERNMENTPARLIAMENT

FORMULATE POLICY STATEMENT

IMPLEMENT POLICY MINISTRIESREGULATORS

RWM AGENCY and GENERATORS

ELABORATE STRATEGY

IMPLEMENT STRATEGY

TECH. INFRASTRUCTURE, RESOURCES, TIME CONSTRAINTS

TECHNICAL OPTIONS

1-6 y

2-8 y

2-8 y

15-50 y

INTER-RELATIONSHIP POLICY / STRATEGY

Date

WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

DEVELOPING RWM STRATEGIES (1/5)

• ASSESSING THE CURRENT SITUATION Identify all RW waste types, sources and streams

Establish RW inventories based on waste classification / categorization

Identify available methods, facilities andresources (human, technical, financial)

Identify issues, gaps and weaknesses of the existing RWM

system

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• RADIOACTIVE WASTE TYPES to be considered

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DEVELOPING RWM STRATEGIES (2/5)

DEVELOPING RWM STRATEGIES (3/5)

DEFINING LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT END-POINTS FOR RW Estimate future waste arising

Select preferred disposal solution for eachwaste class

Assess needs for research and development

Assess needs for institutional framework

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SAFETY PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS

HLW ILW LLW VLLW VSLW

WASTE TYPES AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS

REGULATORY ASPECTSTECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

ECONOMICSSOCIETAL ISSUES

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS – TREATMENT & DISPOSAL

SELECTING RWM STRATEGIES Consider all RWM steps from “cradle to grave” Evaluate and compare possible technical options for RW

pre-disposal and disposal, e.g. short-term vs long-term storage

or national vs regional disposal Assess feasibility of each possible strategy in terms of

resources needed (human, technical, financial) Assess time scales and consider staged approaches to

implementation

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IMPLEMENTING RWM STRATEGIES (4/5)

IMPLEMENTING RWM STRATEGIES (5/5)

Some prerequisites for successful implementation of RWM strategies Adequate institutional framework including regulatory

infrastructure in place Clear allocation of responsibilities and appropriate

organization established Funding mechanism defined Strategies commensurate with the country’s technical

capabilities and financial resources Open and transparent decision-making process, in particular

for disposal Long-term plans for energy development considered

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Management Options For Spent Fuel• Long Term Storage• Reprocessing and recycling• Disposal • Fuel leasing/Fuel Take Back• Retention of spent fuel as a valuable commodity

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Strategies For Spent Fuel• Long term storage Disposal • Long Term storage R&R Disposal• Reprocessing & recycling - Disposal • Direct Disposal• Fuel leasing /Tack Back• Retention of spent fuel as a valuable commodity

Date

WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

Framework for development of Waste Management Plans

• Identification all site specific waste streams• Identification of end points for each waste stream• Identification of waste processing options for each

waste stream as well as steps for each option• Evaluation and selection of options in a balanced

and systematic way – multi-attribute analysis approach

• Stakeholder involvement and acceptance of plan

Principles

• Aimed at optimization of processes from generation to disposal (Cradle to Grave)

• Hierarchy for selection of WM options– Waste prevention and minimization– Clearance– Re-use, reprocessing and recycling– Conditioning and storage– Disposal

• Continual improvement• Final disposal ultimate step - storage interim step• Maximum degree of safety – storage and disposal

Identification of End Points

U Recoverable

Recycle & Reused

Can the waste be cleared?

Very Low Level Waste

Intermediate Level Waste

Low Level Waste

High Level Waste

Will the waste meet safety

requirements for intrusionin a low level

facility?

Will the waste meet safety

requirements for intrusionin a landfill

facility?

Will the waste meet safety

requirements for publicin a landfill

facility?

Will the waste meet safety

requirements for publicin a low level

facility?

Will the waste meet safety

requirements for publicin an intermediate

facility?

Conventional wastedisposal

Storage for decay

Radioactive waste Cat

Is the waste high volume NORM

waste?

Does the Waste need storage

For decay?

Will the waste meet safety

requirements for intrusionin a landfill

facility?

Will the waste meet safety

requirements for publicin a landfill

facility?

Will the waste meet safety

requirements for intrusionin a tailings

facility?

Very Low Level NORM

Waste

Low Level NORM

Waste

Intermediate Level NORM

Waste

Will the waste meet safety

requirements for publicin a tailings

facility?

Yes

Yes

Yes YesYesYes

YesYes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

NoNo

No

No

NoNo No

NoNo

No

No

LANDFILLDISPOSAL

NEAR SURFACE

LOW LEVELDISPOSAL

INTERMEDIATE DISPOSAL

GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL

ID of Wastestreams

Wastemanagement

options

Evaluation of Waste

ManagementOptions

Cos

t effe

ctiv

enes

s

Tech

nolo

gy

Safe

ty

Envi

ronm

enta

l

Selection of Waste

Management OptionsBPEO

Developmentof Waste

Management Plan

Publ

ic C

onsu

ltatio

n

Evaluation and Approval

of plan byNational

Committee

Identification and selection of Predisposal Waste Processing Options

Evaluation Criteria– Cost effectiveness

• life cycle cost of waste– Operational feasibility

• Existing or new technology• International best practice• Regulatory implications or difficulty• Ease of operation

– Environmental and Social Acceptability• Public safety impact• Perceived risk and social acceptability• Environmental impact• Continual improvement potential.

– Safety• Worker safety impact• Public safety impact• Accident risk• Safety impact reduction potential

Waste Management Plan

U Compressible LLW CompactionIncinerationShredding

Evaluation of Waste

ManagementOptions

Cos

t effe

ctiv

enes

s

Tech

nolo

gy

Safe

ty

Envi

ronm

enta

l

Selection of Waste

Management OptionsBPEO

CompactionInterim Storage

Disposal at Vaapluts

Publ

ic C

onsu

ltatio

n

Evaluation and Approval

of plan byNational

Committee

Thank you for your attention