victory & defeat in the greek world ch. 5, section 3
TRANSCRIPT
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Victory & Defeat in Victory & Defeat in the Greek Worldthe Greek World
Ch. 5, Section 3
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“Earth and Water”
• In 492 B.C. King Darius I of Persia demanded “earth and water” from the Greek city-states.
• Athens and Sparta REFUSED!• Persians conquered the city-states of Ionia.• In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks revolted against
Persia. Athens (wealthiest Greek city-state) sent ships to Ionia to help them!
• King Darius I was furious at Athens. . .
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The Persian Wars490 B.C.E. – 479 B.C.E.
Greek City-States vs. Persians (Ionia, Athens, etc.)
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Reasons for War
Where is Greece? Where is Ionia?
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Highlights of Persian WarsBattle of Marathon (490 B.C)• Persians crossed the Aegean Sea
and attacked the Athenians on a plain called Marathon outside of Athens
• Greeks outnumbered, but WON!
• Sent Pheidippides their fastest runner to carry home the news of victory!
• He sprinted 26.2 miles to Athens — “Rejoice, we conquer,” he gasped and then died!
• In honor of Pheidippides’ run, marathon runners still run 26.2 miles!
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The Athenians used clever war tactics to win the Battle of Marathon including the use of hoplites manning phalanxes.
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Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C)• King Darius I died, but his
son Xerxes took up the fight against Greece
• 300 Spartans and allies vs. 150,000 - 1 million Persians
• Spartans held their ground for 2 days guarding the narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae but were defeated by the Persians
• Persians marched south and burned down Athens but the city was empty
Statue of Spartan King Leonidas at
Thermopylae
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Battle of Salamis 480 B.C.• Turning point in Persian War
• Greeks defeated Persians by sea under the guidance of General Themistocles
• Athenian warships drove into Persian boats with underwater battering rams
• After win at Salamis, the Greeks went on to defeat the Persians on land—End of War!
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Effects of Persian Wars• Athens emerged as most powerful and
prosperous city-state in Greece• Athens organized the Delian League =
alliances with other city-states• Athens used its influence over other city-
states to build an Athenian Empire!• Many other Greek city-states resented Athens
and split from the Delian League• Sparta created the Peloponnesian League• Athenians great at sea, Sparta great on land!
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Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)
• Delian League v. Peloponnesian League
• Democracy (Athens) v. Oligarchy (Sparta)
• Athenians provided most of the ships and sailors and asked the other city-states to contribute money. Sparta feared this increase in Athenian power.
• Fought for 27 years to determine which city-state would control southern Greece.
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Highlights of War• Athens faced a serious
geographic disadvantage!
• Sparta was located inland, so it could not be attacked by sea.
• Yet Sparta only had to march north to attack Athens by land.
• In 404 B.C. with the help of the Persian navy (longtime enemy), Spartans captured Athens.
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Good Thought, Bad Result!• When Sparta invaded Athens, the Athenian leader Pericles allowed people from the surrounding countryside to move inside the city walls for protection.
• The overcrowded conditions soon led to disaster: a terrible plague broke out!
• 1/3 of the Athenian population (including Pericles) were killed.
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• The Spartan victors stripped Athenians of their naval fleet and empire.
• However, Sparta rejected calls from its allies to destroy Athens (perhaps out of respect for Athen’s role in the Persian Wars).
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Effects of Peloponnesian War• An end to Athenian domination of the
Greek world.
• More in-fighting occurred amongst Greek city-states, weakening them.
• Weakened Greek city states were easier to conquer later on by the Macedonians and Alexander the Great!